FAMILY Tetraodontidae Bonaparte, 1832 – pufferfishes

GENUS Amblyrhynchotes Troschel, 1856 [=Amblyrhynchotes Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Fem. Tetrodon honckenii Bloch 1785. Appeared as "Amblyrhynchote" Bibron in Duméril 1855:279 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel (also Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186] as Amblyrhynchotus). Addition of species and type designation not researched; type from Fraser-Brunner 1943:11 [ref. 1495]. Kottelat 2001:613 [ref. 25859] regards Amblyrhynchote as Latinized and available. •Valid as Amblyrhynchotes [varied author/spelling] -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Hardy 1984:33 [ref. 5182], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:895 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317]). Current status: Valid as Amblyrhynchotes Troschel 1856. Tetraodontidae.

Species Amblyrhynchotes hypselogeneion (Bleeker, 1852) [=Tetraodon hypselogeneion Bleeker [P.] 1852:24, Dilobomycterus rueppelii Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:279-280, Amblyrhynchotes hypselogenion rufopunctatus Li 1962:1086, Fig. 832, Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 10); ref. 16874] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia; Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South and East Africa and Madagascar east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rueppelii) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Amblyrhynchotes hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (rufopunctatus) South China Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae.

GENUS Arothron Muller, 1841 [=Arothron (subgenus of Tetrodon) Müller [J.] 1841:252, Boesemanichthys Abe [T.] 1952:40, Catophorhynchus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88, Crayracion Klein [J. T.] 1777:788 [v. 4; ref. 4920], Crayracion Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein) 1792:580, Crayracion Bleeker [P.] (ex Klein) 1865:Pls. 205-214, Cyprichthys Whitley [G. P.] 1936:51, Dilobomycterus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88, Kanduka Hora [S. L.] 1925:579] Notes: [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839; ref. 3061] Masc. Tetrodon testudinarius Müller 1841. Type by monotypy. Possibly appeared in Müller 1839 (Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 196) (see Leis & Bauchot 1984:85 [ref. 12539]). Gender uncertain, treated by current authors as masculine. If Tetrodon testudinarius is regarded as an emendation of testudinius Linnaeus, then the genus is based on a misidentified type species and should be submitted to the International Commission. •Apparently valid -- (see Matsuura & Toda 1981 [ref. 5537]). •Valid as Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Randall 1985 [ref. 6719], Smith & Heemstra 1986:896 [ref. 5714], Su & Tyler 1986:14 [ref. 11531], Matsuura & Okuno 1991 [ref. 19923], Gomon et al. 1994:903 [ref. 22532], Matsuura 1994 [ref. 21445], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:199 [ref. 23219], Lindberg et al. 1997:164 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3956 [ref. 26317], Hoese et al. 2006:1913 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:850 [ref. 30661], Verruraj et al. 2011:3 [ref. 31496], Randall et al. 2012:41 [ref. 31764], Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1732 [ref. 34322], Matsuura 2016:[2] [ref. 34340], Motomura et al. 2017:236 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:384 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Boesemanichthys) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 4] Masc. Tetraodon firmamentum Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494], Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Catophorhynchus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Appeared first as "Catophorhynque" Bibron in Duméril 1855:280 [ref. 297]. Latinized by Troschel 1856 as above, and by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched. Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25859] treats Catophorhynque as Latinized and available, with the type species as Tetraodon scaber Eydoux & Souleyet 1850. •Treated with question in the synonymy of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 by Fraser-Brunner 1943:9 [ref. 1495]. •Junior objective synonym of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25859] based on placement of Catophorhynque). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Crayracion K) Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. •In the synonymy of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Crayracion W) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Not available, published in a part of a work rejected for nomenclaturaal purposes in Opinion 21 (1938); see also Shipp 1974:34 [ref. 7147]. Genus can date to Bleeker 1865 [ref. 416]. •In the synonymy of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Crayracion B) [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Masc. Tetrodon immaculatus Bloch & Schneider 1801 Can date to many species figured on Pls. 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212 and 214 published in part 18 (19 Apr. 1865); corresponding text (pp. 49, 65 et seq.) published in parts 19 and 20. Type as designated by Bleeker (p. 49) is Crayracion laevissimus Klein (unavailable). Type should be selected from among the figured specimens; type perhaps not yet validly designated. Also appeared in other Bleeker 1865 papers. Type designated by Kottelat (2013) as Tetrodon immaculatus. •In the synonymy of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Cyprichthys) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 11 (pt 1); ref. 4687] Masc. Tetraodon mappa Lesson 1831. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841 based on placement of types species -- (Smith & Heemstra 1986:897 [ref. 5714], Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Dilobomycterus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetrodon reticularis Bloch & Schneider 1801. Appeared first as "Dilobomyctère" Bibron in Duméril 1855:279 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel 1856, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched (eleven species included by Bibron). Type above as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410]. Kottelat 2001:613 [ref. 25859] treats Dilobomycterus as available. •In the synonymy of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494], Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae. (Kanduka) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 26 (pt 6); ref. 2206] Fem. Kanduka michiei Hora 1925. Type by monotypy. See Das 2003:385 [ref. 27706]. •Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:15 [ref. 1495], Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Arothron Müller 1841. Tetraodontidae.

Species Arothron caeruleopunctatus Matsuura, 1994 [=Arothron caeruleopunctatus Matsuura [K.] 1994:29, Figs. 1 (top 2), 2] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 41 (no. 1); ref. 21445] Lagoon side of Bikini Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific, depth 2 meters. Current status: Valid as Arothron caeruleopunctatus Matsuura 1994. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Amirantes, western Mascarenes and Maldives east to Papua New Guinea, Australia north to southern Japan, south to Coral Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron carduus (Cantor, 1849) [=Tetrodon carduus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1357 [375]] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Arothron carduus (Cantor 1849). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Off Malaysia and Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron diadematus (Ruppell, 1829) [=Tetraodon diadematus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:65, Pl. 17 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Arothron diadematus (Rüppell 1829). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron firmamentum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon firmamentum Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:280, Pl. 126 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Arothron firmamentum (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific; antitropical. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:333, Tetrodon bondarus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1359 [377], Tetrodon implutus Jenyns [L.] 1842:152, Tetrodon laterna Richardson [J.] 1845:124, Pl. 61 (fig. 2), Tetraodon perspicillaris Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:63, Orbis punctulatus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53, Tetrodon pusillus Klunzinger [C. B.] 1871:645, Tetraodon semistriatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1837:58, Pl. 16 (fig. 3)] Tetraodon sazanami Tanaka [S.] 1916:384, Pls. 105 (fig. 324), 110 (fig. 333), Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India. Current status: Valid as Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Panama, north to southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands and Hawaiian Islands, south to New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and Rapa. Habitat: brackish, marine. (bondarus) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia; Vizagapatham, India. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. (implutus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. (laterna) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (perspicillaris) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (punctulatus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Mauritius? Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pusillus) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sazanami) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 22; ref. 14937] Tokyo fish market, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. (semistriatus) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon immaculatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Lacepède) 1801:507, Tetraodon aspilos Bleeker [P.] 1851:495, Tetraodon kunhardtii Bleeker [P.] 1850:97, Tetraodon parvus Joannis [L. de] 1835:no page number, Pl. 15, Tetraodon scaber Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 1), Tetrodon sordidus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:64] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality stated. Current status: Valid as Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Philippines, north to Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aspilos) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 16898] Riau, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (kunhardtii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 16876] Padang, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (parvus) [Magasin de Zoologie 1835 (5 anneé); ref. 2355] Al-Qusair, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (scaber) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] Macao, China. Current status: Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (sordidus) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Arothron inconditus Smith, 1958 [=Arothron inconditus Smith [J. L. B.] 1958:159, Pl. 2 (figs. D-E)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 13) v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 4121] Algoa Bay, South Africa, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Arothron inconditus Smith 1958. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron meleagris (Anonymous, 1798) [=Tetrodon meleagris Anonymous (ex Commerson in Lacepède) 1798:684, Arothron erethizon Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:631, Tetraodon lacrymatus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:204, Ovoides latifrons Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:398, Fig. 10, Arothron ophryas Cope [E. D.] 1871:479, Tetrodon setosus Smith [R.] 1886:155] Notes: [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 288) (for 25 Sept. 1798); ref. 24107] Mers de l'Asie [Indo-West Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros and Madagascar east to Mexico and Panama (eastern Pacific), north to Ryukyu, Ogasawara and Hawaiian islands, south to Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia and Easter Island. Habitat: marine. (erethizon) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 329); ref. 2474] Panama. Current status: Synonym of Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. (lacrymatus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (latifrons) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (ophryas) [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Navigators Islands [= Samoa], Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (setosus) [Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences No. 2; ref. 18284] Revillagigedos Islands, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Arothron meleagris (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron manilensis (Marion de Proce, 1822) [=Tetrodon manilensis Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130, Holocanthus pilosus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:28, Tetrodon virgatus Richardson [J.] 1846:62, Pl. 39 (figs. 8-9)] Notes: [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Manila Bay, Philippines, South China Sea. Current status: Valid as Arothron manilensis (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, western and central Indian Ocean: Indonesia, Philippines east to Hawaiian Islands, Samoa and Tonga, south to Australia and New Caledonia, north to southern Japan. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pilosus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Arothron manilensis (Marion de Procé 1822). (virgatus) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron manilensis (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Arothron mappa (Lesson, 1831) [=Tetraodon mappa Lesson [R. P.] 1831:102, Poissons Pl. 5] Notes: [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Doreh Bay, New Guinea, western Pacific. Current status: Valid as Arothron mappa (Lesson 1831). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to southern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron multilineatus Matsuura, 2016 [=Arothron multilineatus Matsuura [K.] 2016:[2], Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 63 (no. 4); ref. 34340] Ryukyu Islands, southeastern coast of Sesoko-jima, Japan. Current status: Valid as Arothron multilineatus Matsuura 2016. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon nigropunctatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:507, Tetrodon aurantius Ogilby [J. D.] 1890:81, Tetrodon nigropunctatus var. citrinella Günther [A.] 1870:293, Arothron melanorhynchos Bleeker [P.] 1855:111, Tetraodon trichoderma Bleeker [P.] 1854:532, Tetraodon trichodermatoides Bleeker [P.] 1854:336] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Line Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Former Red Sea records are now assigned to A. diadematus (Rüppell 1829). Habitat: marine. (aurantius) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 18485] Shoalhaven District, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (citrinella) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Fiji Islands. Current status: Synonym of Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (melanorhynchos) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 16843] Sahu, Halmahera Island, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (trichoderma) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 5965] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (trichodermatoides) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 343] Larantuka, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae.

Species Arothron reticularis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon reticularis Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:506, Tetrodon testudinarius Müller [J.] 1841:252] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Malabar sea, India. Current status: Valid as Arothron reticularis (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (testudinarius) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839; ref. 3061] Current status: Synonym of Arothron reticularis (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae.

Species Arothron stellatus (Anonymous, 1798) [=Tetrodon stellatus Anonymous (ex Commerson, Lacepède) 1798:683, Tetrodon aerostaticus Jenyns [L.] 1842:152, Tetraodon alboreticulatus Tanaka [S.] 1908:42, Pl. 1 (fig. 5), Tetrodon amabilis Castelnau [F. L.] 1879:401, Diodon asper Cuvier [G.] 1818:138, Pl. 6, Tetraodon calamara Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:64, Pl. 17 (fig. 1), Orbis cinereus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53, Orbis guttatus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53, Kanduka michiei Hora [S. L.] 1925:579, Pl. 34 (figs. 1-7), Ovoides aerostaticus otteri Whitley [G. P.] 1932:311, Pl. 3 (fig. 2), Tetrodon punctatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:506, Tetrodon staigeri Castelnau [F. L.] 1878:248, Tetrodon stellatus Shaw [G.] 1804:447, Tetrodon lagocephalus var. stellatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Commerson, ex Lacepède) 1801:503] Notes: [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 288) (for 25 Sept. 1798); ref. 24107] [Habitat mare Indicum circa insulam Mauricii] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Lord Howe Island and northern New Zealand. Habitat: marine. (aerostaticus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Locality not known. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (alboreticulatus) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Uncertain as Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (amabilis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 764] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (asper) [Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 4; ref. 18059] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (calamara) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (cinereus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Mauritius, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (guttatus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Mare Indicum circa insulam Francicam. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (michiei) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 26 (pt 6); ref. 2206] Sandheads off the mouth of the Hughli River, Bay of Bengal, depth 15 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (otteri) [Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928-29: scientific reports. v. 4 (no. 9); ref. 4676] Batt Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (punctatus) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] East India [not Brazilian Seas]. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (staigeri) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 3); ref. 761] Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (stellatus S) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (stellatus B&S) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Arothron stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Auriglobus Kottelat, 1999 [=Auriglobus Kottelat [M.] 1999:598] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 24610] Masc. Tetraodon modestus Bleeker 1850. Type by original designation. Based on Chonerhinos of Fraser-Brunner 1943 [ref. 1495] and Roberts 1982:2 [ref. 5513]. •Valid as Auriglobus Kottelat 1999 -- (Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Auriglobus Kottelat 1999. Tetraodontidae.

Species Auriglobus amabilis (Roberts, 1982) [=Chonerhinos amabilis Roberts [T. R.] 1982:5, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 5513] Kapuas River, 6 kilometers west of Putussibau, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Auriglobus amabilis (Roberts 1982). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker, 1850) [=Tetraodon (Arothron) modestus Bleeker [P.] 1850:16, Chonerhinus africanus Boulenger [G. A.] 1909:15 (201)] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 16884] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Asia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (africanus) [Catalogue des poissons du Congo du Musée d'Histoire naturelle de Luxembourg; ref. 14368] Presumed to be from Sankuru River, Kasai, Democratic Republic of Congo [but probably from Sumatra, Borneo or perhaps Thailand]. Current status: Synonym of Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts, 1982) [=Chonerhinos nefastus Roberts [T. R.] 1982:10, Fig. 6] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 5513] Kapuas River, 29 kilometers west of Putussibau, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts 1982). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Auriglobus remotus (Roberts, 1982) [=Chonerhinos remotus Roberts [T. R.] 1982:11, Fig. 7] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 5513] Kinabatangan basin, mouth of Sungai Deramakot, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Auriglobus remotus (Roberts 1982). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indochina and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Auriglobus silus (Roberts, 1982) [=Chonerhinos silus Roberts [T. R.] 1982:12, Fig. 8] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 5513] Sungai Baleh between Sungai Mujong and Sungai Gaat, Rejang basin, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Auriglobus silus (Roberts 1982). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Canthigaster Swainson, 1839 [=Canthigaster Swainson [W.] 1839:194, Anosmius Müller [J.] 1846:195, Anosmius (subgenus of Tetraodon) Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:274, Eumycterias Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:399, Lucubrapiscis Whitley [G. P.] 1931:334, Prilonotus Richardson [J.] 1854:162, Psilonotus Swainson [W.] 1839:328, Rhynchote Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:281, Rhynchotes Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88, Tropidichthys Bleeker [P.] 1854:500] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Fem. Tetrodon rostratus Bloch 1786. Type by subsequent designation. Name changed to Psilonodus on p. 328. Type designated by Bleeker 1866:12 [ref. 417]. Misspelled or unjustifiably emended to Canthogaster by Bleeker 1866:19 [ref. 417]. •Valid as Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Torchio 1973:647 [ref. 6892], Allen & Randall 1977 [ref. 6714], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:365 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:898 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 1986 [ref. 6715], Randall & Cea Egaña 1989 [ref. 9295], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:200 [ref. 23219], Lindberg et al. 1997:160 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Moura & Castro 2002:33 [ref. 25970], Shipp 2003:1989 [ref. 27120], Hoese et al. 2006:1916 [ref. 29099], Randall et al. 2008:3 [ref. 29943], Williams et al. 2012:80 [ref. 32264], Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1734 [ref. 34322], Motomura et al. 2017:236 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:385 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Anosmius M) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin for 1844; ref. 13283] Masc. Tetrodon solandri Richardson 1845. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Anosmius P) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 33395] Masc. Tetrodon taeniatus Peters 1855. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Everamnn 1898:1741 [ref. 2444]. Also in Peters 1855:462. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Eumycterias) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Masc. Eumycterias bitaeniatus Jenkins 1901. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Lucubrapiscis) [Australian Zoologist v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 4672] Masc. Eumycterias bitaeniatus Jenkins 1901. Type by being a replacement name. Apparently an unneeded replacement for Eumycterias Jenkins 1901, not preoccupied by Eumycterus Schoenherr 1838 in Coleoptera. •Objective synonym of Eumycterias Jenkins 1901. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Prilonotus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald; ref. 3746] Masc. Prilonotus caudacinctus Richardson 1854. Type regarded as by monotypy, other species mentioned were ones included by Kaup (manuscript) as quoted by Richardson. Name quoted from Müller and from Kaup manuscript, but Prilonotus probably a slip for Psilonotus Swainson 1839 and not an original generic description. •In the synonymy of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Psilonotus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Tetrodon rostratus Bloch 1782. As Canthigaster on p. 194, changed to Psilonotus on p. 328. Apparently preoccupied in Hymenoptera [not researched]. •Objective synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Rhynchote) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetradon peronii Bibron 1855. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1898:741 •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Rhynchotes) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetraodon gronovii Cuvier 1829. Appeared first as Rhynchote Bibron in Duméril 1855:280 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel 1856 as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186] as Rhynchotus. First technical addition of species and subsequent type designation not researched. Type above as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410]; Jordan & Evermann 1898:1741 [ref. 2444] list peroni as type. Kottelat 2001:615 regards Rhynchote as available; with type as Tetraodon peronii Bibron 1855 as estabished by Jordan & Snyder 1901:254 [ref. 12009]. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Tropidichthys) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 344] Masc. Tetraodon margaritatus Rüppell 1829. Type by subsequent designation. Spelled Tropidichthijs in main heading of original account, the Dutch ij equivalent to Latin y; as Tropidichthys in species accounts. Earliest type designation not researched; margaritatus Bleeker listed as type by Jordan 1919:256 [ref. 2410], valentini listed as type by Jordan & Evermann 1898:741 [ref. 2444]. •Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839 -- (Allen & Randall 1977:478 [ref. 6714], Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae.

Species Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker, 1864) [=Psilonotus amboinensis Bleeker [P.] 1864:180, Tropidichthys oahuensis Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:485, Fig. 32, Canthigaster polyophthalmus Pietschmann [V.] 1938:51, Pl. 1C, Tropidichthys psegma Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:209] Notes: [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 13924] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker 1864). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia), New Caledonia; waifs reaching Galápagos Archipelago (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine. (oahuensis) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker 1864). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (polyophthalmus) [Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum No. 156; ref. 17214] Kaupoa, Molokai Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker 1864). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (psegma) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2449] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker 1864). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster axiologus Whitley, 1931 [=Canthigaster axiologus Whitley [G. P.] 1931:333] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 4672] Near the Capricorn Group, Grat Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster axiologus Whitley 1931. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific and Australia to French Polynesia, north to Japan. Habitat: marine. Species Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker, 1854) [=Tropidichthys bennetti Bleeker [P.] 1854:504, Canthigaster constellatus Kendall [W. C.] & Goldsborough [E. L.] 1911:336, Pl. 7 (fig. 2), Tetrodon ocellatus Bennett [J. W.] 1830:unnum. p., Pl. 21, Tropidichthys oxylophius Smith [J. L. B.] 1931:159, Pl. 16] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 344] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker 1854). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Taiwan, south to northern New South Wales (Australia); waifs reaching Galápagos Archipelago (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine. (constellatus) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 26 (pt 7); ref. 2594] Takarava, Paumotu Is, French Polynesia, southern Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker 1854). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (ocellatus) [A selection from the most remarkable and interesting fishes found on the coast of Ceylon First Edition; ref. 16785] South coast of Sri Lanka. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker 1854). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (oxylophius) [Records of the Albany Museum Grahamstown v. 4 (pt 1); ref. 4062] Kareiga River mouth, near Port Alfred, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker 1854). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster callisterna (Ogilby, 1889) [=Tetrodon callisternus Ogilby [J. D.] 1889:74, Pl. 3 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Australian Museum, Sydney No. 2 (art. no. 3); ref. 18489] Lord Howe Island. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster callisterna (Ogilby 1889). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster capistrata (Lowe, 1839) [=Tetrodon capistratus Lowe [R. T.] 1839:90] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1839 (pt 7); ref. 2829] Off Madeira. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster capistrata (Lowe 1839). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Madeira, Canary Islands Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster coronata (Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875) [=Tetraodon (Anosmius) coronatus Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1875:286, Canthigaster cinctus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1905:433, Fig. 189] Notes: [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Ser. 3) v. 3; ref. 17853] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster coronata (Vaillant & Sauvage 1875). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Pacific: Johnston Atoll and Hawaiian Islands [see ref. 29943]. Habitat: marine. (cinctus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 1) (1903); ref. 2451] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster coronata (Vaillant & Sauvage 1875). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster compressa (Marion de Proce, 1822) [=Tetrodon compressus Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130, Tetrodon insignitus Richardson [J.] 1848:20, Pl. 9 (figs. 1-2), Tetraodon striolatus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:203] Notes: [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Manila Bay, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster compressa (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Indonesia east to Palau and Vanuatu, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (insignitus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Sea of China. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster compressa (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (striolatus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Timor Island, southern Malay Archipelago. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster compressa (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Canthigaster criobe Williams et al., 2012 [=Canthigaster criobe Williams [J. T.], Delrieu-Trottin [E.] & Planes [S.] 2012:82, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3523; ref. 32264] Kouaku Island, on southeastern side of archipelago, small surge channel in outer reef, 23.22°S, 154.88°W, Gambier Archipelago, depth 15-20 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster criobe Williams, Delrieu-Trottin & Planes 2012. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Gambier Archipelago (French Polynesia) and Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster cyanetron Randall & Cea-Egana, 1989 [=Canthigaster cyanetron Randall [J. E.] & Cea-Egaña [A.] 1989:94, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 3) (1988); ref. 9295] Cave on northern side of Motu Tautara, Easter Island, southeastern Pacific, depth 12 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster cyanetron Randall & Cea-Egaña 1989. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster cyanospilota Randall et al., 2008 [=Canthigaster cyanospilota Randall [J. E.], Williams [J. T.] & Rocha [L. A.] 2008:7, Pl. 2C-H] Notes: [Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin No. 9; ref. 29943] Off the Interuniversity Institute of Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, depth 12 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster cyanospilota Randall, Williams & Rocha 2008. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean: East Africa, Gulf of Aden, Seychelles and western Mascarenes east to western Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster epilampra (Jenkins, 1903) [=Tropidichthys epilamprus Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:485, Fig. 33] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Kihei, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster epilampra (Jenkins 1903). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, western and central Pacific: Philippines east to Hawaiian Islands and Society Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, south to New Caledonia, Tonga and Rapa. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster figueiredoi Moura & Castro, 2002 [=Canthigaster figueiredoi Moura [R. L. de] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2002:34, Fig. 1A] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 115 (no. 1); ref. 25970] Alcatrazes Archipelago, 24°06'S, 45°42'W, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster figueiredoi Moura & Castro 2002. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southern Caribbean to western South Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster flavoreticulata Matsuura, 1986 [=Canthigaster flavoreticulata Matsuura [K.] 1986:223, Fig. 1] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 33 (no. 3); ref. 6715] Tonga Submarine Ridge, 22°53.1'S, 175°49.4'W, depth 98-111 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster flavoreticulata Matsuura 1986. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southern central Pacific; near Tonga. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster inframacula Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster inframacula Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:493, Fig. 7C] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Off northern shore of Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, 21°40'N, 158°07'W, depth 68-86 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster inframacula Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Réunion (western Mascarenes); Japan, Johnston Atoll, Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster investigatoris (Annadale & Jenkins, 1910) [=Tropidichthys investigatoris Annandale [N.] & Jenkins [J. T.] 1910:16, Pl. 1 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 10427] Andaman Islands, 11°49'30"N, 92°55'E, Investigator station 239, depth 55 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster investigatoris (Annandale & Jenkins 1910). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins, 1901) [=Tropidichthys jactator Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:399, Fig. 11] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins 1901). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Pacific: Johnston Atoll and Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster jamestyleri Moura & Castro, 2002 [=Canthigaster jamestyleri Moura [R. L. de] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2002:41, Fig. 1D] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 115 (no. 1); ref. 25970] South Carolina, 33°48'N, 76°34'W, U.S.A., depth 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster jamestyleri Moura & Castro 2002. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) [=Tropidichthys janthinopterus Bleeker [P.] 1855:429] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 350] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker 1855). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Marquesas Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Ogasawara Islands, south to Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia; a waif from Galápagos Islands (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster leoparda Lubbock & Allen, 1979 [=Canthigaster leoparda Lubbock [R.] & Allen [G. R.] 1979:88, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 8809] Caves on vertical drop-off, 1/2 kilometer north of Caubyan Daku Island, Camotes Sea, Philippines, depth 35-40 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster leoparda Lubbock & Allen 1979. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Christmas Island, Indonesia, Philippines, and Guam. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster margaritata (Ruppell, 1829) [=Tetraodon margaritatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:66] Notes: [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] El-Tor, Sinai coast, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster margaritata (Rüppell 1829). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster marquesensis Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster marquesensis Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:487, Fig. 4A] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Northwestern side of Sentinelle de l'Est off Taichae Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, depth 50-60 feet. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster marquesensis Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster natalensis (Gunther, 1870) [=Tetrodon amboinensis var. natalensis Günther [A.] 1870:303] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster natalensis (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: East Africa and South Africa, Mozambique Channel, western Mascarenes. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster ocellicincta Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster ocellicincta Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:485, Fig. 3B] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Off Tanavulu Point near entrance to Sandfly Passage, Florida Island, Solomon Islands, depth 20-30 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster ocellicincta Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, to Solomon Islands, south to Australia, New Caledonia and Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster papua (Bleeker, 1848) [=Tetraodon papua Bleeker [P.] 1848:638] Notes: [Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore) v. 2 (no. 9); ref. 315] Bima, Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster papua (Bleeker 1848). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Andaman Islands and Indonesia east to Palau and Solomon Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster petersii (Bianconi, 1854) [=Tetrodon petersii Bianconi [G. G.] 1854:68] Notes: [Rendiconto delle Sessioni dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Instituto dei Bologna 1853-1854 (for 11 May 1854); ref. 17949] Mozambique. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster petersii (Bianconi 1854). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine. Species Canthigaster punctata Matsuura, 1992 [=Canthigaster punctata Matsuura [K.] 1992:127, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology) v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 20989] Mascarene Submarine Ridge, 10°23'S, 61°40'E, depth 92 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster punctata Matsuura 1992. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean (including Mascarenes). Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster punctatissima (Gunther, 1870) [=Tetrodon punctatissimus Günther [A.] 1870:302, Canthigaster brederi Whitley [G. P.] 1959:323, Sphoeroides brunneus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:404, Fig. 261, Tetrodon oxyrrhynchus Lockington [W. N.] 1881:114, Canthigaster punctatissimus reticulatus Breder [C. M., Jr.] 1936:50, Figs. 17, 18 (upper)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Pacific coast of Panama. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (brederi) [Australian Zoologist v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 4729] Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (brunneus) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands [Islas Marias], Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (oxyrrhynchus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 33; ref. 14288] Angeles Bay, Gulf of California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (reticulatus) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 2 (art. 3); ref. 634] San Jose Island, Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster punctatissima (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster pygmaea Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster pygmaea Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:498, Fig. 15] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] About 100 meters south of Marine Laboratory at Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, depth 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster pygmaea Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Aqaba. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster rapaensis Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster rapaensis Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:492, Fig. 4C] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Off southern side of Ruea Point, Rapa Island, southern Pacific, depth 45 feet. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster rapaensis Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southern Pacific: Rapa Island and French Polynesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon rivulatus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:285, Pl. 124 (fig. 3), Eumycterias bitaeniatus Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:400, Fig. 12, Tetrodon caudofasciatus Günther [A.] 1870:304, Canthigaster notospilus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:278, Fig. 31] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Nagasaki Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands, north to South Korea, southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (bitaeniatus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (caudofasciatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (notospilus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1438] Off Kaena Point, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands (stomach content). Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch, 1786) [=Tetrodon rostratus Bloch [M. E.] 1786:8, Pl. 146 (fig. 2), Spheroides asterias Blosser [C. B.] 1909:300, Pl. 12 (fig. 2), Prilonotus caudacinctus Richardson [J.] 1854:162, Pl. 31 (figs. 1-3), Tetrodon ornatus Poey [F.] 1867:244] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] Twin Cays, Belize. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (asterias) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1) (art. 5); ref. 14363] St. Croix Island, Virgin Islands, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. (caudacinctus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald; ref. 3746] Unknown locality. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (ornatus) [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14078] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster rostratus (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster sanctaehelenae (Gunther, 1870) [=Tetrodon sanctaehelenae Günther [A.] 1870:304] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic; Japan? Current status: Valid as Canthigaster sanctaehelenae (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Saint Helena and Ascension Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster smithae Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster smithae Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:489, Fig. 5C] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Off Flic en Flac, western coast of Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 30 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster smithae Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles and western Mascarenes, Maldives, east to Andaman Sea and coast of Sumatra. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster solandri (Richardson, 1845) [=Tetrodon solandri Richardson [J.] (ex Solander) 1845:125, Pl. 57 (figs. 4-6), Canthigaster australis Stead [D. G.] 1907:7, Pl. 2, Canthigaster glaucospilotus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:185, Figs. 33-34, Canthigaster saipanensis Fowler [H. W.] 1945:73, Fig. 18] Notes: [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Polynesia [Society Islands, French Polynesia, South Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster solandri (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Mozambique Channel, western Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to Ryukyu Islands, mainland China, Taiwan, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (australis) [Deptment Fish. N. S. W.; ref. 15178] Suwarow Islands, southwestern Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster solandri (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (glaucospilotus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1451] Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster solandri (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (saipanensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 13142] Saipan Island, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster solandri (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster supramacula Moura & Castro, 2002 [=Canthigaster supramacula Moura [R. L. de] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2002:44, Fig. 1F] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 115 (no. 1); ref. 25970] Off Abidjan, about 05°N, 04°W, Ivory Coast. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster supramacula Moura & Castro 2002. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: off the Ivory Coast and Ghana and islands of the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster tyleri Allen & Randall, 1977 [=Canthigaster tyleri Allen [G. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:497, Fig. 6C] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 30 (no. 17); ref. 6714] Off Flic en Flac, western coast of Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 30 meters. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster tyleri Allen & Randall 1977. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comores, Mauritius (Mascarenes), Maldives and Chagos Archipelago east to Christmas Island (eastern Indian Ocean) and Banda Sea (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

Species Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853) [=Tetraodon valentini Bleeker [P.] 1853:130, Tetraodon gronovii Cuvier [G.] 1829:369, Tetrodon taeniatus Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:462] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 16900] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker 1853). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East and South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Tuamotu Archipelago, north to South Korea, southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island; waifs reaching Galápagos Archipelago (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine. (gronovii) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker 1853). Tetraodontidae. (taeniatus) [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Mozambique. Current status: Synonym of Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker 1853). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Carinotetraodon Benl, 1957 [=Carinotetraodon Benl [G.] 1957:1] Notes: [Opuscula Zoologica. Herausgegeben von der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in München No. 5; ref. 258] Masc. Carinotetraodon chlupatyi Benl 1957. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Carinotetraodon Benl 1957 -- (Britz & Kottelat 1999:39 [ref. 24288], Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon Benl 1957. Tetraodontidae.

Species Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan, 1903) [=Tetrodon borneensis Regan [C. T.] 1903:303, Pl. 24 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902, v. 2 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 4 Nov. 1902); ref. 14413] Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan 1903). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Carinotetraodon imitator Britz & Kottelat, 1999 [=Carinotetraodon imitator Britz [R.] & Kottelat [M.] 1999:40, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Journal of South Asian Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 24288] Small rivers, Kerala, Cochin District, India (aquarium specimen). Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon imitator Britz & Kottelat 1999. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Carinotetraodon irrubesco Tan, 1999 [=Carinotetraodon irrubesco Tan [H. H.] 1999:346, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 10 (no. 4); ref. 24234] Banjuasin basin, Sumatra Selatan, Sumatra, Indonesia [from aquarium trade]. Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon irrubesco Tan 1999. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant, 1885) [=Tetrodon lorteti Tirant [G.] 1885:175 [95], Carinotetraodon chlupatyi Benl [G.] 1957:1, Fig., Tetraodon somphongsi Klausewitz [W.] 1957:205, Figs. 1-2, Monotreta tiranti d'Aubenton [F.] & Blanc [M.] 1966:556, Fig. 2, Tetraodon werneri Benl [G.] & Chlupaty [P.] 1957:227] Notes: [Notes sur les poissons de la Basse-Cochinchine et du Cambodge. v. 10; ref. 17923] Thu-dâu-môt, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indochina (Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam). Habitat: freshwater. (chlupatyi) [Opuscula Zoologica. Herausgegeben von der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in München No. 5; ref. 258] Near Krung Thep, Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater. (somphongsi) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 38 (nos 3/4); ref. 12150] Possible Nakorn Chaisri River, Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater. (tiranti) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 38 (no. 5); ref. 9027] Tonlé-Sap at kilometer 9, Cambodia. Current status: Synonym of Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater. (werneri) [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 10 (no. 9); ref. 33396] Current status: Synonym of Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae.

Species Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995 [=Carinotetraodon salivator Lim [K. K. P.] & Kottelat [M.] 1995:359, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 41 (no. 4); ref. 21592] Sungai Bejit, kilometer 10 on road to Simunjan, 1°08'39"N, 110°53'43"E, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat 1995. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Hora & Nair, 1941) [=Tetraodon (Monotretus) travancoricus Hora [S. L.] & Nair [K. K.] 1941:391, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 43 (pt 3); ref. 13243] Rambha [Pamba] River, central Travancore, Kerala, India. Current status: Valid as Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Hora & Nair 1941). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chelonodontops Smith, 1958 [=Chelonodontops Smith [J. L. B.] 1958:156] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 13) v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 4121] Masc. Chelonodontops pulchellus Smith 1958. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Chelonodon Müller 1841 -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Valid as Chelonodontops Smith 1958 -- (Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:388 [ref. 35805], Psomadakis et al. 2018:[1] [ref. 36003]). Current status: Valid as Chelonodontops Smith 1958. Tetraodontidae.

Species Chelonodontops alvheimi Psomadakis et al., 2018 [=Chelonodontops alvheimi Psomadakis [P. N.], Matsuura [K.] & Thein [H.] 2018:[2], Fig] Notes: [Ichthyological Research First online; ref. 36003] Current status: Valid as Chelonodontops alvheimi Psomadakis, Matsuura & Thein 2018. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Off Myanmar, eastern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Chelonodontops leopardus (Day, 1878) [=Tetrodon leopardus Day [F.] 1878:706, Pl. 180 (fig. 2)] Notes: [The fishes of India Part 4; ref. 4887] Seas of India. Current status: Valid as Chelonodontops leopardus (Day 1878). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Habitat: marine. Species Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton, 1822) [=Tetrodon patoca Hamilton [F.] 1822:7, 362, Pl. 18 (fig. 2), Tetrodon bourouensis Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280, Tetrodon dissutidens Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1364 [382], Tetrodon dorsounicolor Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280, Tetrodon hartlaubii Bianconi [G. G.] 1854:68, Tetraodon kappa Bleeker [P.] 1850:16, Tetraodon maculatus Swainson [W.] 1839:328] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River estuaries, India. Current status: Valid as Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Madagascar, Arabian Gulf, India and Sri Lanka east to French Polynesia, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (bourouensis) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. (dissutidens) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia; Coromandel, India. Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (dorsounicolor) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. (hartlaubii) [Rendiconto delle Sessioni dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Instituto dei Bologna 1853-1854 (for 11 May 1854); ref. 17949] Mozambique. Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (kappa) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 10); ref. 16874] India; Jakarta, Java, Indonesia; Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (maculatus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Chelonodontops pleurospilus (Regan, 1919) [=Tetrodon pleurospilus Regan [C. T.] 1919:203, Chelonodontops pulchellus Smith [J. L. B.] 1958:157, Pl. 2 (figs. A-B)] Notes: [Annals of the Durban Museum v. 2 (pt 4) (art. 18); ref. 15230] Durban, KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Chelonodontops pleurospilus (Regan 1919). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pulchellus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 13) v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 4121] Xora River mouth, Transkei, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, 32°50'S, 29°E. Current status: Synonym of Chelonodontops pleurospilus (Regan 1919). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Chonerhinos Bleeker, 1854 [=Chonerhinos Bleeker [P.] 1854:259, 260, Xenopterus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 345] Masc. Tetrodon naritus Richardson 1848. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently designated first by Bleeker 1865:49 [ref. 416] with genus spelled Chonerhinus; the original correct spelling is Chonerhinos. Type apparently not Tetraodon (Arothron) modestus Bleeker 1850 (see Kottelat 1999:597 [ref. 24610]). •Valid as Chonerhinos Bleeker 1854 -- (Roberts 1982 [ref. 5513] with type as modestus, Arai 1983:208 [ref. 14249], Kottelat 1985:275 [ref. 11441], Kottelat 1989:21 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:186 [ref. 6439], Kottelat 2013:475 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Chonerhinos Bleeker 1854. Tetraodontidae. (Xenopterus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Xenopterus bellangerii Bibron 1855. Type by monotypy. Kottelat 1999:594 [ref. 24610] dates to Bibron 1855. Appeared first as "Xénoptère" Bibron in Duméril 1855:281 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel as above, also by Hollard 1856:319 [ref. 2186]. Addition of species not researched; type as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410]. Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25959] regards Xénoptére as latinized and with type as bellangerii by monotypy. •Valid as Xenopterus Troschel 1856 [sometimes as Xenoptere] -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:16 [ref. 1495], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Jayaram 1981:393 [ref. 6497], Arai 1983:208 [ref. 14249], Kottelat 1989:21 [ref. 13605]). •Synonym of Chonerhinos Bleeker 1854 -- (Kottelat 1999:598 [ref. 24610], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494], Kottelat 2013:475 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Chonerhinos Bleeker 1854. Tetraodontidae. Species Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson, 1848) [=Tetrodon naritus Richardson [J.] 1848:18, Pl. 8 (figs. 1-3), Xenoptere bellangerii Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:281, Tetrodon grandispina van der Hoeven [J.] 1855:275] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Sarawak River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson 1848). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indochina and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (bellangerii) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater. (grandispina) [Handboek der Dierkunde; ref. 2182] Borneo. Current status: Synonym of Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson 1848). Tetraodontidae.

GENUS Colomesus Gill, 1884 [=Colomesus Gill [T. N.] 1884:422, Batrachops Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (nos 26-27) (art. 448); ref. 1727] Masc. Tetrodon psittacus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Batrachops Bibron, preoccupied by Batrachops Heckel 1840 in fishes. •Valid as Colomesus Gill 1884 -- (Tyler 1964:121 [ref. 22575], Shipp 1974:108 [ref. 7147], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061], Amaral et al. 2013:1 [ref. 33364], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Colomesus Gill 1884. Tetraodontidae. (Batrachops) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetrodon psittacus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Batrachops Heckel 1840 in fishes, replaced by Colomesus Gill 1884. See comments by Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25859]. •Synonym of Colomesus Gill 1884 -- (Tyler 1964:128 [ref. 22575], Shipp 1974:108 [ref. 7147], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Colomesus Gill 1884. Tetraodontidae. Species Colomesus asellus (Muller & Troschel, 1849) [=Chelichthys asellus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] 1849:641] Notes: [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Barama River, northwestern Guyana. Current status: Valid as Colomesus asellus (Müller & Troschel 1849). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Northern South America: Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela; Trinidad. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon psittacus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:505, Pl. 95] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean [in error]. Current status: Valid as Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral et al., 2013 [=Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral [C. R. J.], Brito [P. M.], Silva [D. A.] & Carvalho [E. F.] 2013:9, Figs. 6a, 7-9A-B, 10A, 11-12, 10A, 13A] Notes: [PLoS ONE v. 8 (no. 9): e74397; ref. 33364] Tocantins River, near Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho 2013. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Tocantins River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Contusus Whitley, 1947 [=Contusus Whitley [G. P.] 1947:147] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 11 (pt 2); ref. 4708] Masc. Tetrodon richei Fréminville 1813. Type by original designation. Proposed with richei as type; apparently not technically a replacement name for Amblyrhynchotus Troschel 1856, preoccupied by Amblyrhynchotus Tilesius 1818 in Crustacea. •Valid as Contusus Whitley 1947 -- (Hardy 1981 [ref. 8595], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Gomon et al. 1994:903 [ref. 22532], Hoese et al. 2006:1919 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:850 [ref. 30661], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1735 [ref. 34322]). Current status: Valid as Contusus Whitley 1947. Tetraodontidae.

Species Contusus brevicaudatus Hardy, 1981 [=Contusus brevicaudus Hardy [G. S.] 1981:16, Figs. 1A, 3] Notes: [New Zealand Journal of Zoology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8595] Emu Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Contusus brevicaudus Hardy 1981. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia: southern New South Wales to Western Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Contusus richei (Freminville, 1813) [=Tetrodon richei Fréminville [C. P. P.] 1813:250, Pl. 4 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris. v. 3 (no. 67); ref. 18094] Port Recherche, Terre de Nyts, Great Australian Bight, Australia. Current status: Valid as Contusus richei (Fréminville 1813). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia to New Zealand region. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dichotomyctere Dumeril, 1855 [=Dichotomyctere Duméril [A. H. A.] 1855:279, Dichotomycter Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88] Notes: [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetraodon fluviatilis Hamilton 1822. Type by monotypy. Appeared as Dichotomyctère. Regarded by Kottelat 2001:612 [ref. 25859] as latinized. •Valid as Dichotomyctere Duméril 1855 -- (Kottelat 2013:475 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere Duméril 1855. Tetraodontidae. (Dichotomycter) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetrodon fluviatilis Hamilton 1822. Type by monotypy. Appeared first as "Dichotomyctère" Bibron in Duméril 1855:279 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched; type above as given by Jordan 1919: 263 [ref. 2410]. "Dichotomyctere" is regarded by Kottelat 2001:612 [ref. 25859] as latinized and available, with no description but by inclusion of one available species. •Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Synonym of Dichotomyctere Duméril 1855 -- (Kottelat 2013:475 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]; see remarks). Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere Duméril 1855. Tetraodontidae.

Species Dichotomyctere erythrotaenia (Bleeker, 1853) [=Tetraodon erythrotaenia Bleeker [P.] 1853:174, Epipedorhynchus gernaerti Bleeker [P.] 1865:36 [17]] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16912] Maros, southwestern Sulawesi, Indonesia; Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere erythrotaenia (Bleeker 1853). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (gernaerti) [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 3; ref. 17043] Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere erythrotaenia (Bleeker 1853). Tetraodontidae.

Species Dichotomyctere fluviatilis (Hamilton, 1822) [=Tetrodon fluviatilis Hamilton [F.] 1822:6, 362, Pl. 30 (fig. 1), Arothron dorsovittatus Blyth [E.] 1860:173, Dichotomycterus rangoonensis Le Danois [Y.] 1959:133, Figs. 85-88] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere fluviatilis (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southern Asia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (dorsovittatus) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 477] Calcutta fish market, India. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere fluviatilis (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (rangoonensis) [Annales de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco (Nouvelle Série) v. 36 (art. 1); ref. 12003] Region of Rangoon, Myanma/ Bengal, India. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere fluviatilis (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Marion de Proce, 1822) [=Tetrodon nigroviridis Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130, Tetraodon kretamensis Inger [R. F.] 1953:149, Tetraodon potamophilus Bleeker [P.] 1849:16, Tetrodon simulans Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1356 [374]] Notes: [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Deli, near Medan, northeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Asia: Sri Lanka east to Indonesia, Borneo, north to Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (kretamensis) [Fieldiana Zoology v. 34 (no. 11); ref. 19145] Pinang River, a tributary of the Kretam Kechil River, Kinabatangan District, East Coast Residency, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Marion de Proce, 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (potamophilus) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [8]; ref. 320] Madura Straits near Surabaya and Kammal; near Jakarta, Semarang, etc., Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (simulans) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea and estuaries of Penang, Malaysia; Singapore. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Marion de Procé 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Dichotomyctere ocellatus (Steindachner, 1870) [=Crayracion fluviatilis var. ocellata Steindachner [F.] 1870:640 [18], Pl. 5 (figs. 2-2a), Tetrodon biocellatus Tirant [G.] 1885:[95], Tetraodon steindachneri Dekkers [W. J.] 1975:132, Figs. 38-40] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4218] Johor, Malaysia/ Pengulan Patie, India. Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere ocellatus (Steindachner 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (biocellatus) [Notes sur les poissons de la Basse-Cochinchine et du Cambodge. v. 10; ref. 17923] Thu-day-mot, Vietnam. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere ocellatus (Steindachner 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indochina and Indonesia (if valid). Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (steindachneri) [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 45 (no. 1); ref. 7417] Pengulon Patie, Singapore. Current status: Synonym of Dichotomyctere ocellatus (Steindachner 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Dichotomyctere sabahensis (Dekkers, 1975) [=Tetraodon fluviatilis sabahensis Dekkers [W. J.] 1975:130, Figs. 35-37] Notes: [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 45 (no. 1); ref. 7417] Pinang River, 5°30'N, 118°33'E, Kinabatangan District, Sabah, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Dichotomyctere sabahensis (Dekkers 1975). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Ephippion Bibron, in Dumeril, 1855 [=Ephippion Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:281, Hemiconiatus (subgenus of Tetrodon) Günther [A.] 1870:272] Notes: [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Neut. Ephippion maculatum Bibron 1855 (= Tetrodon guttifer Bennett 1831). Treated as latinized when appeared as above. E. maculatum Bibron apparently never published in an available way; technical addition of T. guttifer not researched. Hemiconiatus Günther 1870 is an unneeded replacement. See Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25859]. •Valid as Ephippion Bibron 1855 -- (Tortonese 1973:645 [ref. 7192], Shipp 1974:116 [ref. 7147], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1342 [ref. 13677], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Ephippion Bibron 1855. Tetraodontidae. (Hemiconiatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Masc. Tetrodon guttifer Bennett 1831. Type by monotypy. Unneeded replacement for Ephippion Bibron (ex Duméril) 1855, not preoccupied by near-spellings. Original subgenus is correctly Tetraodon. •Objective synonym of Ephippion Bibron 1855 -- (Shipp 1974:116 [ref. 7147], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Ephippion Bibron 1855. Tetraodontidae.

Species Ephippion guttifer (Bennett, 1831) [=Tetrodon guttifer Bennett [E. T.] 1831:148, Ephippion maculatum Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:281] Notes: [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 5778] Atlantic coast of northern Africa. Current status: Valid as Ephippion guttifer (Bennett 1831). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Gibraltar to Angola (strays to Bay of Biscay). Habitat: brackish, marine. (maculatum) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Gorée, Senegal. Current status: Synonym of Ephippion guttifer (Bennett 1831). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Feroxodon Su et al., 1986 [=Feroxodon Su, Hardy [G. S.] & Tyler [J. C.] 1986:102] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 13 (pt 1); ref. 12582] Masc. Anchisomus multistriatus Richardson 1854. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Feroxodon Su, Hardy & Tyler 1986 -- (Hoese et al. 2006:1920 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Feroxodon Su, Hardy & Tyler 1986. Tetraodontidae.

Species Feroxodon multistriatus (Richardson, 1854) [=Anchisomus multistriatus Richardson [J.] (ex Kaup) 1854:160, Pl. 24 (figs. 1-3)] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald; ref. 3746] Southern Polynesia. Current status: Valid as Feroxodon multistriatus (Richardson 1854). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia and (?) southern Polynesia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Gastrophysus Muller, 1843 [=Gastrophysus Müller [J.] 1843:330, Akamefugu (subgenus of Fugu) Abe [T.] 1954:122, Aphanacanthe Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:279, Fugu Abe [T.] 1952:36, Higanfugu (subgenus of Sphoeroides) Abe [T.] 1949:93 (in key), Physogaster (subgenus of Tetrodon) Müller [J.] 1841:252, Shosaifugu (subgenus of Sphoeroides) Abe [T.] 1950:199, Takifugu (subgenus of Sphoeroides) Abe [T.] 1949:90 (in key), Torafugu Abe [T.] 1950:199] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 9; ref. 3063] Masc. Tetrodon oblongus Bloch 1786. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Physogaster Müller 1841, apparently preoccupied in insects. Matsuura has declared his intention to ask the ICZN to suppress Gastrophysus (Matsuabara, 2015), but no decision has been made. Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989] says "Gastrophysus has been used as a valid name after 1899 and therefore precedence over Takifugu cannot be reversed under Code art. 23.9; not junior homonym of Gastrophysa Dejean, 1835: 405 (nomen nudum) and Gastrophysa Gebler, 1842: 39 in Coleoptera". •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Shipp 1974:17 [ref. 7147]). •Valid as Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Li 1986:948 [ref. 6329], Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949. Current status: Valid as Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Akamefugu) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 3 (nos 3/4/5); ref. 5] Masc. Tetrodon chrysops Hilgendorf 1879. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441] based on placement of type species, Matsuura 1990:17 [ref. 13815]). •Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Aphanacanthe) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Not available, no description. Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859] regards the name as Latinized, but not available for lack of a description or an included available species. •In the synonymy of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Fugu) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 4] Masc. Tetraodon rubripes Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Type by original designation. See also Abe 1954:122 [ref. 5] and Torafugu Abe 1949. •Valid as Fugu Abe, 1952 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Kuang in Pan et al. 1991:537 [ref. 23876]). •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:363 [ref. 2902] based on placement of type species, Matsuura 1990:18 [ref. 13815], Lindberg et al. 1997:116 [ref. 23547], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Higanfugu) [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 14 (no. 13); ref. 3] Masc. Tetraodon pardalis Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Type by monotypy. Simultaneous subjective synonym, Matsuura 1990 gave precedence to Takifugu. •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Masuda et al. 1984:363 [ref. 6441] based on placement of type species, Matsuura 1990:17 [ref. 13815]). •Synonmy of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Physogaster) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839; ref. 3061] Fem. Tetrodon oblongus Bloch 1786. Type by subsequent designation. Two species (oblongus and lunaris) mentioned; earliest subsequent designation perhaps is Bleeker 1865:46 [ref. 416] through objective synonym Gastrophysus; Jordan 1919:196 [ref. 2410] lists lunaris as type. Apparently preoccupied, replaced by Gastrophysus Müller 1832. •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Shipp 1974:17 [ref. 7147]). •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 based on placement of type species. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949. Tetraodontidae. (Shosaifugu) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 5588] Masc. Tetraodon vermicularis Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Appeared in Abe 1949:92 (in key) [ref. 3] with 4 included species but no definite type fixation; therefore not available from Abe 1949. Type fixed by Abe 1950:199 with bibliographic reference to Abe 1949; name dates to Abe 1950. •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Masuda et al. 1984:363 [ref. 6441], Matsuura 1990:17 [ref. 13815]). •Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Takifugu) [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 14 (no. 13); ref. 3] Masc. Tetrodon oblongus Bloch 1786. Type by monotypy. Appeared first in Abe 1939:336 [ref. 5589] for several species; no type designated; not available (Art. 13.3). For technical reasons (see Art. 13.3 in Appendix A, in Eschmeyer 1990 [ref. 20647]) the genus apparently can date to Marshall [N. B.] & Palmer [G.] 1950 (in Zoological Record for 1949, were a citation to Abe is given and a type is designated). Gastrophysus can be suppressed under the ICZN, and Matsuura 2015 has declared his intention to ask the ICZN to suppress Gastrophysus (Matsuura 2015) but no decision has been made. Takifugu in prevailing recent practice. •Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:362 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:902 [ref. 5714], Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Kottelat 1989:21 [ref. 13605], Lindberg et al. 1997:116 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3956 [ref. 26317], Parin 2003:S34 [ref. 28536], Verruraj et al. 2011:9 [ref. 31496], Poltev & Koynov 2011:819 [ref. 32470], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:553 [ref. 33547], Dyldin et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34682], Dyldin & Orlov 2017:202 [ref. 35257], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805], Matsuura 2017:71 [ref. 35985]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Muller, 1843. Tetraodontidae. (Torafugu) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 5588] Masc. Tetraodon rubripes Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Type by original designation and monotypy (in 1950). Appeared first in Abe 1939:336 [ref. 5589] without type designation (Art. 13.3); not available. In 1950:199 [ref. 558], Abe listed the type as Tetraodon rubripes Temminck & Schlegel 1850 with bibliographic reference to Abe 1939. In 1954:122 [ref. 5] Abe indicated that Fugu should replace Torafugu Abe. Available from Abe 1950 with type as rubripes. •Synonym of Takifugu Abe 1949 -- (Matsuura 1990:17 [ref. 13815], Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843 -- (Kottelat 2013:476 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gastrophysus Müller 1843. Tetraodontidae.

Species Gastrophysus alboplumbeus (Richardson, 1845) [=Tetrodon alboplumbeus Richardson [J.] 1845:121, Pl. 58 (figs. 6-7), Spheroides niphobles Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:246, Fig. 6, Tetraodon poecilonotus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:279, Pl. 124 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] China Seas, Canton, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu alboplumbeus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan, Korea, China and Far East Russia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (niphobles) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1254); ref. 14759] Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu alboplumbeus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (poecilonotus) [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu alboplumbeus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Gastrophysus bimaculatus (Richardson, 1845) [=bimaculatus Richardson [J.] (ex Bennett) 1845:119, Pl. 57 (figs. 7-9)] Notes: [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Estuaries of Chinese rivers, Canton, Chusan, etc. Current status: Valid as Takifugu bimaculatus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: China. Habitat: brackish.

Species Gastrophysus chrysops (Hilgendorf, 1879) [=Tetrodon (Liosarcus) chrysops Hilgendorf [F. M.] 1879:80] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1879; ref. 18288] Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu chrysops (Hilgendorf 1879). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus coronoidus (Ni & Li, 1992) [=Takifugu coronoidus Ni [Y.] & Li [C.-S.] 1992:527 (English p. 532), Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica v. 23 (no. 5); ref. 21087] Estuary of Chang Jiang [Yangtze River], Shanghai, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu coronoidus Ni & Li 1992. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: China. Habitat: brackish.

Species Gastrophysus exascurus (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) [=Spheroides exascurus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:241, Fig. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1254); ref. 14759] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu exascurus (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus flavidus (Li et al., in Cheng et al., 1975) [=Fugu flavidus Li [C.-S.], Wang [C.-X.] & Wang [Y. Z.] in Cheng et al. 1975:372] Notes: [English p. 378], Fig. 23; Pl. 2 (figs. 8-10) [Acta Zoologica Sinica v. 21 (no. 4); ref. 7414] Qingdao, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu flavidus (Li, Wang & Wang 1975). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific off China. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus flavipterus (Matsuura, 2017) [=Takifugu flavipterus Matsuura [K.] 2017:76, Figs. 6-9] Notes: [Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science (Ser. A) v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 35985] Waku, Shimonoseki, Honshu, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu flavipterus Matsuura 2017. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan, Korea, China and Far East Russia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Gastrophysus oblongus (Bloch, 1786) [=Tetrodon oblongus Bloch [M. E.] 1786:6, Pl. 146 (fig. 1), Gastrophysus micropthalmos Blyth [E.] 1860:174, Tetrodon woodlarkensis Montrouzier [X.] 1857:489 [211], Tetraodon waandersii Bleeker [P.] 1853:194] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] Coromandel, India. Current status: Valid as Takifugu oblongus (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Indonesia, north to southern Japan and China, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (micropthalmos) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 477] Calcutta fish market, India. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu oblongus (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (woodlarkensis) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu oblongus (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. (waandersii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16902] Marawang, Bangka, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu oblongus (Bloch 1786). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indonesia (if valid). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gastrophysus obscurus (Abe, 1949) [=Sphoeroides ocellatus form obscurus Abe [T.] 1949:97, Pls. 1 (figs. 3-4), 2 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 14 (no. 13); ref. 3] Market in Tokyo, Japan (among fishes caught from eastern China Sea or its adjoining waters). Current status: Valid as Takifugu obscurus (Abe 1949). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Gastrophysus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Tetraodon ocellatus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:333, Tetrodon conspicillum Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Houttuyn) 1779:1577] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Asia and Egypt in fresh water. Current status: Valid as Takifugu ocellatus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Asia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (conspicillum) [Hannoverisches Magazin v. 17 (no. 99); ref. 26433] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu ocellatus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Gastrophysus orbimaculatus (Kuang & Liang, 1984) [=Takifugu orbimaculatus Kuang [Y.-D.], Li [C.-S.] & Liang [S.-H.] 1984:58] Notes: [Enlgish p. 60], Figs. 1-3 [Haiyang-huzhai-tongbao: jikan = Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology / Haiyang-huzhaoptongbao Bianweihui bianji. No. 4; ref. 23877] Creek in Lianhuashan, Humen, Guangdong, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu orbimaculatus Kuang, Li & Liang 1984. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: China. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gastrophysus pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon pardalis Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:282, Pl. 123 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus plagiocellatus (Li, in Su & Li, 2002) [=Takifugu plagiocellatus Li [C.-S.] in Su & Li 2002:250, 447, Fig. 115] Notes: [Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Acipenseriformes, Elopiformes, Clupeiformes, Gonorhynchiformes i-xii +1-495; ref. 28836] Coast of Xincun, Hainan Province, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu plagiocellatus Li 2002. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Coast of Hainan Island, China. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus porphyreus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon porphyreus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:282, Pl. 121 (fig. 1), Spheroides borealis Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:245, Fig. 5] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Bay of Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu porphyreus (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (borealis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1254); ref. 14759] Mororan, Hokkaido, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu porphyreus (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus radiatus (Abe, 1947) [=Sphoeroides vermicularis radiatus Abe [T.] 1947:159, Fig. 1] Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 57 (no. 10); ref. 12992] Ariake Sound, Fukuoka, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu radiatus (Abe 1947). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus reticularis (Tian et al, in Cheng et al., 1975) [=Fugu reticularis Tian [M.-C.], Cheng [Q.-T.] & Wang [Q.] in Cheng et al. 1975:369 [English p. 377], Pl. 1 (fig. 6)] Notes: [Acta Zoologica Sinica v. 21 (no. 4); ref. 7414] Shidao, Shandong Province, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu reticularis (Tian, Cheng & Wang 1975). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: China. Habitat: marine. Species Gastrophysus rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon rubripes Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:283, Pl. 123 (fig. 1), Tetrodon basilevskianus Basilewsky [S.] 1855:262, Sphoeroides rubripes form chinensis Abe [T.] 1949:105, Pl. 2 (fig. 2), Lagocephalus pseudommus Chu [Y.-T.] 1935:87] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Coasts of Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (basilevskianus) [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Northern China. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (chinensis) [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 14 (no. 13); ref. 3] East China Sea or adjoining waters, obtained at Tokyo market, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (pseudommus) [The China Journal v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 13877] Chusan, Chekiang, China. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific off China [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus snyderi (Abe, 1988) [=Fugu vermicularis snyderi Abe [T.] 1988:13] Notes: [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyologists) No. 38; ref. 16149] Western Pacific. Current status: Valid as Takifugu snyderi (Abe 1988). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus stictonotus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon stictonotus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:280, Pl. 126 (fig. 1 )] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu stictonotus (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus variomaculatus (Li & Kuang, in Su & Li, 2002) [=Takifugu variomaculatus Li [C.-S.] & Kuang [Y.-D.] in Su & Li 2002:266, 448, Fig. 122] Notes: [Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Acipenseriformes, Elopiformes, Clupeiformes, Gonorhynchiformes i-xii +1-495; ref. 28836] Modaomen Zhuhai, Kuangdong Province, China. Current status: Valid as Takifugu variomaculatus Li & Kuang 2002. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Modaomen Zhuhai, Kuangdong Province, China. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Gastrophysus vermicularis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon vermicularis Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:278, Pl. 124 (fig. 1), Spheroides abbotti Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:240, Fig. 3] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Bay of Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu vermicularis (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (abbotti) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1254); ref. 14759] Tokyo Bay, western North Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Takifugu vermicularis (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gastrophysus xanthopterus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon xanthopterus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:284, Pl. 125 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Takifugu xanthopterus (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Geneion Bibron, in Dumeril, 1855 [=Geneion Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280, Amblyrhynchote Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:279] Notes: [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Neut. Geneion maculatum Bibron 1855. Type by monotypy. Unlike most other genera in this work, Geneion has been regarded as latinized when originally proposed (e.g., by Troschel 1856:88 [ref. 12559] and by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]). See Kottelat 2001:614 [ref. 25859] for complicated nomenclatural issues. •Valid as Geneion Bibron 1855 -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2018:388 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Geneion Bibron 1855. Tetraodontidae. (Amblyrhynchote) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetrodon honckenii Bloch 1785. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared as non-latinized "Amblyrhynchote" (unavailable); see next entry; but Kottelat 2001:613 [ref. 25859] regards Amblyrhynchote as latinized and available. Jordan and others regard the name as in French only. Type designated by Jordan 1919:263. •In the synonmy of Geneion Bibron 1855 -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Amblyrhynchote Bibron 1855 -- (Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Synonym of Geneion Bibron 1855. Tetraodontidae.

Species Geneion honckenii (Bloch, 1785) [=Tetrodon honckenii Bloch [M. E.] 1785:133, Pl. 143, Tetrodon atratus Richardson [J.] 1848:15, Pl. 7 (figs. 1-3), Lagocephalus blochi Bonaparte [C. L.] 1841:fasc. 30, punt. 159, Geneion maculatum Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 1; ref. 4866] China; East Indies. Current status: Valid as Geneion honckenii (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South and East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Micronesia, north to China. Habitat: brackish, marine. (atratus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] China Sea. Current status: Synonym of Geneion honckenii (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae. (blochi) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 512] Current status: Synonym of Geneion honckenii (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (maculatum) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Geneion honckenii (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae.

GENUS Guentheridia Gilbert & Starks, 1904 [=Guentheridia Gilbert [C. H.] & Starks [E. C.] 1904:158] Notes: [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences v. 4; ref. 1639] Fem. Tetrodon formosus Günther 1870. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Guentheridia Gilbert & Starks 1904 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Guentheridia Gilbert & Starks 1904. Tetraodontidae.

Species Guentheridia formosa (Gunther, 1870) [=Tetrodon formosus Günther [A.] 1870:283] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] South America. Current status: Valid as Guentheridia formosa (Günther 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Javichthys Hardy, 1985 [=Javichthys Hardy [G. S.] 1985:145] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 5185] Masc. Javichthys kailolae Hardy 1985. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Javichthys Hardy 1985 -- (see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Javichthys Hardy 1985. Tetraodontidae.

Species Javichthys kailolae Hardy, 1985 [=Javichthys kailolae Hardy [G. S.] 1985:147, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 5185] Serpent Bank, Bali Strait, Java, 8°33'S, 114°31'30"E, Indonesia, depth 62-68 meters. Current status: Valid as Javichthys kailolae Hardy 1985. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lagocephalus Swainson, 1839 [=Lagocephalus Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 328, Apsicephalus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1857:324, 327, Laeviphysus Li [C.-S.] in Su & Li 2002:196,442, Pleuranacanthus Bleeker [P.] (ex Bibron) 1865:59 et seq., Promecocephale Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:279, Promecocephalus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Lagocephalus lagocephalus Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Shipp (1974:81 [ref. 7147]) suggests that Bonaparte 1841 established the type as Tetrodon pennantii Yarrell by designating the type as Tetraodon lagocephalus, with pennantii Yarrell 1836 a synonym of it (Art. 69.2.2). Tyler 1966:603 [ref. 4474] on information from W. I. Follett came to the same conclusion earlier. Swain 1882:283 [ref. 5966] designated the type as "L. stellatus, Bl., pl. 143." Bonaparte provided a new name Lagocephalus blochi for Swainson's "L. stellatus. Bl. pl. 143." But blochi is based on Bloch pl. 143 and so is the earlier name honckenii, and this means that Lagocephalus stellatus of Swainson = L. blochi Bonaparte = Tetraodon honckenii Bloch; the last-named is the type of Amblyrhynchotes, a genus currently recognized as valid. Kottelat 2001:615-616 provides a complicated and extensive review of the problems, with his own recommendations. In any event, it is suggested that Lagocephalus continue to be used for Lagocephalus lagocephalus following current usage with the type as Lagocephalus lagocephalus. •Valid as Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Tortonese 1973:645 [ref. 7192], Shipp 1974 [ref. 7147], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:206 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1343 [ref. 13677], Gomon et al. 1994:905 [ref. 22532], Smith & Heemstra 1986:900 [ref. 5714], see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Lindberg et al. 1997:148 [ref. 23547], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:517 [ref. 24550], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Shipp 2003:1989 [ref. 27120], Parin 2003:S34 [ref. 28536], Hoese et al. 2006:1920 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:852 [ref. 30661], Iwatsubo et al. 2009:21 [ref. 30933], Matsuura 2010:39 [ref. 33271], Ben-Abdallah et al. 2011:71 [ref. 31254], Verruraj et al. 2011:3 [ref. 31496], Matsuura et al. 2011:163 [ref. 31987], Wu et al. 2011:622 [ref. 32150], Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:552 [ref. 33547], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1736 [ref. 34322], Matsuura & Satoh 2016:[1] [ref. 34732], Motomura et al. 2017:237 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:388 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Apiscephalus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 8 (no. 5); ref. 2186] Masc. Tetrodon laevigatus Linnaeus 1766. Type by monotypy. Proposed as a genus (p. 327) for seven genera or subgenera of Bibron (see p. 324), apparently only species mentioned is in caption to Pl. 5, and this is regarded as type by monotypy (type not T. fluviatilis as given by Jordan 1919:275). •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Laeviphysus) [Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Acipenseriformes, Elopiformes, Clupeiformes, Gonorhynchiformes i-xii +1-495; ref. 28836] Masc. Tetraodon inermis Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Pleuranacanthus) [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Masc. Not available, manuscript name mentioned in passing in the synonymy of Tetraodon; apparently never made available later. •In the synonymy of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Promecocephale) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetraodon argentatus Lacepède 1804. Type by subsequent designation. See Kottelat 2001:612 [ref. 25859] who regards Promécocéphale as available. Type established in Jordan & Snyder 1901:232. •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Promecocephalus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetrodon laevigatus Linnaeus 1766. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared first as "Promécocéphale" Bibron in Duméril 1855:279 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched. Type above as given by Jordan 1919:262 [ref. 2410]. Kottelat 2001:612 [ref. 25859] regards Promecocephale as available, with no description but six included species. •Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 -- (Tortonese 1973:645 [ref. 7192], Shipp 1974:17 [ref. 7147], Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae.

Species Lagocephalus cheesemanii (Clarke, 1897) [=Tetrodon cheesemanii Clarke [F. E.] 1897:248, Lagocephalus gloveri Abe [T.] & Tabeta [O.] 1983:2, Pls. 1-3] Notes: [Transactions New Zealand Institute v. 29 (art. 16) (for 1896); ref. 14630] Motouroa, Taranaki, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus cheesemanii (Clarke 1897). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea east to Indonesia, Korea, China, Vietnam, Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to eastern Australia and New Zealand region. Habitat: marine. (gloveri) [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyologists) No. 32; ref. 8386] Futo, Ito City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus cheesemanii (Clarke 1897). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus guntheri Mirand Ribeiro, 1915 [=Lagocephalus guntheri Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1915:Tetrodontidae p. 5] Notes: [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Brazil [probably erroneous, ref. 31987]. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus guentheri Miranda Ribeiro 1915. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South Africa and Madagascar east to Indonesia, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus inermis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) [=Tetraodon inermis Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:278, Pl. 122 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Bay of Simabara, Japan. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus inermis (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South and East Africa and Madagascar east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766) [=Tetrodon laevigatus Linnaeus [C.] (ex Garden) 1766:411, Tetrodon lineolatus Poey [F.] 1868:432, Holocanthus melanothos Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:24, Tetrodon munnozius Larrañaga [D. A.] 1923:389, Tetraodon pachycephalus Ranzani [C.] 1839:73 [9], Pl. 10 (figs. 2A-e)] Notes: [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolina [South Carolina, U.S.A.]. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic (Bermuda and New England to Argentina) and eastern Atlantic (Spain and Mauritania to Namibia). Habitat: brackish, marine. (lineolatus) [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3505] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (melanothos) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean, Carolinas, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (munnozius) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pachycephalus) [Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 [1840]; ref. 18606] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus 1766). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Tetraodon lagocephalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:332, Lagocephalus exilis Tanaka [S.] 1916:27, Tetraodon (Anosmius) janthinus Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1875:286, Lagocephalus lagocephalus nigridorsum Fowler [H. W.] 1944:308, 374, 376, 414, Fig. 265, Spheroides nitidus Griffin [L. T.] 1921:356, Pl. 55 (fig. 2), Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:199, Tetrodon pennantii Yarrell [W.] 1836:347, Fig., Tetrodon stellatus Donovan [E.] 1804:6 unnum. pp., Pl. 66] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India [Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas. Habitat: marine. (exilis) [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 28 (no. 327); ref. 15074] Tokyo fish market, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (janthinus) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Ser. 3) v. 3; ref. 17853] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (nigridorsum) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] North of Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, 22°03'N, 106°42'W. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (nitidus) [Transactions New Zealand Institute v. 53; ref. 15343] Auckland Harbor and Tauranga Harbor, New Zealand. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (oceanicus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (pennantii) [A history of British fishes; ref. 4812] Cornish Coast of England. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (stellatus) [The natural history of British fishes, including scientific and general descriptions of the most interesting species, and an extensive selection of accurately finished coloured plates.; ref. 17408] England. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon lunaris Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:505, Pleuracanthus argentatus Bleeker [P.] 1865:36 [17], Tetrodon tepa Hamilton [F.] 1822:10, 362] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Indonesia, north to South China Sea, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (argentatus) [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 3; ref. 17043] Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (leiopleura) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. (tepa) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River estuaries, India. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae.

Species Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) [=Tetrodon sceleratus Gmelin [J. F.] (ex Forster) 1789:1444, Tetrodon argenteus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1804:211, Pl. 58 (fig. 2), Tetraodon bicolor Brevoort [J. C.] 1856:283 [31], Tetraodon blochii Castelnau [F. L.] 1861:75] Notes: [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] American [in error] and Pacific. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine. (argenteus) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 4; ref. 12515] West coast of New Holland. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (bicolor) [Notes on some figures of Japanese fish taken from recent specimens by the artists of the U. S. Japan Expedition. Pp. 253-288, Pls. 3-12 (color) In: M. C. Perry, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.; ref. 17284] Simoda, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (blochii) [Mémoire sur les poissons de l'Afrique australe; ref. 767] Kalk Bay, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845) [=Tetrodon spadiceus Richardson [J.] 1845:123, Pl. 58 (figs. 4-5), Tetrodon assellinus Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1845:123, Lagocephalus wheeleri Abe [T.], Tabeta [O.] & Kitahama [K.] 1984:4, Pls. 2-3] Notes: [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] China seas. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa and Madagascar east to Taiwan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (assellinus) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. (wheeleri) [Uo (Japanese Society of Ichthyologists) No. 34; ref. 8258] Sagami Bay, off Manazuru, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson 1845). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lagocephalus suezensis Clark & Gohar, 1953 [=Lagocephalus suezensis Clark [E.] & Gohar [H. A. F.] 1953:56, Fig. 16] Notes: [Publications of the Marine Biological Station Al-Ghardaqa (Red Sea) No. 8; ref. 12688] Suez, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Lagocephalus suezensis Clark & Gohar 1953. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Suez; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant) [possibly widespread]. Red Sea to northern Australia, northward to southern Japan [Matsuura, ref. 34464]. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Leiodon Swainson, 1839 [=Leiodon Swainson [W.] 1839:194, Chelonodon (subgenus of Tetrodon) Müller [J.] 1841:252, Leisomus Swainson [W.] 1839:328, Monotrete Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:280, Monotretus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Tetrodon marmoratus Swainson 1839. Type by monotypy. Appeared without species on p. 194; Swainson changed name to Leisomus on p. 328. Type designated by Bleeker 1865:45 [416], not by Bleeker 1865:49 [ref. 416] as T. patoca Hamilton (not an included species if one accepts the equivalence of Leiodon and Leisomus). Species laevissimus perhaps not available. Bleeker 1865:45 apparently serves as first reviser, selecting Leiodon over Leisomus. •Valid as Leiodon Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:478 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Leiodon Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Chelonodon) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839; ref. 3061] Masc. Tetraodon cutcutia Hamilton 1822. Type by subsequent designation. No species mentioned originally; first addition of species not established; Rüppell 1852:35 has type as above; also regarded as an objective junior synonym of Leoiodon. •Valid as Chelonodon Müller 1841 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Leis 1984:448 [ref. 13659], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:900 [ref. 5714], Kottelat 1989:21 [ref. 13605], Ataur Rahman 1989:53 [ref. 24860], Allen 1991:208 [ref. 21090], Arunachalam et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24090], Matsuura 2002:173 [ref. 26209], Matsuura 2001:3956 [ref. 26317], Ataur Rahman 2003:70 [ref. 31338], Hoese et al. 2006:1919 [ref. 29099], Verruraj et al. 2011:9 [ref. 31496]). •Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:478 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Leisomus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Tetrodon marmoratus Swainson 1839. Type by monotypy. As Leiodon on p. 194. Type designated by Swain 1883:283 [ref. 5966] if laevissinus if not available. Spelled Leiosomus by authors. See account of Leiodon Swainson. Species name laevissimus perhaps not available; type therefore by monotypy. Bleeker (1845:45) gave preference to Leiodon. •Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:478 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Monotrete) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetrodon cutcutia Hamilton 1822. Type by monotypy. See Monotretus. Appeared first as Monotréte Bibron in Duméril 1855:280 [ref. 297] as above; latinized by Troschel 1856 as Monatretus, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186] as Monotreta. Kottelat 2001:608 [ref. 25859] regards Monotréte Bibron as Latinized and available. •Valid as Monotrete Bibron 1855 -- (Kottelat 1985:276 [ref. 11441], Tan & Kottelat 2009:62 [ref. 30261]). •Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:278 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae. (Monotretus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetrodon cutcutia Hamilton 1822. Appeared first as Monotréte Bibron in Duméril 1855:280 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel 1856 as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186] as Monotreta. Kottelat regards Monotréte Bibron as Latinized and available, and we tentatively follow him. First addition of species not researched; type above as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410] for Monotretus. •Valid as Monotretus Troschel 1856 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477]). •Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:14 [ref. 1495], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249] as Monotreta, Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839 -- (Kottelat 2013:478 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Leiodon Swainson 1839. Tetraodontidae.

Species Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton, 1822) [=Tetrodon cutcutia Hamilton [F.] 1822:8, 362, Pl. 18 (fig. 3), Tetrodon caria Hamilton [F.] 1822:9, 362, Tetrodon gularis Hamilton [F.] 1822:10, 362, Leisomus marmoratus Swainson [W.] 1839:328] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River, India or Bangladesh. Current status: Valid as Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southern Asia: Pakistan and India, Bhutan, Bangladesh and to Thailand. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (caria) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Kosi River, Ganges River system, India. Current status: Synonym of Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (gularis) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River system including Kosi River, India. Current status: Synonym of Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (marmoratus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton 1822). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Leiodon dapsilis (Whitley, 1943) [=Chelonodon dapsilis Whitley [G. P.] 1943:143] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 68 (pts 3-4) (nos. 307-308); ref. 4702] Near Mackenzie Island, Fitzroy River estuary, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Leiodon dapsilis (Whitley 1943). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Leiodon laticeps (Smith, 1948) [=Chelonodon laticeps Smith [J. L. B.] 1948:344, Fig. 3] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 11) v. 14 (no. 113) (art. 30); ref. 4074] Xora River mouth, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Current status: Valid as Leiodon laticeps (Smith 1948). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: East and South Africa to Madagascar; Philippines to New Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Marilyna Hardy, 1982 [=Marilyna Hardy [G. S.] 1982:2] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 21 (pt 1); ref. 2038] Fem. Tetrodon pleurostictus Günther 1872. Type by original designation. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Tetraodon. •Valid as Marilyna Hardy 1982 -- (see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Allen 1991:208 [ref. 21090], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Hoese et al. 2006:1922 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Marilyna Hardy 1982. Tetraodontidae.

Species Marilyna darwinii (Castelnau, 1873) [=Tetrodon darwinii Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:94, Tetrodon fasciatus Macleay [W.] 1878:365, Pl. 10 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Valid as Marilyna darwinii (Castelnau 1873). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia and new Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine. (fasciatus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 17573] Port Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Marilyna darwinii (Castelnau 1873). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Marilyna meraukensis (de Beaufort, 1955) [=Sphoeroides meraukensis de Beaufort [L. F.] 1955:53] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 5 (no. 48); ref. 12262] Merauke River, southern New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Marilyna meraukensis (de Beaufort 1955). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific; southeastern Indian Ocean. Habitat: brackish. Species Marilyna pleurosticta (Gunther, 1872) [=Tetrodon pleurostictus Günther [A.] 1872:674, Pl. 69 (fig. A), Tetrodon bibroni Castelnau [F. L.] 1878:247, Tetrodon laevis De Vis [C. W.] 1884:456] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871 (pt 3) (art. 1) (for 21 Nov. 1871); ref. 1997] Port Bower and Port Mackay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Marilyna pleurosticta (Günther 1872). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: brackish. (bibroni) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 3); ref. 761] Entrance of Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Marilyna pleurosticta (Günther 1872). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish. (laevis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 4); ref. 1089] South Seas. Current status: Synonym of Marilyna pleurosticta (Günther 1872). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish.

GENUS Omegophora Whitley, 1934 [=Omegophora Whitley [G. P.] 1934:160] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 4681] Fem. Tetraodon armilla Waite & McCulloch 1915. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Omegophora Whitley 1934 -- (Hardy & Hutchins 1981 [ref. 5582], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Gomon et al. 1994:907 [ref. 22532], Hoese et al. 2006:1923 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:853 [ref. 30661], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Omegophora Whitley 1934. Tetraodontidae.

Species Omegophora armilla (Waite & McCulloch, 1915) [=Tetraodon armilla Waite [E. R.] & McCulloch [A. R.] 1915:475, Pl. 15] Notes: [Transactions Royal Society of South Australia v. 39; ref. 15026] Southern Australia, depth 10-140 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Omegophora armilla (Waite & McCulloch 1915). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales to Western Australia. Habitat: marine. Species Omegophora cyanopunctata Hardy & Hutchins, 1981 [=Omegophora cyanopunctata Hardy [G. S.] & Hutchins [J. B.] 1981:195, Figs. 2, 3B] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 9 (pt 2); ref. 5582] Canal Rocks, Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Omegophora cyanopunctata Hardy & Hutchins 1981. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia' South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pao Kottelat, 2013 [=Pao Kottelat [M.] 2013:479, 483] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 27; ref. 32989] Masc. Tetraodon leiurus Bleeker 1850. Type by original designation. •Valid as Pao Kottelat 2013 -- (Zhang et al. 2016:210 [ref. 34477]). Current status: Valid as Pao Kottelat 2013. Tetraodontidae.

Species Pao abei (Roberts, 1998) [=Tetraodon abei Roberts [T. R.] 1998:228, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 45 (no. 3); ref. 23472] Xe Bang Fai watershed, Xe Bang Fai at Ban Geng Sahwang, Mekong basin, Laos. Current status: Valid as Pao abei (Roberts 1998). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao baileyi (Sontirat, 1985) [=Tetraodon baileyi Sontirat [S.] 1985:47, Fig. 3] Notes: [Thai Fisheries Gazette v. 38 (no. 1); ref. 33172] Mekong River, Boondharik District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Pao baileyi (Sontirat 1985). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mekong River basin, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao barbatus (Roberts, 1998) [=Tetraodon barbatus Roberts [T. R.] 1998:230, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 45 (no. 3); ref. 23472] Huay Huang, 30 kilometers west of Chiang Khan Loei Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Pao barbatus (Roberts 1998). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mekong basin, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao bergii (Popta, 1905) [=Tetrodon bergii Popta [C. M. L.] 1905:186] Notes: [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 25 (no. 4) (art. 15); ref. 3549] Bongan River at Bulit, Upper Kapuas River system, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Pao bergii (Popta 1905). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Kapuas drainage, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao brevirostris (Benl, 1957) [=Tetraodon leiurus brevirostris Benl [G.] 1957:63, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 10 (no. 3); ref. 12130] Possibly from Thailand (aquarium specimens). Current status: Valid as Pao brevirostris (Benl 1957). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Malay Peninsula. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao cambodgiensis (Chabanaud, 1923) [=Tetrodon (Crayracion) cambodgiensis Chabanaud [P.] 1923:137] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 15399] Pnompenh [Phnom Penh], Cambodia. Current status: Valid as Pao cambodgiensis (Chabanaud 1923). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Cambodia. Habitat: marine.

Species Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866) [=Crayacion cochinchinensis Steindachner [F.] 1866:480, Pl. 5 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 16; ref. 5030] Cochinchine, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner 1866). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao fangi (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1940) [=Tetrodon (Leiodon) var. fangi Pellegrin [J.] & Chevey [P.] 1940:157, Fig. 2] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 65; ref. 13132] Vi-Thanh, Xano Canal, Rach-Gia Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Pao fangi (Pellegrin & Chevey 1940). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao hilgendorfii (Popta, 1905) [=Tetrodon hilgendorfii Popta [C. M. L.] 1905:185] Notes: [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 25 (no. 4) (art. 15); ref. 3549] Boh River system, Upper Mahakam River, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Pao hilgendorfii (Popta 1905). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mahakam River drainage, eastern Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao leirurus (Bleeker, 1850) [=Tetraodon leiurus Bleeker [P.] 1850:97] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 16876] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Pao leiurus (Bleeker 1850). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia: China, Java, Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Pao ocellaris (Klausewitz, 1957) [=Tetraodon ocellaris Klausewitz [W.] 1957:201, Pl. 18 (fig. 2); Fig. 4] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 38 (nos 3/4); ref. 12152] Near Patalung, south of the peninsula, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Pao ocellaris (Klausewitz 1957). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Malay Peninsula. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao palembangensis (Bleeker, 1851) [=Tetraodon palembangensis Bleeker [P.] 1851:25, Tetraodon pinguis Vaillant [L. L.] 1902:38] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 10); ref. 16874] Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Pao palembangensis (Bleeker 1851). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indochina and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (pinguis) [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 24 (note 1); ref. 4490] Mahakam River at Tepu, Borneo. Current status: Synonym of Pao palembangensis (Bleeker 1851). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao palustris (Saenjundaeng et al., 2013) [=Tetraodon palustris Saenjundaeng [P.], Vidthaynon [C.] & Grudpun [C.] 2013:78, Figs. 1-2, 5 (A-B)] Notes: [Zootaxa 3686 (no. 1); ref. 32782] Nongkomkoh Swamp, Amphoe Mueang, Nong Khai Province, Mekong basin, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Pao palustris (Saenjundaeng, Vidthaynon & Grudpun 2013). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mekong basin, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao suvattii (Sontirat & Soonthornsatit, 1985) [=Tetraodon suvattii Sontirat [S.] & Soonthornsatit [S.] 1985:49] Notes: [ref. 33397] Nam Oon, Sakol Nakorn, Mekong River, Nong Khai Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Pao suvattii (Sontirat & Soonthornsatit 1985). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Laos and Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pao turgidus (Kottelat, 2000) [=Monotrete turgidus Kottelat [M.] 2000:79, Fig. 73] Notes: [Journal of South Asian Natural History v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 25040] Xe Pon between rapids upstream and downstream of Ban Fuang, 16°37'06"N, 106°33'30"E, Savannakhet Province, Laos. Current status: Valid as Pao turgidus (Kottelat 2000). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pelagocephalus Tyler & Paxton, 1979 [=Pelagocephalus Tyler [J. C.] & Paxton [J. R.] 1979:203] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 4478] Masc. Pelagocephalus coheni Tyler & Paxton 1979. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pelagocephalus Tyler & Paxton 1979 -- (Heemstra & Smith 1981 [ref. 5415], Arai 1983:208 [ref. 14249], Smith & Heemstra 1986:901 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1738 [ref. 34322]). Current status: Valid as Pelagocephalus Tyler & Paxton 1979. Tetraodontidae.

Species Pelagocephalus marki Heemstra & Smith, 1981 [=Pelagocephalus marki Heemstra [P. C.] & Smith [M. M.] 1981:911, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 31 (no. 4); ref. 5415] Port Alfred, about 400 meters east of the Kowie River mouth, Cape Province, South Africa. Current status: Valid as Pelagocephalus marki Heemstra & Smith 1981. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Polyspina Hardy, 1983 [=Polyspina Hardy [G. S.] 1983:42] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Fem. Torquigener piosae Whitley 1955. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Polyspina Hardy 1983 -- (see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Gomon et al. 1994:910 [ref. 22532], Hoese et al. 2006:1924 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:854 [ref. 30661], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Polyspina Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae.

Species Polyspina piosae (Whitley, 1955) [=Torquigener piosae Whitley [G. P.] 1955:56, Fig. 8] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1953-54; ref. 4724] 3 miles west of Fremantle, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Polyspina piosae (Whitley 1955). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Reicheltia Hardy, 1982 [=Reicheltia Hardy [G. S.] 1982:16] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 21 (pt 1); ref. 2038] Fem. Sphaeroides halsteadi Whitley 1957. Type by original designation (also monotypic). For spelling of genus see Sphoeroides. •Valid as Reicheltia Hardy 1982 -- (see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Hoese et al. 2006:1924 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Reicheltia Hardy 1982. Tetraodontidae.

Species Reicheltia halsteadi (Whitley, 1957) [=Sphaeroides halsteadi Whitley [G. P.] 1957:70, Fig. 12] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1955-56; ref. 4727] Chinaman's Beach, Middle harbor, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Reicheltia halsteadi (Whitley 1957). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepede], 1798 [=Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède [B. G. E.]] 1798:676, Anchisomus Richardson [J.] (ex Kaup) 1854:156, Cheilichthys (subgenus of Tetrodon) Müller [J.] 1841:252, Cirrhisomus Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 328, Holocanthus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:23, Liosaccus (subgenus of Tetrodon) Günther [A.] 1870:272, 287, Orbidus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1815:90, Orbis Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52, 53, Spheroides Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1800:22, Spheroides Duméril [A. M. C.] 1806:342, Stenometope Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:278, Stenometopus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88, Thecapteryx Fowler [H. W.] 1948:1] Notes: [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 287) (for 24 Sept. 1798); ref. 13098] Masc. Tetrodon spengleri Bloch 1785. Apparently the first latinization of Sphéroïdes Lacepède 1798:table. Tortonese 1973:646 cites Lacepède as author. Type as given by Jordan for Spheroides Duméril; see also Jordan 1923:240 [ref. 2421]. Technical addition of species not researched. On Code recommendation 51D, the anonymous author is listed in square brackets. Misspelled Sphæroïdes by Billberg 1833:53 [ref. 34146]; see also Kullander 2016:110 [ref. 34147]. •Valid as Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798 -- (Tortonese 1973:646 [ref. 7192], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:902 [ref. 5714], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1344 [ref. 13677], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:202 [ref. 23219], Lindberg et al. 1997:169 [ref. 23547], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:511 [ref. 24550], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Shipp 2003:1989 [ref. 27120], Parin 2003:S34 [ref. 28536], Hoese et al. 2006:1925 [ref. 29099], Shinohara et al. 2011:58 [ref. 31715], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:552 [ref. 33547], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1739 [ref. 34322], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Anchisomus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald; ref. 3746] Masc. Tetrodon spengleri Bloch 1785. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated first by Jordan 1919:261 [ref. 2410] according to Su et al. 1986:102. •Objective synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Shipp 1974:34 [ref. 7147], Su et al. 1986:102 [ref. 12582]; see also account of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Cheilichthys) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1839; ref. 3061] Masc. Tetrodon (Cheilichthys) pachygaster Müller & Troschel 1848. No species mentioned originally; first inclusion of species apparently by Müller & Troschel 1848:677 (Shipp 1974:34 [ref. 7147]) where genus was spelled Chilichthys. On Code recommendation 51D, the anonymous author is listed in square brackets. •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Shipp 1974:34 [ref. 7147]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798 -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Cirrhisomus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Tetrodon spengleri Swainson 1839. Type by monotypy. Species possibly dates to Bloch as spengleri as given by Jordan 1919:205 [ref. 2410]. •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:10 [ref. 1495]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Holocanthus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Masc. Holocanthus leionothos Gronow 1854. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:258 [ref. 2410]. •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Liosaccus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Masc. Tetrodon cutaneus Günther 1870. Type by subsequent designation. Described in key (p. 272) for 4 species treated on pp. 287-288. Type designated by Jordan 1919:357 [ref. 4904]. Spelled Liosarcus and wrongly credited to Hilgendorf by Abe 1949:93 [ref. 3], see Abe 1954:122 [ref. 5]. •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:11 [ref. 1495]). •Valid as Liosaccus Günther 1870 -- (Arai 1983:206 [ref. 14249]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Orbidus) [Analyse de la nature; ref. 3584] Masc. Tetrodon spengleri Bloch 1785. Type by being a replacement name. As "Orbidus R. [Rafinesque] Spheroide Lac. [Lacepède]." An available name latinizing "Les Spheroides" Lacepède but earlier published as Spheroides by Duméril 1806, and earlier as Sphoeroides Anonymous 1798. •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:10 [ref. 1495]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Orbis) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Masc. Orbis psittacinus Billberg 1833 (Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus 1758). Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Kullander 2016:110 [ref. 34147]. Based on Orbis of L'Écluse & Belon 1605:138 [ref. 30583]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Orbis Fischer 1813 in fishes. •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798 -- (Kullander 2016:110 [ref. 34147]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Spheroides L) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 2; ref. 2709] Masc. Not available, genus and species not latinized. Validated by Duméril 1806 [ref. 1152], but see account of Spheroides Duméril and Sphoeroides [Anonymous] 1798. •Valid but with spellings both as Sphoeroides and Spheroides and authorship as Anonymous (current authors); correctly Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Spheroides D) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 1152] Masc. Tetrodon spengleri Bloch 1782. Based on Sphéroides [Lacepède] 1798 (table). •Objective synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Stenometope) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Masc. Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared as "Sténométope" Bibron in Duméril 1855:278 [ref. 297]; regarded as available by Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859]. Type selected by Jordan & Snyder 1901:232 [ref. 14759]. •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Stenometopus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared first as "Sténométope" Bibron in Duméril 1855:278 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel as above; also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched. Type as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410]. Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859] regards Stenometope Duméril as available. •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:10 [ref. 1495]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. (Thecapteryx) [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 208; ref. 1459] Fem. Thecapteryx lioderma Fowler 1948. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Tetraodontidae. Species Sphoeroides andersonianus Morrow, 1957 [=Sphoeroides andersonianus Morrow [J. E., Jr.] 1957:8, Fig. 2] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 16 (art. 2); ref. 12093] Lobos de Afuera Island, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides andersonianus Morrow 1957. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific off Peru. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides angusticeps (Jenyns, 1842) [=Tetrodon angusticeps Jenyns [L.] 1842:154, Pl. 28] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides angusticeps (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842) [=Tetrodon annulatus Jenyns [L.] 1842:153, Liosaccus melanostictus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:340, 352, Fig. 267] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (melanostictus) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] James Bay, James Island, Galápagos Islands. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley, 1934 [=Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley [W. H.] 1934:259] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 33; ref. 13896] Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley 1934. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides georgemilleri Shipp, 1972 [=Sphoeroides georgemilleri Shipp [R. L.] 1972:132, Fig. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Caribbean Sea, off Colombia, 8°59'N, 76°39-42.8'W, depth 12 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides georgemilleri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea: Colombia. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert, 1900 [=Spoeroides greeleyi Gilbert [C. H.] 1900:176, Pl. 9 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. v. 2; ref. 1630] Reef near Maceio, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert 1900. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides kendalli Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 [=Sphoeroides kendalli Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1928:819, Pl. 79] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Balboa, Canal Zone, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides kendalli Meek & Hildebrand 1928. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides lispus Walker, in Walker & Bussing, 1996 [=Sphoeroides lispus Walker [H. J., Jr.] in Walker & Bussing 1996:678, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22229] Gulf of California, Bahia de Los Angeles, 28°54.2'N, 113°30.4'W, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides lispus Walker 1996. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific off Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides lobatus (Steindachner, 1870) [=Canthogaster lobatus Steindachner [F.] 1870:640 [18], Pl. 5 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4218] Altata, west coast of Mexico, eastern Pacific. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides lobatus (Steindachner 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Tetrodon hispidus var. maculatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:504, Tetrodon turgidus Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:473, Pl. 6 (fig. 5)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] 3.2 miles north of Northport, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (turgidus) [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe, 1838) [=Tetrodon marmoratus Lowe [R. T.] 1838:193, Tetraodon laevissimus Bowdich [S. L.] 1825:233, Fig. 48 misprinted 18 (see p. Xii)] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Angola, including Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands. Habitat: marine. (laevissimus) [Fishes of Madeira; ref. 590] Off Madeira. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides nephelus (Goode & Bean, 1882) [=Tetrodon nephelus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1882:412] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 297); ref. 1840] Indian River, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides nephelus (Goode & Bean 1882). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides pachygaster (Muller & Troschel, in Schomburgk, 1848) [=Tetrodon (Cheilichthys) pachygaster Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] in Schomburgk 1848:677 [20], Liosaccus aerobaticus Whitley [G. P.] 1928:237, Pl. 16 (fig. 2), Tetrodon cutaneus Günther [A.] 1870:287, Spheroides dubius von Bonde [C.] 1923:40, Pl. 2 (fig. 3), Spheroides joani Serrano [A.] 1929:9, fig. 24, Thecapteryx lioderma Fowler [H. W.] 1948:1, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [The history of Barbados; comprising a geographical description of the island and an account of its geology and natural productions.; ref. 17812] Barbados, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas. Habitat: marine. (aerobaticus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 4661] Off Montague Island, New South Wales, Australia, depth 70-100 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (cutaneus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] St. Helena; ? Cape of Good Hope. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (dubius) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal coast, 29°25'22"S, 31°24'E, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 179, depth 27 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (joani) [El Tabano, Organo del los Estudiantes del Colegio Nacional, Paraná, Argentina v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 34188] Rio de la Plata, Argentina, southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. (lioderma) [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 208; ref. 1459] Off Ventnor, New Jersey, U.S.A., depth 50 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides parvus Shipp & Yerger, 1969 [=Sphoeroides parvus Shipp [R. L.] & Yerger [R. W.] 1969:478, Figs. 1, 3b] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 82; ref. 7846] Center of Mobile Bay, Alabama, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides parvus Shipp & Yerger 1969. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing, in Walker & Bussing, 1996 [=Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing [W. A.] in Walker & Bussing 1996:680, Figs. 2B, 3B, 4B, 5A] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22229] Golfo de Nicoya, Estero de Punta Morales, 10°04.1'N, 84°57.3'W, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing 1996. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand, 1946 [=Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:486, Fig. 92] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Sechura Bay - Nonora Bay, Peru, 5°32'S, 81°07'W. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand 1946. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785) [=Tetrodon spengleri Bloch [M. E.] 1785:135, Pl. 144] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 1; ref. 4866] Seas of East Indies. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:332, Tetraodon ammocryptus Gosse [P. H.] 1851:287, Orbis psittacinus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India [erroneous, should be Western Atlantic]. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (ammocryptus) [A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica; ref. 18149] Bluefields, Jamaica. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (psittacinus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] India [erroneous, should be Western Atlantic] Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope, 1870) [=Tetraodon trichocephalus Cope [E. D.] 1870:120, Tetrodon fuerthii Steindachner [F.] 1876:70 [22]] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 18030] (Pacific) Panama [not Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A.]. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (fuerthii) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides tyleri Shipp, 1972 [=Sphoeroides tyleri Shipp [R. L.] 1972:131, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Caribbean Sea, off Suriname, 6°50'N, 54°04'W, depth 28 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides tyleri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: northern South America to Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Sphoeroides yergeri Shipp, 1972 [=Sphoeroides yergeri Shipp [R. L.] 1972:129, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Off Honduras, Caribbean Sea, 15°49.5'N, 83°44'W, depth 17 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides yergeri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Central America. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Tetractenos Hardy, 1983 [=Tetractenos Hardy [G. S.] 1983:8, Aphanacanthus Le Danois [Y.] 1959:174] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Neut. Tetrodon hamiltoni Richardson 1846. Type by original designation. See Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859] for complex nomenclatural issues. Current authors do not follow Kottelat; use of prevailing usage should be researched. •Objective synonym of Aphanacanthus Le Danois 1959 -- (Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859]). •Valid as Tetractenos Hardy 1983 -- (see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Gomon et al. 1994:911 [ref. 22532], Matsuura 2001:3956 [ref. 26317], Hoese et al. 2006:1925 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:855 [ref. 30661], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Tetractenos Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. (Aphanacanthus) [Annales de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco (Nouvelle Série) v. 36 (art. 1); ref. 12003] Masc. Tetraodon hamiltoni Richardson 1846. See Kottelat 2001:611-612 [ref. 25859]. •In the synonymy of Tetractenos Hardy 1983. Current status: Synonym of Tetractenos Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae.

Species Tetractenos glaber (Freminville, 1813) [=Tetrodon glaber Fréminville [C. P. P.] 1813:251, Pl. 4 (fig. 4), Spheroides liosomus Regan [C. T.] 1909:439, Aphanacanthe reticulatus Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:278] Notes: [Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris. v. 3 (no. 67); ref. 18094] Aventure Bay, Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Valid as Tetractenos glaber (Fréminville 1813). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: New South Wales to South Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (liosomus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14420] Southeastern Australian coast. Current status: Synonym of Tetractenos glaber (Fréminville 1813). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (reticulatus) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Tetractenos glaber (Fréminville 1813). Tetraodontidae.

Species Tetractenos hamiltoni (Richardson, 1846) [=Tetrodon hamiltoni Richardson [J.] 1846:63, Pl. 39 (figs. 10-11), Tetrodon insularum De Vis [C. W.] 1884:456] Notes: [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Sea coasts of Australia; Tasmania, Australia; New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Tetractenos hamiltoni (Richardson 1846). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (insularum) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 4); ref. 1089] Api, Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Tetractenos hamiltoni (Richardson 1846). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Tetraodon Linnaeus, 1758 [=Tetraodon Linnaeus [C.] 1758:332, Brachycephalus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1857:326, 327, Lepidorbidus (subgenus of Sphoeroides) Fowler [H. W.] 1929:263, Orbis Fischer [G.] (ex Lacepède) 1813:71, 79, Ovoides Anonymous [Lacepède [B. G. E.]] 1798:675, Ovum Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:530] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Masc. Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Lesson, v. 16, 1830:198-199 [ref. 13391] (see Whitley 1935:138 [ref. 6396]). Tetrodon of authors, including Linnaeus 1766:410 [ref. 2786], is a misspelling or incorrect subsequent spelling (see Briggs 1961:164 [ref. 13439]). Kottelat (2013) indicates that Linnaeus used two spellings (332 and 243) and the correct spelling is Tetraodontidae. •Valid as Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 -- (Dekkers 1975 [ref. 7417], Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Sontirat 1985:41 [ref. 33172], Roberts 1986:434 [ref. 6223], Kottelat 1989:21 [ref. 13605], Lévêque et al. 1989:123 [ref. 26480], Roberts 1989:188 [ref. 6439], Ataur Rahman 1989:52 [ref. 24860], Allen 1991:209 [ref. 21090], Lévêque in Lévêque et al. 1992:868 [ref. 21590], Ataur Rahman 2003:67 [ref. 31338], Hoese et al. 2006:1926 [ref. 29099], Schelly & Carvalho 2007:571 [ref. 30090], Saenjundaeng et al. 2013:77 [ref. 33104], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (Brachycephalus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 8 (no. 5); ref. 2186] Masc. Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Proposed without species; regarded as an unneeded replacement for the subgenus Tetraodon of Bibron [= Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 and taking same type]; see Hollard's caption to Pl. 6. •Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (Lepidorbidus) [Annals of the Natal Museum v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 1403] Masc. Sphoeroides marleyi Fowler 1929. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Spheroides Duméril 1806 [or Sphoeroides Anonymous 1798] -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:11 [ref. 1495]). •Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 based on placement of type species -- (Smith & Heemstra 1986:895 [ref. 5714]). Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (Orbis) [Zoognosia, tabulis synopticus illustrata v. 1; ref. 1331] Masc. No included species; first addition of species not researched. •Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 -- (Fraser-Brunner 1943:14 [ref. 1495]). Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (Ovoides) [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 287) (for 24 Sept. 1798); ref. 13098] Masc. Ovoides fasciatus Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Type by subsequent monotypy. First latinization of "Les Ovoïdes" Lacepède 1798:65 [ref. 2708]; also latinized by Cuvier 1800: tab. (poissons) [ref. 994]. See also Whitley 1832:311 [ref. 4676]. On Code recommendation 51D, the anonymous author is listed in square brackets. Misspelled Ooides by Billberg 1833:53 [ref. 34146]; see also Kullander 2016:111 [ref. 34147], who treats Ooides Billberg 1833 as independent genus description and assigns Ovoides fasciatus Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798 as type species. •Junior objective synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:468 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (Ovum) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Neut. Ovum commersoni Bloch & Schneider 1801. Type by monotypy. Based on l'ovoide fascé of Lacepède. •Junior objective synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae.

Species Tetraodon duboisi Poll, 1959 [=Tetraodon duboisi Poll [M.] 1959:116, Pl. 21 (figs. 1A-1B)] Notes: [v. 71 (art. 3); ref. 3522] Kinshasa, Stanley Pool, Democratic Republic of Congo. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon duboisi Poll 1959. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Africa. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Tetraodon lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:333, Tetraodon fahaka Hasselquist [F.] 1762:441, Dilobomycterus longicauda Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:279, Tetraodon physa Geoffroy St. Hilaire [E.] 1809:[176], Pls. 1 (fig. 1), 2, Tetraodon striatus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53, Tetrodon strigosus Bennett [E. T.] 1834:46] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Nile River. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Northern and central Africa. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (fahaka) [Reise nach Palästina; ref. 18250] Nile River around Cairo, Egypt. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (longicauda) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. (physa) [Poissons du Nil v. 1 (part 1); ref. 4182] Egypt. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (striatus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (strigosus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1834 (pt 2) (no. 18); ref. 16796] Quorro River, Niger, western Africa. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Tetraodon mbu Boulenger, 1899 [=Tetrodon mbu Boulenger [G. A.] 1899:56, Pl. 29] Notes: [Annales du Musee du Congo (Ser. Zoology) v. 1 (fasc. 3); ref. 548] Kinshasa [Leopoldville], Monsembé, Umangi, and Ubangi. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon mbu Boulenger 1899. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Africa. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Tetraodon miurus Boulenger, 1902 [=Tetrodon miurus Boulenger [G. A.] 1902:55, Pl. 15 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Annales du Musee du Congo (Ser. Zoology) v. 2 (fasc. 2); ref. 562] Ubangi River at Banzyville, Democratic Republic of Congo, about 4°18'N, 21°11'E. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon miurus Boulenger 1902. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Africa. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Tetraodon pustulatus Murray, 1857 [=Tetraodon pustulatus Murray [A.] 1857:253, Tetraodon leiogaster Smith [J. A.] 1865:272] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. v. 1; ref. 21736] Old Calabar [presumeably lower Cross River], ?Gabon. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon pustulatus Murray 1857. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: West-central Africa: Cameroon and Nigeria. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (leiogaster) [Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. v. 3; ref. 21737] Old Calibar. Current status: Synonym of Tetraodon pustulatus Murray 1857. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Tetraodon schoutedeni Pellegrin, 1926 [=Tetrodon (Arothron) schoutedeni Pellegrin [J.] 1926:207] Notes: [Revue de Zoologie Africaine v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 17939] Kinshasa [Leopoldville], Democratic Republic of Congo. Current status: Valid as Tetraodon schoutedeni Pellegrin 1926. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Central Africa. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Torquigener Whitley, 1930 [=Torquigener Whitley [G. P.] 1930:31, Shippofugu (subgenus of Sphoeroides) Abe [T.] 1949:90 (in key), Uranostoma Bleeker [P.] (ex Bibron) 1865:49, 59, 61, 63] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4671] Masc. Spheroides tuberculiferus Ogilby 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Torquigener Whitley 1930 -- (Tyler 1980:341 [ref. 4477], Hardy 1983:15 [ref. 5341], Hardy 1983 [ref. 5342], Arai 1983:207 [ref. 14249], Smith & Heemstra 1986:902 [ref. 5714], Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Hardy 1989 [ref. 17672], Gomon et al. 1994:912 [ref. 22532], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:203 [ref. 23219], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Hoese et al. 2006:1926 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2008:856 [ref. 30661], Verruraj et al. 2011:8 [ref. 31496], Kottelat 2013:480 [ref. 32989], Matsuura 2014:[1] [ref. 33491], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1740 [ref. 34322], Motomura et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Torquigener Whitley 1930. Tetraodontidae. (Shippofugu) [Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan v. 14 (no. 13); ref. 3] Masc. Tetraodon hypselogeneion Bleeker 1852. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Amblyrhynchotes Troschel 1856 -- (Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441]). •Synonym of Torquigener Whitley 1930 -- (Matsuura 1990:17 [ref. 13815], Kottelat 2013:480 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Torquigener Whitley 1930. Tetraodontidae. (Uranostoma) [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Neut. Uranostoma guttata Bleeker 1866. Manuscript name mentioned in passing in the synonymy of Tetraodon; not made available by Whitley 1970:247 [ref. 6601] for lack of adequate type-species fixation. •In the synonymy of Torquigener Whitley 1930 -- (Kottelat 2013:480 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Torquigener Whitley 1930. Tetraodontidae.

Species Torquigener albomaculosus Matsuura, 2014 [=Torquigener albomaculosus Matsuura [K.] 2014:[3], Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 62 (no. 2); ref. 33491] Katetsu Cove, south coast of Amami-oshima Island, Ryukyu Islands, depth 18 meters. Current status: Valid as Torquigener albomaculosus Matsuura 2014. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Ryukyu Islands and Okinawa-jima Island, Japan [distribution probably more widespread]. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener altipinnis (Ogilby, 1891) [=Tetrodon altipinnis Ogilby [J. D.] 1891:110] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 1 (no. 6); ref. 18490] Lord Howe Island. Current status: Valid as Torquigener altipinnis (Ogilby 1891). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torquigener andersonae Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener andersonae Hardy [G. S.] 1983:39, Fig. 17] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener andersonae Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Off southeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener balteus Hardy, 1989 [=Torquigener balteus Hardy [G. S.] 1989:120, Fig. 1] Notes: [National Museum of New Zealand Records v. 3 (no. 11); ref. 17672] Off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth about 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Torquigener balteus Hardy 1989. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener brevipinnis (Regan, 1903) [=Tetrodon brevipinnis Regan [C. T.] 1903:300] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902, v. 2 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 4 Nov. 1902); ref. 14413] Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener brevipinnis (Regan 1903). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall, 1983 [=Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy [G. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1983:14, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Israel Journal of Zoology v. 32 (no. 1); ref. 8335] Northwestern shore of Gulf of Aqaba, Nuweiba El Muzeini, Egypt, Red Sea, depth 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, East Africa, Seychelles and Madagascar to Persian Gulf; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener florealis (Cope, 1871) [=Tetrodon florealis Cope [E. D.] 1871:479] Notes: [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Torquigener florealis (Cope 1871). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western and central Pacific: India east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine. Species Torquigener gloerfelti Hardy, 1984 [=Torquigener gloerfelti Hardy [G. S.] 1984:130, Fig. 2] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 38 (no. 2); ref. 8219] Bali Strait, Indonesia, depth 50-60 meters. Current status: Valid as Torquigener gloerfelti Hardy 1984. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Torrquigener hicksi Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener hicksi Hardy [G. S.] 1983:25, Fig. 10] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] 33 kilometers northeast of Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia, depth 70 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Torquigener hicksi Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker, 1852) [=Tetraodon hypselogeneion Bleeker [P.] 1852:24, Uranostoma guttata Bleeker [P.] 1865:34 [15], Amblyrhynchotes hypselogenion rufopunctatus Li 1962:1086, Fig. 832 South China Sea.] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 10); ref. 16874] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia; Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South and East Africa and Madagascar east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (guttata) [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 3; ref. 17043] Current status: Synonym of Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae. (rufopunctatus) Current status: Synonym of Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker 1852). Tetraodontidae. Species Torquigener marleyi (Fowler, 1929) [=Sphoeroides marleyi Fowler [H. W.] 1929:263, Fig. 6 (bottom)] Notes: [Annals of the Natal Museum v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 1403] Tugela River mouth, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 200-250 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Torquigener marleyi (Fowler 1929). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener pallimaculatus Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener pallimaculatus Hardy [G. S.] 1983:20, Fig. 8] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener pallimaculatus Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener parcuspinus Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener parcuspinus Hardy [G. S.] 1983:23, Fig. 9] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener parcuspinus Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener paxtoni Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener paxtoni Hardy [G. S.] 1983:17, Fig. 7] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 13 (no. 1/2); ref. 5341] Shark Bay, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener paxtoni Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine. Species Torquigener perlevis (Ogilby, 1908) [=Spheroides perlevis Ogilby [J. D.] 1908:22] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 21; ref. 3286] Sandgate, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener perlevis (Ogilby 1908). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torquigener pleurogramma (Regan, 1903) [=Tetrodon pleurogramma Regan [C. T.] 1903:300, Pl. 24 (fig. 2), Spheroides lacrimosus Waite [E. R.] 1923:226] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902, v. 2 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 4 Nov. 1902); ref. 14413] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener pleurogramma (Regan 1903). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Lord Howe Island and eastern and Western Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lacrimosus) [Marine and freshwater fishes of South Australia; ref. 23131] Southern Australia. Current status: Synonym of Torquigener pleurogramma (Regan 1903). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torquigener randalli Hardy, 1983 [=Torquigener randalli Hardy [G. S.] 1983:71, Fig. 4] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 37 (no. 1); ref. 5342] Off Haleiwa, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, 21°40'N, 158°07'W, depth 101-104 meters. Current status: Valid as Torquigener randalli Hardy 1983. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener squamicauda (Ogilby, 1910) [=Spheroides squamicauda Ogilby [J. D.] 1910:17] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 23; ref. 3288] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener squamicauda (Ogilby 1910). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torquigener tuberculiferus (Ogilby, 1912) [=Spheroides tuberculiferus Ogilby [J. D.] 1912:61, Pl. 14 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 1; ref. 14855] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener tuberculiferus (Ogilby 1912). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener vicinus Whitley, 1930 [=Torquigener tuberculiferus vicinus Whitley [G. P.] 1930:31] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4671] Between Cape Naturaliste and Geraldton, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener vicinus Whitley 1930. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Torquigener whitleyi (Paradice, in Paradice & Whitley, 1927) [=Spheroides whitleyi Paradice [W. E. J.] in Paradice & Whitley 1927:105, Pl. 15] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 9 (pt 1); ref. 15810] Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Torquigener whitleyi (Paradice 1927). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Tylerius Hardy, 1984 [=Tylerius Hardy [G. S.] 1984:33] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 35 (no. 1); ref. 5182] Masc. Spheroides spinosissimus Regan 1908. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Tylerius Hardy 1984 -- (Smith & Heemstra 1986:903 [ref. 5714], see Su et al. 1986:112 [ref. 12582], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:204 [ref. 23219], Matsuura 2001:3955 [ref. 26317], Hoese et al. 2006:1929 [ref. 29099], Matsuura 2014:20 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2016:115 [ref. 34625], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Tylerius Hardy 1984. Tetraodontidae.

Species Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan, 1908) [=Spheroides spinosissimus Regan [C. T.] 1908:253, Pl. 31 (fig. 5), Spheroides unifasciatus von Bonde [C.] 1923:39, Pl. 2 (fig. 1)] Notes: [The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second Series. Zoology v. 12 (pt 3); ref. 3634] Saya de Malha Bank, western Indian Ocean, depth over 123 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan 1908). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea, South Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (Mascarenes) east to Indonesia, north to South China Sea, south to northwestern Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine. (unifasciatus) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 279, depth 57 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan 1908). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

********************************************************

Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Aphanacanthus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Appeared first as Aphanacanthe Bibron in Duméril 1855:278 [ref. 297] without description; latinized by Troschel 1856 as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical addition of species not researched; Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410] lists type as Tetraodon reticulatus Bibron, but that species apparently never validated. Aphanacanthus Troschel and of Holland are themselves unavailable for lack of a description or an included available species. See Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859] and see Aphanacanthus Le Danois 1959. Current status: Unknown. Tetraodontidae.

Epipedorhynchus Troschel [F. H.] (ex Bibron) 1856:88 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 12559] Masc. Appeared first as "Epipédorhynque" Bibron in Duméril 1855:278 [ref. 297]; latinized by Troschel as above, also by Hollard 1857:319 [ref. 2186]. First technical additional of species not researched. Type as given by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410] is Tetraodon preycineti Bibron [name only]. But Epipedorhynchus Troschel and of Holland are themselves nomina nuda and not available. See also Su et al. 1986:109 [ref. 12582] and See Kottelat 2001:612 [ref. 25859]. Epipedorhynque also is unavailable for lack of a description or an included available species. Current status: Unknown. Tetraodontidae.

Oonidus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1815:90 [Analyse de la nature; ref. 3584] Masc. Ovoides fasciatus Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798. Type by subsequent designation. As "Oonidus R. [Rafinesque] Ovoide Lac. [Lacepède]." Proposed as a replacement name but not for an available name; would apparently have to stand on its own with species subsequently added. Ovoides Cuvier 1800 is an earlier validation of "Les Ovoides" Lacepède. Kottelat (2013) selectes Ovoides fasciatus Anonymous 1798 as type. •Junior objective homonym of Ovoides Anonymous [Lacepède] 1798 -- (Kottelat 2013:470 [ref. 32989]). Tetraodontidae.

Orbis Müller [P. L. S.] 1766:141 [Deliciae Naturae; ref. 3055] Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 701). Tetraodontidae.

Orbis Catesby [M.] 1771:28 [The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands; ref. 774] Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 89, Opinion 259). Tetraodontidae.

Ovoides Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1798:521 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Masc. Not available, genus and species names not latinized. See second entry for Ovoides. Tetraodontidae.

Proodus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:183 [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] Masc. Proodus xanthopterus Fowler 1944. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Current status: Uncertain. Tetraodontidae.

(species) cochinensis, Crayracion Day [F.] 1865:314 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865 (pt 1); ref. 5295] Cochin, India. Holotype (unique): ZSI 2223 (lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Also appeared in Day 1865:258, Pl. 20 fig. 1 [ref. 1074]. •Synonym of Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kottelat 2013:473 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Uncertain as Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. gillbanksii, Tetrodon Clarke [F. E.] 1897:245, Pl. 14 [Transactions New Zealand Institute v. 29 (art. 16) (for 1896); ref. 14630] Moturoa, Taranaki, New Zealand. Syntypes: NMNZ P.456 (1) Taranaki, ?NMNZ P.7637 (1). Type catalog: Hardy 1990:15 [ref. 18942]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Mention -- (Kuiter 1993:422 [ref. 23929] as gillbanksi). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. regani, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1910:468, Pl. 175 [Journal des Museum Godeffroy v. 6 (no. 17); ref. 14460] Society Islands. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Uncertain status in Arothron -- (Su & Tyler 1986:27 [ref. 11531]). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. cinctus, Tetrodon Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1845:125 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Not available, name mentioned in text and synonymy of Tetrodon solandri. Later named Canthigaster cinctus Jordan & Evermann. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. galapagosi, Canthigaster psegma var. Borodin [N. A.] 1928:35 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Galapagos Islands. Holotype (unique): VMM 71 (now at AMNH). Tetraodontidae. peronii, Tetraodon Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:282 [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Indonesia. No types known. Possibly available be reference to "De Verkenstop, Valentyn, fig. 498." ('De verkenskop' of Valentyn 1726:502, fig. 498 [ref. 30358]). See Kottelat 2001:615 [ref. 25859]. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. dumerilii, Chelonodon Bleeker [P.] 1864:33, 37 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 17029] Syntypes or Bleeker specimens: MNHN 0000- 2007 (2). Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:466 [ref. 21440] as paratypes. •Nomen nudum in the synonym of Carcinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885) -- (Kottelat 2013:474 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Uncertain as Carinotetraodon lorteti (Tirant 1885). Tetraodontidae. fasciatus, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:508 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. Based on Seba 1758:60, Pl. 24 (fig. 1). Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Synonym of Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Tyler 1964:144 [ref. 22575] with question, Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Species inquirenda in Tetraodontidae -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Uncertain as Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. semispinosus, Tetrodon Fréminville [C. P. P.] 1813:253, Pl. 4 (fig. 6) [Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris. v. 3 (no. 67); ref. 18094] Seas of Santo Domingo. Syntypes: MNHN A-5257 (2). Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:473 [ref. 21440]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Questionably a synonym of Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Tyler 1964:144 [ref. 22575]). •Species inquirenda in Tetraodontidae -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Uncertain as Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. guttulatus, Tetrodon ocellatus var. Richardson [J.] 1845:121, Pl. 58 (fig. 3) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] China seas; Canton, China. Non-types: BMNH 1968.3.11.20 (1). Type information: Whitehead 1970:218 [ref. 11606]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Synonym of Gastrophysus niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989] with question). •Uncertain as Takifugu niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Current status: Uncertain as Takifugu niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. niveatus, Tetraodon Brevoort [J. C.] 1856:284 [32] [Notes on some figures of Japanese fish taken from recent specimens by the artists of the U. S. Japan Expedition. Pp. 253-288, Pls. 3-12 (color) In: M. C. Perry, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.; ref. 17284] Simoda, Japan. No types known. On p. 32 of separate. Description made from a figure. •Synonym of Gastrophysus niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Kottelat 2013:477 [ref. 32989] with question). •Uncertain as Takifugu niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Current status: Uncertain as Takifugu niphobles (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. lagocephalus, Ostracion Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xviii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Name only, not available (from Malta); perhaps for Tetrodon lagocephalus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. viridipunctatus, Leiodon Day [F.] 1865:315 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865 (pt 1); ref. 5295] Cochin, India. Holotype (unique): ZSI F7153 (lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Also appeared in Day 1865:258, Pl. 20 (fig. 2) [ref. 1074]. Dalatiidae. Habitat: marine. coheni, Pelagocephalus Tyler [J. C.] & Paxton [J. R.] 1979:203, Fig. 1 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 4478] Norfolk Island, 0.7 kilometers inland (on ground beneath nest of a tern), South Pacific. Holotype (unique): AMS I.15601-001. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. abukohhla, Tetraodon Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xvii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Originally as Abu-kohhla. Not available, no distinguishing features; from Arabia. Tetraodontidae. affinis, Tetrodon Poey [F.] 2000:830, Pl. 470 (fig. 3) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. argyropleura, Tetrodon Bennett [E. T.] 1833:184 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1832 (pt 2); ref. 16789] Sri Lanka. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1852.8.30.26 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. astrotaenia, Tetraodon Bleeker [P.] 1853:129 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 16900] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.111. Original genus as Tetraödon. Tetraodontidae. bajacu, Tetraodon Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:98, Pl. 47 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. No types known. Tetraodontidae. barffi, Tetraodon Curtiss [A.] 1938:135 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. batrachoides, Tetrodon Fréminville [C. P. P.] 1813:252, Pl. 4 (fig. 5) [Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris. v. 3 (no. 67); ref. 18094] Port-au-Prince Bay, Haiti, West Indies. Originally as batrachoïdes. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. brunneus, Tetraodon Brevoort [J. C.] 1856:284 [32] [Notes on some figures of Japanese fish taken from recent specimens by the artists of the U. S. Japan Expedition. Pp. 253-288, Pls. 3-12 (color) In: M. C. Perry, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.; ref. 17284] Simoda, Japan. No types known. On p. 32 of separate. Description made from a figure. Tetraodontidae. brunneus, Tetrodon Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:505 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Tetrodon brunneus, hispidulus, maculis lenticularibus...."; regarded as non-binominal and not available (seas of Asia). See ICZN Opinion 89. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. bufo, Tetrodon Mitchill [S. L.] 1814:28 [Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill; ref. 3030] Not available, no distinguishing features. Appeared as Tetrodon turgidus Mitchill 1815 [ref. 13292]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. bufo, Tetrodon Larrañaga [D. A.] 1923:378 [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Corresponds to Tetrodon torsus Larrañaga 1923:390 [ref. 22561]. Also appeared in Devincenzi 1925:318, 323 [ref. 20322] as Tetrodon torosus vel bufo; Devincenzi treated as a synonym of Chilomycterus spinosus Linnaeus 1758. Apparently not the same as Tetrodon bufo Mitchill 1814. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Diodontidae. Habitat: marine. calamaroides, Tetraodon Bleeker [P.] 1850:96 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 16876] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Tetraodontidae. cinctus, Tetrodon Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1845:125 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Not available, name mentioned in text and synonymy of Tetrodon solandri. Later named Canthigaster cinctus Jordan & Evermann. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. cinereus, Tetrodon Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:483 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Tetrodon cinereus, nigro guttatus, ..."; regarded as non-binominal and not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. From Mauritius. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. commersoni, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:508 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mare Indicum circa insulam Francicam. No types known. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. curvus, Tetrodon Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:472 [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. No types known. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. electricus, Tetraodon Forster [J. R.] 1795:14 [Zoologia Indica, sistens descriptiones animalium selectorum; ref. 18091] India. Name only. Based on 'Philosophical Transactions' v. 76:382, pl. 13. Tetraodontidae. eulepidotus, Tetrodon (Spheroides) Metzelaar [J.] 1919:170, Fig. 54 [Report on the fishes; ref. 2982] Lesser Antilles, from Curaçao or St. Eustatius. Holotype (unique): ZMA 109480. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:110 [ref. 19236]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. fallax, Tetraodon Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1881:286 Puducherry, India. Holotype: MNHN A-8352. Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:473 [ref. 21440]; Le Danios says this appeared in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. IV, p. 286, but we do not find it there. Tetraodontidae. fasciatus, Ovoides Anonymous [Lacepède [B. G. E.]] 1798:675 [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 287) (for 24 Sept. 1798); ref. 13098] Nile River. Neotype: NRM 82. Neotype designation by Kottelat 2013:471 [ref. 32989]. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater. fasciatus, Tetrodon McClelland [J.] 1843:412, Pl. 21 (fig. 2) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 2927] Chusan and Ningpo, China. No types known. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Tetrodon fasciatus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. geometricus, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:508 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Around Virginia, U.S.A. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. geometricus, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1868:489 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 6 (pt 7, no. 14); ref. 1994] Panama. Holotype (unique): BMNH. Apparently described independently of (and preoccupied by) Tetraodon geometricus Bloch & Schneider 1801; objectively invalid. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. giganteus, Tetrodon Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:121 [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-3538. Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:465 [ref. 21440]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Incertae sedis in Tetraodontidae -- (Hoese et al. 2006:1929 [ref. 29099]). Tetraodontidae. gillbanksii, Tetrodon Clarke [F. E.] 1897:245, Pl. 14 [Transactions New Zealand Institute v. 29 (art. 16) (for 1896); ref. 14630] Moturoa, Taranaki, New Zealand. Syntypes: NMNZ P.456 (1) Taranaki, ?NMNZ P.7637 (1). Type catalog: Hardy 1990:15 [ref. 18942]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Mention -- (Kuiter 1993:422 [ref. 23929] as gillbanksi). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. grammatocephalus, Tetraodon Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:286, Pl. 126 (fig. 3) [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Holotype (unique): RMNH 4003. Type catalog: Boeseman 1947:205 [ref. 12876]. Tetraodontidae. heraldi, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1870:283 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Eastern Pacific. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1853.10.27.1. Based on Anchisomus geometricus of Richardson (ex Kaup) (not of Bloch & Schneider) and specimens. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. laevissimus, Tetraodon Bowdich [S. L.] 1825:233, Fig. 48 misprinted 18 (see p. xii) [Fishes of Madeira; ref. 590] Off Madeira. No types known. •Preoccupied by Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). •To be called a nomen protectum, Paulo Parenti, Email Oct. 16, 2017. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. laevissimus, Tetrodon Cuvier [G.] 1829:368 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Holotype: MNHN A-8340. Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:468 [ref. 21440]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. See Kottelat 2001:611 [ref. 25859]. •Apparently not available, no description. Tetraodontidae. macclellandi, Tetrodon Regan [C. T.] 1903:301 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902, v. 2 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 4 Nov. 1902); ref. 14413] China. Syntypes: BMNH 1873.7.30.119-123 (5). Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. macrophthalmus, Tetrodon Duncker [G.] & Mohr [E.] 1929:79, Fig. 8 [Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg. v. 44; ref. 15892] Rein Bay, New Guinea. Holotype (unique): ZMH H144 [ex 12965]. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:167 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:409 [ref. 21161]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. maculatus, Tetrodon Hermann [J.] 1804:299 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] "Insula Franciae". Not available, insufficient description. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. marmoratus, Tetraodon Ranzani [C.] 1839:73 [9], Pl. 10 (figs. 1a-b) [Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 [1840]; ref. 18606] Brazil. No types at MZUB. Appeared first without description as Ranzani in Alessandrini 1838:433 [ref. 25852]. Dates to publication in a separate, on p. 9 and Pl. 3 in 1839; journal version in 1840. Objectively invalid, preoccupied by Tetrodon marmoratus Lowe 1838. marmoreus, Tetrodon Lichtenstein [M. H. C.] 1823:111 [Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung...; ref. 17525] Brazil. Try ZMB for type(s). Apparently an available overlooked name. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. mathematicus, Tetrodon Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:474, Pl. 6 (fig. 6) [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. No types known. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. multimaculatus, Tetrodon Liénard [F.] 1840:102, Pl. 5 [Rapport Annuel sur les travaux de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Ile Maurice No. 11; ref. 23141] Syntypes: MNHN B-1467 (1) Seychelles. Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:463 [ref. 21440]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Appeared first in French vernacular as 'Tetrodon multimaculé' in Liénard 1839:45 [ref. 17536]. Tetraodontidae. occipitalis, Tetrodon Poey [F.] 2000:828, Pl. 469 (fig. 4) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. ocellatus, Tetraodon Bleeker [P.] 1865-69:67 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Not available, museum name mentioned in the synonymy of Crayracion palembangensis; not Tetraodon ocellatus Linnaeus 1758. Tetraodontidae. ocellatus, Tetrodon Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:462 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Mozambique. No types known. Also described as new in Peters 1855:274 [ref. 13448]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. ovatus, Tetraodon Cabrera, Pérez [A.] & Haenseler [F.] in Machado 1857:24 [Catálogo de los peces que habitán ó frecuentan las costas de Cadiz y Huelva con inclusion de los del Rio Guadalquivir.; ref. 17320] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only; not available. Name from Cabrera, Pérez [A.] & Haenseler [F.] 1817 [ref. 17319], apparently an unpublished work. oviformis, Tetraodon Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:521, Pl. 25 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Indian Ocean. Appeared as "Tetraodon oviformis, pinnis tantùm pectoralibus gaudens, ..."; regarded as non-binominal and not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. Tetraodontidae. pantherinus, Tetraodon Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:215, Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] Macao. Tetraodontidae. peronii, Tetraodon Bibron [G.] in Duméril 1855:282 [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 7; ref. 297] Indonesia. No types known. Possibly available be reference to "De Verkenstop, Valentyn, fig. 498." ('De verkenskop' of Valentyn 1726:502, fig. 498 [ref. 30358]). See Kottelat 2001:615 [ref. 25859]. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. picturatus, Tetrodon Poey [F.] 2000:831, Pl. 470 (fig. 5) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. plumerii, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:509 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] America. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. politus, Tetrodon Girard [C. F.] 1858:340 [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Holotype: USNM 983. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. pseudopterus, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:508 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean, near Francicam Island. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. punctatus, Tetrodon Shaw [G.] 1804:447 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. No types known. Based on Tetrodon pointillé of Lacepède. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. punctatus, Tetrodon Poey [F.] 1868:432 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3505] Cuba. No types known. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Tetrodon punctatus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. regani, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1910:468, Pl. 175 [Journal des Museum Godeffroy v. 6 (no. 17); ref. 14460] Society Islands. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Uncertain status in Arothron -- (Su & Tyler 1986:27 [ref. 11531]). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine. reticulatus, Tetraodon Bleeker [P.] 1849:16 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [8]; ref. 320] Madura Straits near Surabaya and Kammal, Java, Indonesia. Tetraodontidae. rudolfianus, Tetraodon fahaka Deraniyagala [P. E. P.] 1948:29 [Spolia Zeylanica v. 25 (pt 2); ref. 13006] Lake Rudolf [Lake Turkana], Kenya. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Based on Copley, "A short account of the fresh water fishes of Kenya," Pl. 8 (fig. 26) [not investigated]. Tetraodontidae. senior, Tetrodon punctatus var. Poey [F.] 2000:827 [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Name appearing as a variety and in synonymy. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. sipui, Tetrodon Montrouzier [X.] 1857:489 [211] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. On p. 211 of reprint. Name also appeared as name in synonymy under another species. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae. stellatus, Tetraodon Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:212, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: MNHN 0000-3542. Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:463 [ref. 21440]. Preoccupied by Tetraodon stellatus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Tetraodontidae. taeniatus, Tetrodon inermis var. Borodin [N. A.] 1932:98 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 3); ref. 16361] Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Syntypes: VMM 1069 (2) now at AMNH. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Tetrodon taeniatus Peters 1855. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Tetraodontidae.