Mixed Methods Analysis of Counselor Views, Attitudes and Perceived Competencies Regarding the Treatment of Internet Pornography Addiction
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Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2013 Mixed Methods Analysis of Counselor Views, Attitudes and Perceived Competencies Regarding the Treatment of Internet Pornography Addiction Bradly K. Hinman Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hinman, Bradly K., "Mixed Methods Analysis of Counselor Views, Attitudes and Perceived Competencies Regarding the Treatment of Internet Pornography Addiction" (2013). Dissertations. 207. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/207 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MIXED METHODS ANALYSIS OF COUNSELOR VIEWS, ATTITUDES AND PERCEIVED COMPETENCIES REGARDING THE TREATMENT OF INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION by Bradly K. Hinman A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology Western Michigan University December 2013 Doctoral Committee: Gary H. Bischof, Ph.D., Chair Alan Hovestadt, Ed.D. Karen Blaisure, Ph.D. MIXED METHODS ANALYSIS OF COUNSELOR VIEWS, ATTITUDES AND PERCEIVED COMPETENCIES REGARDING THE TREATMENT OF INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION Bradly K. Hinman, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2013 The Internet offers unprecedented opportunity for individuals to have anonymous, inexpensive, and unrestricted access to an essentially unlimited range of sexually explicit materials. Counseling clients are increasingly presenting with problematic issues regarding Internet pornography use. The purposes of this mixed-method study were (a) to examine the current status of counselors’ attitudes and self-efficacy about treating clients with Internet pornography addiction, and (b) to ascertain the opinions of counselor educators who are experts in the field of Internet pornography addiction on the current status of counselor training and best practices for preparing counselors. The quantitative data was obtained from a 90-item online survey which was completed by 286 professional members of the American Counseling Association. Counselors had the most comfort with sexual expression and tolerance toward sexual expressions different than their own. Counselors indicated less comfort around talking about pornography, and finding something positive in pornography use. Respondents had a less negative attitude regarding pornography when it is used as a relationship aid, when women also view it, and when it was used for fantasy. Respondents had the most negative attitudes about topics that dealt specifically with pornography and topics addressed in pornography; both are topics clients will be likely to discuss. Male counselors were more likely to feel competent in their ability to counsel individuals with an addiction. Counselors whose identified religiosity was very important to their counseling work have a significantly lower attitude toward pornography. Men were more comfortable discussing client sexual concerns including Internet pornography use than female counselors. The qualitative findings resulted from phone interviews with seven counselor educators who are also experts in the field of Internet pornography addiction. The seven global themes that emerged are: (1) Need for Process Addictions Training, (2) Process Addiction Training Critical, (3) CACREP Acknowledgement of Process Addictions/Internet Porn Addictions, (4) Addiction Course Content Delivery, (5) Counselor Education Programs' Inclusion of Process Addiction Training, (6) Qualifications for Teaching Addictions Courses, and (7) Addiction Class Course Design. The qualitative findings are compared to the survey results. Implications for counselor training are offered and recommendations are made for the counselor education profession. © 2013 Bradly K. Hinman ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Gary H. Bischof, my doctoral committee chair, and my committee members, Dr. Alan Hovestadt and Dr. Karen Blaisure for their tremendous help, valuable feedback, and constant encouragement during all of the steps of this exciting journey. Thank you Dr. Bischof for always providing prompt and valuable feedback, for your patience with me, and for not leaving me, even when you had good reasons to! I also want to express sincere appreciation to Andrews University, along with the faculty and staff of the Department of Graduate Psychology and Counseling, for their persistent cheering, and for generously sharing their time and expertise, and for listening to my complaints, frustrations, victories, and celebrations. Additionally, a special thank you goes to Carol Wilson for her help with editing, Dr. Tevni Grajales for his help with statistical consulting, Dr. Rick Kosinski for his mentorship and for letting me take over his life, Heidi Magesa for her help with SmartArt Tools, and Dr. Mary L. Anderson for graciously pitching in to participate in my defense at the eleventh hour and for being so willing to talk about school counseling with me. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to those that participated in the quantitative survey, and to the experts who consented to be interviewed. I must also acknowledge some very important people, without whom this project would never have been possible. Words cannot express my deep and sincere gratitude to my wife, Patty, who has walked with me through this long road from my bachelor’s degrees, master’s degree, and now my Ph.D. She has been constantly supportive and ii Acknowledgments—Continued continually understanding of my time constraints, stress, and my voracious academic curiosity. I am deeply grateful to my wonderful sons, Aaron and Kory, who have grown into men during this arduous academic journey and I am so proud of them and their endless supply of love, care, and moral support. I am also thankful to God for enduring consistent prayers about this very topic for five years and blessing me anyway. To my blessed cohort companions Angela Kent, and Carrie Tremble (ABC forever!), I would never have been able to do this without our endless conversations over lunch (and supper, and sometimes even breakfast), and who would never let me leave this marathon when the going got tough. Thank you! Bradly K. Hinman iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Statement of Problem.............................................................................. 5 CACREP Standards ....................................................................... 10 Counselor Comfort With Sexual Topics........................................ 11 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................... 12 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 16 Definition of Terms ................................................................................ 17 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 22 Historical Overview ................................................................................ 23 An International Problem........................................................................ 26 More Than Just Sex ................................................................................ 29 Minors’ Use of Internet Pornography ..................................................... 31 Negative Effects of Internet Pornography Addiction on Individuals ..... 36 Escape From Dysphoric Mood ...................................................... 38 Financial Impact ............................................................................ 41 Occupational Impact ...................................................................... 42 iv Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Negative Effects of Internet Pornography Addiction on Couples/Families .................................................................................... 44 Same Sex Couples ......................................................................... 50 Christian Couples........................................................................... 51 Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Etiology ...................................................... 54 Diagnosis ....................................................................................... 54 Prevalence ...................................................................................... 56 Etiology.......................................................................................... 58 Assessment.............................................................................................. 59 Treatment Options .................................................................................. 62 Psychopharmacology ....................................................................