October 1999

Brooklyn Academy of Music 1999 Next Wave Festival BAMcinematek Brooklyn Philharmonic 651 ARTS

Jennifer Bartlett, House: Large Grid, 1998

BAM Next Wave Festival sponsored by

PHILIP MORRIS ~lA6(Blll COMPANIES INC. Brooklyn Academy of Music Bruce C. Ratner Chairman of the Board

Karen Brooks Hopkins Joseph V. Melillo President Executive Prod ucer

presents in association with Universal Pictures Dracula: the Music and Film

Running time: BAM Opera House approximately 1 hour October 26 and 27, 1999, at 7:30 p.m. and 25 minutes, with Original Music Philip Glass no intermission Performed by Philip Glass and Kronos Quartet Violin David Harrington Violin John Sherba Viola Hank Dutt Cello Jennifer Culp Conductor Michael Riesman Music Production Kurt Munkasci Scenery and Lighting Designer John Michael Deegan Sound Designer Mark Grey Producer Linda Greenberg Tour Management Pomegranate Arts © Dunvagen Music Publishers, Inc.

Dracula: The Music and Film has been made possible with the generous support of Universal Family & Home Entertainment Productions, and Universal Studios Home Video.

Technical support for the development of Dracula: The Music and Film was provided by The John Harms Center for the Arts, Englewood, New Jersey. Film sound equipment donated by Dolby Laboratories, Inc. Additional loud speakers provided by Meyer Sound Laboratories, Berkeley, California.

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Production Manager Doug Witney Aud io Engineer Mark Grey Production Stage Manager, Lighting Supervisor Larry Neff Company Manager Carol Patella Music Production Euphorbia Productions Stylist Kasia Walicka Maimone Assistant Stylist Stacy Saltzman Press Representation Annie Ohayon and Reyna Mastrosimone, Annie Ohayon Media (New York, New York)

Kronos Quartet Managing Director Janet Cowperthwaite Associate Director Laird Rodet Technical Director Larry Neff Business Manager Sandie Schaaf Office Manager Leslie Mainer Assistant to Managing Director Ave Maria Hackett Record ing Projects Coord inator Sidney Chen PO. Box 225340, San Francisco, Calif. 94122-5340 Tel: (415) 731-3533; Fax: (415) 664-7590; www.kronosquartet.org

Pomegranate Arts Worldwide Management for Dracula: The Music and Film Director Linda Greenberg Associate Director Alisa Regas Business Manager Kaleb Kilkenny 632 Broadway, Suite 902 New York, N.V. 10012 Tel: (212) 228-2221; Fax: (212) 475-0004; [email protected]

Special Thanks Louis Feola, Robert Rubin, Suzie Peterson, Elizabeth Collins, Patti Jackson, Thomas Siegrist, Maria LaMagra, and Evan Fong at Universal Home and Family Entertainment; Robert Hurwitz, David Bither, Peter Clancy, Debbie Ferraro, Melanie Zessos, and Karina Beznicki at Nonesuch Records; David Rodrigues and Jerry Bakal, Michael Strong, Bill and Stella Pense, Tom Luddy, David Jones, David Sefton, Joseph Melillo, Karen Brooks Hopkins, Alice Bernstein, Randall Kline, and Michael Blachly

Dracula: The Film Universal Studios presents Bela Lugosi in Dracula with David Manners, Helen Chandler, Dwight Frye, Edward Van Sloan Director Tod Browning Screenwriter Garrett Fort Based on the novel by Bram Stoker and from the play adapted by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston Producers Carl Laemmle Jr., Tod Browning

Dunvagen Music Director Jim Keller Publishers, Inc. Associate Director Ramona Kirschenman 18 Synopsis Towering ominously among the shadows of the Carpathian Mountains, Dracula's castle strikes fear in the hearts of the Transylvanian villagers below. After a naive real estate agent succumbs to the will of the Count, the two head to London where the vampire hopes to stroll among respectable society by day and search for potential victims by night.

The Man The real Dracula was the 15th-century Romanian prince, VI ad Tepes (a.k.a. Vlad the Impaler), who made a name for himself fighting the Turks and impaling his hundreds of enemies on stakes around his castles.

Vlad Dracul, the son of a knight whose family crest of arms bore the Order of the Dragon, and the man upon whom the novel Dracula was based, was born in 1431. "Dracul" is the Romanian word not only for Dragon, but for the Devil.

As a Voivode (Ruling Prince) of Wallachia, Dracul was a brilliant general who won the admiration of his countrymen for successfully defending the territory against the invading Turks. At the same time he proved to be a man of such cruelty that he became known as Tepes (The Impaler).

It is not known for certain how Vlad Dracul met his end. Some believe that he was beheaded by the Turks during a battle near Bucharest in 1476. Others say that he was killed by his own men who claimed they mistook him for the enemy.

Although his behavior was suspect, there appears to be no evidence of Dracula actually being a vampire during his lifetime.

The Myth The Dracula the world has grown to love is the bloodthirsty Transylvanian vampire count conjured up by Irish writer Bram Stoker in the pages of the 19th-century Gothic horror novel Dracula: The Dread Lord of the Dead published in 1897. Hailed by critics as liThe Last of the Great Gothic Romances," Dracula caused a sensation among turn-of­ the-centu ry readers. '

Stoker, who never set foot in Transylvania, made a connection between Vlad Dracul and the peasant myths and folk songs that spoke of the "eternal vampire" and about devils that could take the form of bats and wolves. Stoker also incorporated the Romanian religious superstition that anyone who was excommunicated from the Eastern Orthodox Church could not die and was destined to roam the world as the "undead" until a stake was driven through his heart.

From these legends arose the imaginary Count Dracula. The depiction in Universal's 1931 classic film starring Bela Lugosi has set the standard for all subsequent versions of the legend of Dracula.

20 Videocassettes of Dracula with original music written by Philip Glass and performed by the Kronos Quartet are available from Universal Studios Home Video. The DVD release, which also includes the original 1931 English and Spanish unscored versions, will be released in December 1999 from Universal Studios Home Video. www.universalstudios.com/home

Dracula: Music by Philip Glass performed by Kronos Quartet is available on Nonesuch Records

-©1931, 1999 by Universal Studios. All Rights Reserved.

Philip Glass (composer) was born in Baltimore, one of the co-founders of that company), and Maryland, in 1937, and discovered music in most of it composed for his own performing his father's radio repair shop. Mr. Glass began group, the Philip Glass Ensemble. This period playing the violin at age six and became serious culminated in Music in 12 Parts, a four-hour about music when he took up flute at age eight. summation of Mr. Glass' new music, and the During his second year in high school he ensemble reached its apogee in 1976 with the applied and was accepted to the University of Philip Glass/Robert Wilson opera Einstein on Chicago, and, with his parents' the Beach, the 4-and-a-half-hour epic now seen encouragement, moved to Chicago, where he as a landmark in 20th-century music-theater. supported himself by waiting tables and loading airplanes. He majored in mathematics Mr. Glass' output since Einstein has ranged and philosophy. from opera to film scores to symphonic works to string quartets and music for dance and By the time he was 23 years old, Mr. Glass had theater pieces. Current and recent projects studied with Vincent Persichetti, Darius Milhaud, include two collaborations with Robert Wilson, and William Bergsma. He had rejected serial ism and preferred such maverick composers as Harry Partch, Charles Ives, Moondog, Henry Cowell, and Virgil Thomson, but had not yet found his own voice. Still searching, he moved to Paris and had two years of intensive study under Nadia Boulanger. In Paris he was hired by a filmmaker to transcribe the Indian music of Ravi Shankar into notation readable by French musicians and, in the process, discovered the techniques of Indian music. Mr. Glass promptly renounced his previous music and, began applying Eastern techniques to his own work.

By 1974 he had composed a large collection of new music, much of it for use by the theater company Mabou Mines (Mr. Glass was 20A \AlOO' c:. \1\100 _

Monsters of Grace and White Raven; the third extensively with more than 100 concerts each and final piece in his operatic Cocteau trilogy, year in concert halls and clubs, and at jazz Les Enfants terribles, a dance/theater work with festivals throughout the United States, Canada, choreographer Susan Marshall, Heroes Europe, Japan, Mexico, South America, New Symphony; a new work based on the music of Zealand, Russia, Hong Kong, and Australia. David Bowie and Brian Eno also used for a Recent tours have included appearances at the ballet choreographed by Twyla Tharp; a film Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, Kennedy Center, score for Martin Scorsese's Kundun (Los Montreux Jazz Festival, Brooklyn Academy of Angeles Critics Award, Academy Award nomina­ Music, Moscow's Tchaikovsky Hall, Sydney tion, Golden Globe nomination and Grammy Opera House, Tanglewood, London's Royal nomination for best score); a large scale work Festival Hall, Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires, La for chorus, voice, and orchestra, Symphony No. Scala, Theatre de la Ville in Paris, and Chicago's 5 (Choral) ,commissioned by the Salzburg Orchestra Hall. Festival for August 1999; and most recently, original music for the film The Truman Show The Quartet records exclusively for Nonesuch directed by Peter Weir, and winner of the Records, and the catalogue includes Dracula: Golden Globe Award for best score. Music by Philip Glass (1999), Kronos Quartet - 25 Years (1998), Kronos Kronos Quartet (David Harrington, violin; John Quartet Performs Alfred Schnittke: The Sherba, violin; Hank Dutt, viola; Jennifer Culp, Complete String Quartets (1998), which cello), since its inception in 1973, has emerged received Grammy Nominations for Best as a leading voice for new work. Combining a Classical Album and Best Chamber Music unique musical vision with a fearless dedication Performance; John Adams' John's Book of to experimentation, Kronos has assembled a Alleged Dances/Gnarly Buttons (1998); Early body of work unparalleled in its range and Music (Lachrymae Antiquae) (1997), which scope of expression, and in the process has received a Grammy nomination for Best captured the attention of audiences worldwide. Chamber Music Performance; Tan Dun's Ghost Opera (1997); Osvaldo Golijov's The Dreams More than 400 works have been written or and Prayers of Isaac the Blind (1997); Howl, arranged for Kronos, and its extensive U.S.A. (1996); Released 1985-1995 (1995); repertoire ranges from Shostakovich, Webern, Kronos Quartet Performs Philip Glass (1995); Bartok, and Ives, to Astor Piazzolla, John Cage, Night Prayers (1994); Bob Ostertag's All The Raymond Scott, and Howlin' Wolf. In addition ' Rage (1993); At The Grave of Richard Wagner to working closely with such modern masters (1993); Morton Feldman's Piano and String as Terry Riley and Henryk Gorecki, Kronos Quartet (1993); Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki's commissions new works from today's most String Quartets No.1 and 2 (1993); Short innovative composers from around the world, Stories (1993); Pieces of Africa (1992); extending its reach as far as Zimbabwe, Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki's Already It Is Dusk Poland, Mexico, Australia, Japan, Argentina, (1991); Astor Piazzolla's Five Tango Sensations and Azerbaijan. The Quartet is currently work­ (1991); Kevin Volans' Hunting:Gathering ing with many composers, including John (1991); Witold Lutoslawski's String Quartet Adams, Franghiz Ali-Zadeh, Diamanda Galas, (1991); Black Angels (1990), which received Osvaldo Golijov, Ben Johnston, Steven Mackey, a Grammy nomination for Best Chamber Music Akira Nishimura, Gabriela Ortiz, PQ. Phan, Performance; Salome Dances for Peace Steve Reich, Somei Satoh, Peteris Vasks, and (1989), which received a Grammy nomination Guo Wenjing. for Best Contemporary Composition; Different Trains (1989), which received a Grammy Kronos performs annually in many cities, includ­ Award for Best Contemporary Composition, ing San Francisco and New York, and tours Winter Was Hard (1988); White Man 208 JALbo', \ALbo _

Sleeps (1987), which received a Grammy Bete, and Monsters of Grace. Euphorbia nomination for Best Chamber Music Productions is involved in all aspects of contem­ Performance; and Kronos Quartet (1986). porary music-producing soundtracks for such noted directors as Martin Scorsese, Peter Weir, Michael Riesman (conductor, keyboards) is a Errol Morris, Paul Schrader and Godfrey Reggio; composer, conductor, keyboardist, and record a joint venture with Polygram International, producer, and has been a member of the Philip Point Music; building a state-of-the-art 48 track Glass Ensemble since 1974. He has conducted digital recording studio in New York City, many Glass works, including Einstein on the Looking Glass Studios; and producing CDs for Beach (both recordings), Glassworks, The such companies as Sony Classical, Nonesuch Photographer, Songs From Liquid Days, Dance Records, Elektra Entertainment, Virgin Records, Pieces, Music in 12 Parts (both recordings), Island Records, A&M Records, and others. In Passages, Koyaanisqatsi (both recordings), 1998 the musical score he produced for Mishima, Powaqqatsi, The Thin Blue Une, Scorsese's Kundun received an Academy Award Anima Mundi, A Brief History of Time, and Golden Globe nominations for Best Original Candyman, Kundun, and The Truman Show. Score, and won the Los Angeles Film Critics He has received two Grammy nominations as award for Best Music/Score. For Mr. conductor, for The Photographer and for Munkacsi's complete discography go to Kundun. He has conducted and performed on www.allmusic.com/amg/musicroot. albums by Paul Simon (Hearts and Bones), Scott Johnson (Patty Hearst), Mike Oldfield John Michael Deegan (scenery and lighting (Platinum), Ray Manzarek (Carmina Burana) , designer) has designed scenery and lighting in David Bowie (Black Tie/White Noise), and the United States and abroad for such companies Gavin Bryars (Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me as the Boston Symphony Orchestra; Houston Yet). Mr. Riesman released an album, Formal Ballet; The Acting Company; the Opera Abandon, on the Rizzoli label, which originated Companies of Boston, Atlanta, Baltimore, from a commission by choreographer Lucinda Pittsburgh and Houston, the Iceland National Childs. He collaborated with Robert Wilson on Opera; Saito Kinen Festival; and II Maggio Edison (New York, Paris, and Milan). His film Musicale Fiorentino. Television credits include scores include Enormous Changes at the Last stage decor (designed with Sarah G. Conly) for Minute, Pleasantville (1976), and Christian Spirituals in Concert, A Carnegie Hall Christmas Blackwood's Signed: Lino Brocka. Mr. Riesman Concert, and the Emmy Award-winning studied at Mannes College of Music and Bernstein at 70, all of which aired on PBS's Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D., Great Performances. USA Today picked their and has taught at Harvard and production of Pique Dame at Carnegie Hall as SUNY-Purchase. He was composer in residence the best opera of 1991. On Broadway he has at the Marlboro Music Festival and at the designed lighting for The Circle and Tanglewood Festival, where he has conducted Shadowlands. His production of Martha is part performances of his own works. of the repertory of the New York City Opera. He also designed the scenery for Philip Glass' La Kurt Munkasci (sound designer), president of Belle et la Bete: An Opera for Ensemble and Film. Euphorbia Productions, has been on the leading edge of music for the past 27 years. His Bela Lugosi (1882-1956), the man forever associ­ long time association with composer Philip ated with the role of Dracula, was born Bela Blasko Glass is well known. Mr. Munkacsi has pro­ near the western border of Transylvania, not far duced all of Mr. Glass' commercial recordings. from the legendary Counfs home in the Carpathian He also designed the sophisticated sound systems mountains. Reared in the town of Lugos-a name used for such Glass theatrical works as Einstein he would eventually take for his own-Mr. Lugosi on the Beach, Koyaanisqatsi, La Belle et La was the youngest of four children. He grew up

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preferring acting to his school work, which did not By 1927 Mr. Lugosi had relocated to fare well with his father, a strict businessman. Hollywood. It was the age of sound and his Nevertheless, Mr. Lugosi's desire to become a heavy accent was a problem. His career pro­ 1 world-renowned actor was strong, and by age 12 gressed slowly until his performance in The he left home to pursue it as a career. Thirteenth Chair brought him to Universal's attention. Mr. Lugosi was again cast as the By the early 1920's, Mr. Lugosi was an estab­ infamous Count in Universal's screen version of lished actor in the Hungarian Theater, touring with Dracula. With the worldwide success of the National Theater of Budapest, where he was Dracula in 1931, Universal considered Mr. recognized for his versatility. Here, the man who Lugosi its new Lon Chaney. He was teamed would be known for his role as a devil's disciple with actor Boris Karloff and was cast in starring was ranked number one in the Hungarian theater roles in several Universal horror classics. All system for playing, among others, the role of the while, Mr. Lugosi longed unsuccessfully to Jesus Christ. Although actors were exempt from break from the typecast of horror roles. He died military service, Mr. Lugosi left the theater for a in the fall of 1956 and was buried in his brief stint in the service when patriotism called. Dracula cape. He was promoted to Captain in the ski patrol dur­ ing WWI and received a Purple Heart. After the Linda Greenberg (producer) founded war and the 1919 Hungarian revolution, Mr. Pomegranate Arts, Inc., in 1998 as an Lugosi fled to Vienna and then Germany. He later independent production company based in traveled to New York, where he saw opportunity New York City, dedicated to the development of in the American theater. Not knowing the English international performing arts projects. Besides language, he formed a Hungarian stock company the world-wide touring of Dracula: The Music and surrounded himself with expatriates. His first and Film, Pomegranate Arts is the producer of English-speaking play, The Red Poppy, brought the American launch of Cultural Industry's him rave reviews. What reviewers did not know Shockheaded Peter, a music-theater work was that Mr. Lugosi had memorized the entire based on the Struwwelpeter Tales by Heinrich part phonetically. In the 1920's he worked in Hoffman, directed by Phelim McDermott and both theater and film, gaining a reputation for sin­ Julian Crouch, and featuring the music of ister roles. His big break came in 1927 when he Martyn Jacques and The Tigerlillies. Other landed the lead role in the Broadway production international projects include the American of Dracula. The show ran for 500 performances launch of Brazilian vocalist Virginia Rodrigues, and was followed by two years of touring. a Rykodisc artist.

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