------A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PR.ACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY� AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. XXVIII.--NO.15. ] NEW YORK, APRIL 12, 1873. [$3 per Annum. [NEW SERIES.] IN ADVANCE.

IMPROVED DUPLEX SAFETY GUN LOCK. being no guards, and the recoil cannot bruise the middle be withdrawn and the fastening plate may be driven up, that We give herewith an engraving of a duplex safety gun finger, whichis often the case on frequent firing. As long as is, in the direction from right to left in our engraving. 'fhe lock, patented January 28, 1873, by Dillon H. Mapother, of the lower trigger is locked, the gun, though it may be cocked, hold of the chair upon the rails will thu� be tightened. On Louisville, Ky., which, it is claimed, renders the use of fire­ cannot be discharged ; to withdraw the bolt requires an replacing the spike, it will engage with a new notch. arms perfectly safe to the user. It presents a new principle, exercise of will, an evidence of intention. These locks Another arrangement of partR, huving the same effect,con­ in that no single mechanical force will change the lock from but slightly increase the weight of the gun. A double sists in making the notches at the but.t extremity of the a state of rest to one of motion ; two forces have to be si­ barreled shot gun (30 inch barrels of No. 15 bore) to which plate, B, and, instead of the spike, E. substituting a square multaneously exerted, one of which is involuntarily given they have been applied, weighs but seven pounds ; and the headed bolt, headed into the end of the plate, A, at C. by the grasp of the stock. As accident cannot possibly com­ use of aluminum, instead of German silver, for the lower When the chair is keyed up, by turning the bolt its heud en­ bine two forces acting in different directions at the same trigger, would reduce this ; moreover, the increased weight gages in the notches and forms the lock. This is a recent moment, it will readily be per­ improvement and perhaps ceived that only the human more advantageous than the hand acting under direction of method above described, as it the will can effect the dis renders the device complete in charge. The following de­ itself. scription, with the aid of the As regards the economy af engraving. will render its action this system, it is stated that plain. When the hammer, E, the plates, A and B, are rolled is down on the cap, premature in any ordinary rolling. mill, discharge from any object and may, consequently, be knocking the hammer up is manufactured at a very mode­ impossible, as the key, K, fits rate cost. They are, as we into the safety notch, T, and have shown, adjustable to the holds the hammer perfectly rails. so that the latter may al. locked in its position. To cock ways be retained in proper po­ the gun, the thumb of the right sition, thus securing an even

hand, pressed lightly upon the nG.a tread for the car wheels. upper trigger or thumb shoe, A patent through the Scien­ N, by the action of the cam tific American Patent Agency lever, L, depresses th!lplunger has been allowed for this in­ D. D. and propels the key beyond the vention to Mr. Eldredge, line of the tumbler, H, when Post office box 225, Bedford, the hammer may be raised with Lawrence county, Ind., from the forefinger. It is now again whom further particulars may securely locked in its position, be obtained. as the key fits into the second MAPOTHER'S DUPLEX SAFETY GUN LOCK. FlnlDes from COlDpressed safety notch, T, while the sear, Gas. 0, obtains its hold upon the tumbler ; the action of the main­ of, say four ounces, is in a position to improve the balance of M. F. Benevides, Professor of Physics at the Industrial Le8 Mon des spring, F, being doubly prevented, nothing but a duplex or the gun. Institute of Lisbon, communicates to a note of twofold action will release it ; accident may act upon one For further information the patentee may be addressed as his investigations upon the above subject. He states that trigger and remove one hold upon the tumbler, but the other above. combustible gases, compressed and burnt in'the air, cause will remain. In effectinga discharge, thEl natural grasp of ------_ '--.... ----- some interesting phenomena, which may be readily observed. the handle of the stock acts on the lower trigger, P, detach­ COMPOUND CHAIR FOR CONNECTING RAILROAD RAILS. Among others it may be noted that, when the gas is under ing the sear, and when an aim is obtained, a touch of the great pressure and consequently escapes from the apparatus thumb instantly releases the mainspring, and brings down We present herewith a novel and effective form of rail­ in large quantities under a high velocity, its flame proper the hammer on the tube. By the action of the graduating way chair, which is so constructed as not only to serve as a does not begin at the orifice of edt, but at some distance screw, X, on the cam lever, the iey may be depressed so as firm support and means of connection for the ends of adja­ above it. There merely appears at the apertures a slight to have but a very fine holdon the tumbler,S, thus constitu­ cent rails, but also to afford a means of tightening the joint glow, which is separated by a large obscure space from the ting it a hair trigger. The locking bolt, serves as a sup­ in case it should work loose. The advantages of a device luminous jet. The dimensions of this interval depend port for the lower trigger when drawn back, and, when thus arranged will be at once obvious to all who have ex­ upon the pressure, rapidity of exit, and quality of gas, pushed forward, also securely locks the trigger, preventing perienced the ddects of the ordinary chair now in nse, and while its temperature is quite low. This M. Benevides COll- its action on the sear : the loaded gun siders due to the mechanical action of may thus be laid aside with safety ; it the current of gas, which forces the air can be cocked, but cannot be discharged back to a certain distance and thereby until the bolt is withdrawn. The half cuts off the supply of oxygen necessary cock notch retains the hammer just clear for combustion. Above the obscure of the cap, and protects both the ham­ space, the gas, having dilated, mixes mer and cap from explosion and from with the air, and a luminous jet of high percussion. This position is of course temperature is produced. On increas­ essential for breech loaders. From this ing the fl.ow of gas, air becomes drawn point the gun can be cocked without de­ in with it, and the brilliancy of the p�ession of the pIunger, but the hammer flame disappears though the tempera­ cannot be precipitated back on the cap ture is greatly augmented. Finally, by any accident, or even by intention, when the aperture is small and the ve­ until the hammer is brought to full cock. locity great, the air is crowded away, The invention is applicable to gun, and ignition will not take place. rifle,and pistol, to both muzzle and breech In cities in which localities varying loaders, to either bar or back action greatly in level receive gas for illumi­ locks. In addition to its safety, the in­ nating purposes from the same gas me­ ventor claims the following advantages : ter, at points above the source of sup- . The mode of discharge is less disturb­ ply effects analogous to those above de­ ing to aim than the old trigger, because scribed may be . produced. The reason the slight push required is directly in is that, other circumstances being equal, the line of the object ; whereas, in the the rapidity of the escape of the gas is old trigger, the pull is directly contrary, COMPOUND CHAIR FOR CONNECTING RAILROAD RAILS. greater in elevated situations because and has a tendency to depress the barrel. this velocity depends on the difference The discharge is more instantaneous, because the trigger or its superior efficiency will doubtless more than compensate between the pressure of gas and that of the atmosphere, and thumb shoe is as directly in the line of vision as the sight for its small additional cost. the atmospheric pressure becomes less in proportion as the pin ; it requires no nervous telegram from brain to forefinger In our engraving the bed plate is shown at A, and is con­ altitude of the point of observation increases. In cities. C, to discharge the piece at the instant the aim is obtained. structed with a hook flangeon one side and a dovetail, on therefore, like Lisbon, and we may add Boston or Albany, at When the discharge of the second barrel is desired, the trans- the other. B is the fastening plate, and is provided also situations near the level, it often happens that the supply of fer is made in half the time that is required in changing trig- with a hook flange, the edge of which is received in the gas fails during the day, while at more elevated spots there gers with the:forefinger. By no possibility can the gun be fired dovetail, C. The last portion is wedge-shaped, so that in is always a sufficiency. It follows, then, that in order to without concurrence of the will, as frequently happens with driving the two plates together the fastening lllate acts as a have the same brilliancy of light, burners and conduit pipes nervous fingers on triggers in the excitement of the hunt. By key. It will be noticed that the rails are firmly grasped by being the same, the opening of the valve regulating the sup­ no possibility can both barrels be discharged at once, both up- the two hook flanges. ply must be greater for the low localities than for those on per triggers not being in line, and a ridge (between them, in the The spikes at D, and the single one at E, secure the chair eminences. In positions hIgh above the sea leyel, if the sup­ stock) preventing such an accident. TIl() gun can be handled to the tie. The spike, E, passes through a hole in the bed ply valve be widely opened, the rapidity of escape of the readily with gloved hands ; even buckskin gloves may be plate, and engages in one of the three notches-any number gas becomes very great, and air is drawn in with it; and, prol'(uood, worn in the field, which greatly increases the comfort of may be used-in the fastening plate. When through the consequently, th(l effect of the 13uJ)sen burneris . . wear joj.nt becomes 100s(1, tMs before f3portamen. The gUll ill mgre convenient to handle, thtlre of the rI�il� t,he �pike, E, may a� noted,

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 224 J'titutifit �lUnitau. [APRIL 12, 1873.

of a second, posterity will be able to measure the amount of is the case in a dwelling or elsewhere. Nearly the whole retardation. amount of carbonic acid present in the atmosphere, he thinks, In the meantime human impatience has looked out for other comes from the soil. It was noticed, by Schulze, in 1871, means of measurement, and one has been found in the moon's that when the wind blew from the sea, theperce:ntage of this revolution around the earth. If we calculate the eclipses back gas in the air was less than when the wind MUNN & co., Editors and Proprietor& had travelled for long periods of time, say two thousand years, the calcu' over the continent. Roscoe established the unexpected fact PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT lations do not agree with the actual eclipses as recorded in that all the furnaces and chimneys in busy Manchester diS. NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK history ; this puzzled the astronomers at first, till La Place not perceptibly increase the al:4Olmt of carbonic acid in the tried to prove that the moon must be subject to a periodical atmosphere of the city ; much less could the manufactories O. D. MUNN. A. Eo BEACH. accumulation and retardation in Its motion, which must be scattered over the continent explain the phenomenon observed really very minule and only perceptible in long intervals of by Schultze. The supposition that it is everywhere given time, notwithstandin,,; that she travels faster and faster, and offfrom the soil is the only plausible explanation of it. We or E n.. J.\r!J: &. will afterwards restore the gain by going slower and slower. hope to hear of the experiments being repeated in different One copy, one year . sa08 • Mayer later denied the periodicity of this lunar motion ; he parts of our own country, so One copy, six months . 1.50 that the results of different ob. " C !MOO servers CLUB RATES r e only admitted the acceleration, on the ground that the moon may be compared. �� lo � ------. ___ __ t 5 t�� � g� ���e ��t�. �!c� �60 -- -- .>--4.------was coming nearer and nearer to the earth; and he main. STEAM ON THE FARM. tained that in the course of ages she must come down and [NEW SElUES.] Twentyei[Jhth Year. We recently published an engraving of an English VOL. XXVIlL, No. 15. destroy everything on the terrestrial surface. From La Place's steam ealculation the conclusion was drawn that the period of the mowing machine, whlch, for its simplicity, has attracted much attention. Something has been NEW YORK, SATURDAY, .APRIL 12, 1'373. earth's rotation had not varied one tenth of a second per cen­ done in the same line tury for the last two thousand years ; this was accepted and in this country. A correspondent suggests that there is an Contents: discussion set at rest, till Adams reviewed and corrected the extensive demand for small portable steamers, for farm use, (Illustrat.ed articles are marked with an asterisk.) calculations; then came Hansen, who proved by more elabo· with attachmen1 s to render them applicable to various pur. An�wers t.o correspondents...... 234 OZ0�benZine-A new explosive .... ' 229 poses. be Atmosphere and the Milky Way, Patent dec!sioIlB,recent...... 232 rate reRearches, concerning eclipses recorded in history, that For example such machines should capable of use the...... 227 Patented 1Il England by Arnerl· in working . �26 e the moon's acceleration was more than twice as fast as La mowers and reapers in lieu of horses; of driving I pat����a :,N l�� ·t{a', ',', : ',: ��� ��1 Y�k 'aiici � �\j . " ',',',', " " plows, seeders, harrows, saws, grindston61s, ��r:::'Brooklyn, g�r!!���� the great ...... 229IPatents,official list of ...... 235 Place's and Adams' calculations would admit ; this was agreed fiouring stones, Business and l?crsonal...... 234IPatcnts, recent American and for- straw cutters, threshing machines, pumps, drawing wagons Carbonic acid III the soil ...... 224 eign...... 232 to by Adams, who admitted that at least half, if not all, this Car improvements, European Phrenology, a test for...... 228 on common roads, pulling stumps, operating ditching \ 229 a�celeration is apparent only, and is due to a retardation in rna. street ...... 224 Pneumatic s�wing ma.chine,a ..... Cooperage, amateur...... 229 H.ailroad ran chair, eompound*... 223 the earth's rota.tion, causl�d by what he calls a brake, namely chines, etc. Here is a field for the ingenious. s o n i 'J29 · The g�NN��b.l:��f::�{rriPi.O.vcd.ra(tiai*��gl�:� �J(r [�o �� fiu�� ��� aratils·, the tidal wave, which must do work in sweeping twice a appliCl:tion of steam to farm labor is at preseni, in its Dwellings, constructIOn of...... 2'28 flexible...... 231 infancy. Evaporator, a rapid*...... 227 Saw manufactory, visit to a*..... 227 day around the earth in a diret;tion contrary to her rotation. One of the first requisites for its general introduc. Fire, a sing lar...... 231 Science. a munillcent gift to...... - 225 u tion will be the instrnction of farmers in the principles Ij�lamesfrom compressed gas ...... 223 l Scientific and practical informa- '1'her(,sult of the latest researches is that the earth in its and Gun lock, improved duplex safety*223 tion...... 229 economies of the steam engine--studies that Har i l t y u s f rotation has, in two thousand years, lost nearly an hour and are at present n r�� c �l �� � �. � 228 \ ig �i �� l �:Sft�{� �... .�� almost wholly neglected in ��(�{� �� ��� ; �� � �n� � � � � ...... � ��� one quarter, and is losing now at the rate of one second in our common schools. Health of cities, a simpl� method Sound and hearing* 226 ------...... -..�------of improving the...... 224 Steam gage and low water regis� 23 weeks, so that our days are one eighty·fourth part of a EUROPEAN STREET CAR IMPROVEMENTS, Invention, a Texas...... 229 tel', hfgh*...... 230 Inventors, eccentric...... 225 Steam on the farm...... 224 second longer than they were two thousand years ago. If .Jonrm.'lJ bearing and key, car ...... 223. Steam pipes, ignttion by...... 228 Knight, death of Ckarle...... 225'Steam, the ignition of combustl· the rate of retardation is kept up, the length of a day will In Edinburgh, Scotland, where there are steep hills and Lamp, improved Bubmarme...... 229 bleB by overheateu...... 225 s n et r l ir where street railways are just coming u become eq1�al to a lunar month in 36,000,000,000 years, and into use, Mr. Gillespie �n��.�pt�1ic:::::::::::::::::::::: �� oI t��v..���.. ��. �...��� . ��.t.t.�� 227 has Mining in California, quartz...... 228 Telegraph poles...... 226 equal to a year in 468,000,000 000 years; that means that devised a safety brake. It consists of a bar, running Mississippi, the tars at the mouth Tides, astronomical effect of the longitudinally of the...... 228 oceau...... 224 then the earth will revolve once a year around its axis and along the bottom of the car. A number of MitraiUeuse, a new...... 225 Vermin in grape vines...... 2�8 strong prongs project from the bar. Notes and queries...... 2;)4 Womcn:the employment of ...... 229 behave towards the sun as the moon does now toward the The arrangement is earth, that is, turn always the same side to its source of light ; such that, when the driver moves a certain lever, the pronged ASTRONOMICAL EFFECTS OF THE OCEAN TIDES. but it is evident that the change will in course of time be­ bar drops and the prongs strike upon the l)avement, entering come much slower, and that some trillions of years must between the stones, and instantly stopping the car. The calculation of the enormous amount of powet of the elapse before these full changes will be effected. In London, Messrs. Holmes and Taylor have invented a ocean tides, published in a former article, on page 64 of ------.�.. �.�.�------contrivance for storing up the inertia or power of the car A SIMPLE METHOD OF IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF lost in stopping, so as to apply that Dower to the starting of our current volume, being based on figures which ar� to a CITIES. certain extent eetimates only, may appear to many as exag. the car, thus relieving the horses of the severe strain now erated, and, no doubt., to others as below the real value ; certain Dr. Alfred Carpenter, of London, strongly recommends the required at the moment of starting the car. The device con. it is, however, that all will agree that an immense amount of connection of all house drains with one of the chimneys, or sists of a torsional spring, arranged under the body of the power is here devolop"d, while at the same time it, is evident with a special ventilating pipe leading to the roof of the car, working in connection with gear wheels upon the car that the tidltl wave, which runs from east to west and spends dwelling. By this simple arrangement a circulation of air axles. its force on the east.ern coast of Africa and South America, through the sewers is obtained, and the foul gases, instead of The use of springs for this purpose is very old in this not to speak of many islands, must exert some influence on entering the house to produce typhoid and other diseases, country, and has been tried in various forms without much the earth's rotary motion from west to east, tending to cause would be oxygenized, rendered innocuous and dissipated. practical economy. The expense and weight of the parts a retardation of that motion. In New York, and other cities, there are thousands of un· has proved, on the whole, disadvantageous. ------...... � ------But enormous as is the force thus exerted, measured by healthy dwellings, made so by the back ·preSEure of air from NEBRASKA PATENT LAWS, many millions of horse power, it is a mere trifie compared the sewer pipes, which would be instantly cUl' d by the use of with the earth's weight, which may be thus computed : Ac· a few feet of pipe to connect the house drains and water closet A correspondent states that the Nebraska legislature lU'.8 cepting the terrestrial radius, in ronnd numbers, as 4,000 pipes with the chimneys. We believe that the passage of a passed one of those wretched local laws in regard to the sale milos, the earth's cubic contents are, according to the formu­ law requiring the insertion of such pipes would be an excel· patents:which disfigurethe statutes of several other States, r la trr 3, equal to t x 3'1416 x 64,000,000,000 or more than lent sanitary provision. We compel the owners of tenement and are without force, legal or moral. This Nebraska law 200,000,000,000 cubic miles. Considering that a cubic mile houses to place fireescape ladders upon the outsides of their enacts, first, that it shall be unlawful for any person to sell is equal to 147,197,952,000 cubic feet, the contents of the buildings, as a means of saving life in case of conflagration. or barter, or offer to sell or barter, any patent right, in any a globe are equal to very nearly 30,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 But far greater number of liv�s might be saved if owners part of that State, without complying with such law. Next, cubic feet ; and as the mean specific gravity of the earth's were comp,'lled to put in vent pipes as above indicated. the seller of the patent is required to submit a sworn copy of X mass is =5, every cubic foot weighs on an average 5 62, or Noxious ail' from the sewers is one of the main causes of the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, give hisname, 310 pounds ; and the whole weight of the earth is equal to disease and death in all large towns. age, residence, occupation, and go through with such other ------.�•• >-•••�------9,300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 pounds. As a large por­ CARBONIC ACID IN THE SOIL,' humiliating examinations as the judge may take a fancy to tion of this mass moves with a velocity of 133,000,000 feet order ; and then, if the judge thinks it a proper case, he in 24 hours, or 1,440 minutes, it has, perhaps, a motion of It is well known to every one that plants derive much of may granta certificate showing that the applicant is duly almost a hundred thousand feet per minute, a momentum their subsistence from the air about them, aLd that their authorized to �ell his patent within the limits of Nebraska. compared with which the 500,000,000,000,000 foot pounds per principal articles of food are carbonic acid and water. The The seller is then required to exhibit the certificatetv every­ minute, which we found, on page 64, to be the power of the presence of large quantities of the formet' in the atmoRphere body he meets on the street, if they ask for it. Next, in case ocean tides, becomes rather insignificant. The first number during the carboniferous period of geological history caused the seller bargains with a man for his patent, and agrees to divided by the second giving a quotient of 180,000,000,000, the plants of that time to attain great luxuriance and enol'· take a note in part payment, he must write or print thereon, "given for a patent right;" and this forcibly proves its comparative unimportance. mous size. But plants find also a supply of carbonic acid in prominent letters, the words But as even a comparatively small power may in the end under the earth's surface, the solid earth being in fact porous and the value of the note is to be impaired by being made manifest its results, if it is only given a proportionately long and permeated with gas, of which the quantity increl4'les subject, if transferred to a third party, to all the defenses time wherein to exert itself, the question has been raised : with the depth of soil. Dr. P6lttenkofer has made some in­ that mig-ht exist if owned by the original receiver. Finally, Does not the earth show any retardation in its motion, if we teresting experiments on this subject in Munich. He first if the patentee or seller of a patent shall fail to observe compare its present velocity with that of the most ancient ob· dug a pit 14 feet deep, and in this he placed fine lead pipes any one of these requirements, he is to be deemed a criminal, � servations which have come down to us'? William Herschel, of 0·4 inch diameter, and ending at different depths. The and on conviction is to be fined fiv hundred dollars, or impris. considering that such a question cannot possibly be settled first reached to the bottom of the pit: a second went to a oned six months, or both, at the discretion of the court ; by clocks or time pieces, proposed to use observations on the depth of 10 feet ; a third about 8 feet ; a fourth 5 feet, and a and is also to be liable for dvmages in a civil action. rotation of planets, in some of which their time of revolution fifth 2t feet. The upper ends of the tubes were carried into We pity the stupidity of the legislators who could enact can be determined within a second, by means of marks on the laboratory, and connected with aspirators. After filling such a law. It is in difect contravention of the laws of the their surface. Unfortunately, Jupiter has such a variable tht; pit with the earth taken out, and pounding it firmly down, United States, which declare that the patentep, his heirs and surface on his vaporous atmosphere, that all Herschel's ob it was found that air could be drawn through all the tubes assigns, shall possess the exclusive right to make, use and servations on the same were labor lost ; only the observations just as easily as if the tubes were suspended in the open air. vend the patented invention throllghout the United St,ates on Mars werc found to be available, as Venus and Mercury In the course of from 2t to 3 hours, from 13 to 16 quarts of and the Territories thereof. But Nebraska, it appears, un· are too near the sun, and therefore, probably, their own rev­ air were drawn through the tubes ; and the amount of carbon· dertakes to legislate the inventor out of these rights, and olutions are retarded more than that of the eartb, by the ic acid was determined by absorbing it in baryta water. Ob­ take possession of them itself, without so much as offering solar tidal waves. Herschel obscl'ved Mars at intervals of servations were made at all seasons of the year, and the compensation. twa years, but by counting one rotation less than had actual­ quantity of carbonic acid was found to be greatest in August We need hardly say that this law of ;"l"ebraska, and simi. ly happened, he obtained the value two minutes too great ; and September, when from 14 to 16 parts of this gas were lar laws in other States, are all of them unconstitutional, and Maedler obtained, later, a value which was only one second found in 1,000 parts air from a dep',h of 14 feet. The small· have been so declared by the United t:!tates Courts. We pub­ too great, while finally Professor Kaiser, of the University of est quantity found at this depth was in JanuaI·y, when 3'46 lished the decision to this effectsome time ago. Leyden, Holland, by combining many observations, obtained volumes of gas were found in 1,000 volumes of air. The air Any judge or other'person in Nep)'askawho undertakes to a value which is correct to within one fifteenthof one second. nearer the surface contained much less of the gas, except in interfere with a patentee in the sale of his patent, under the Proctor, of London, sets down the time of Mars' rotation the months of June and July. 'fhe experimentor think5 that pretended authority of a Nebraska law, makes himself per· period at 24 hours 37 minutes 22'74 seconds, a value which this carbonic acid may be produced by organic processes in sonally liable to penalties under the laws of the United at some future time may serve as a test for the period of the the soil, being given off by living organisms of a very low States. earth's rotation. Proctor claims that it is correct to within order. The fact that the amount decreases as we come near· If the object of the Nebraska legislators is to save its Bim­ one hundredth part of a second ; if so then, if, after a century, er the surface is attributed to the diffusion of it into the air, pIll minded citizens from the cheats and tricks of designing as the earth's rotation has changed only the one hundredth part v(Jntilation being less perfect in summer than in winter, knaves, who, under coyer of pretended patents, pretended

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. APRIL 12, 1873.] 225 -=====

land grants, pretended mines, and fraudulent pretences of Recently he has been villanously swindled by two men said This is the nub of our difference with our correspondent, fox various kinds, go roaming about the country plundering to be high in political position, who have taken his money whom, personally, we entertfoin the highest respect. In whomsoever they can : if such is the object, sureiy there and promised to assiRt him; but they have done nothing ex­ most of the examples of mysterious combustion, where steam mllst be some other way to its accomplishment than inter­ cep � put him off with lying Axcuses, and Congress meets ann boilers and pipes were used, it has appeared on careful ex­ ference with the vested rights granted to individuals by the adjourns without knowing of the existence of either the in­ a nination that the fire was probably due to spontaneous ig­ laws of the United States. ventor or his ideas. Thus he will continue, pouring his nition, or escape of gas from furnace doors, not to super­ A much better plan wuuld be the passage of a law by the scanty means into the hands of these harpies, and coming heated steam. Mr. Wiard has claimed to possess positive legislature authorizing the Governor of �ebraska to pur­ from his home b Ohio to Washington every winter until personal knowledge of many examples of firescaused by the chase from the patentee, on behalf of the State, the right to death overtakes him, as far at the end as at the beginning overheating of steam as he alleges. We have invariably re­ every new and useful patented invention that might be pre­ .from thc realization of hi" wild phantasy. There is a hu­ quested him to give us names and places, in order that we sented, all citizens of the State to enjoy the free right of use morous as well as a grave side to the subject : perhaps the mightSCIENTIFIC personally AMERICAN verify the facts, and by their publication in thereof.. This would relieve the citizens of all necessity of majority of cases would excite laughter before pity. A me­ the enable engineers and ownere to buying patent rights, the United States laws would be com­ taphysical genius with unkempt auburn locks and dilapida�ed take warning. But although our correspondent has frequent­ l)lied with, the useful arts would be splimdidly encouraged, garments infests newspaper offices and the Liberal Club ly promised to furni.sh the necessary data he has never, until and Nebraska soon become the most intelligent, wealthy, in this city. He is ready at all times to argue anything, but now, done so except on one occasion, when he gave us an populous and prosperous State in the Union. has a particular fondness for rretaphysics and squaring the address in this city, where he said we might call and learn ------4.H•• •••� __ ------__ _ circle. For accomplishing the latter, he has invented a new the facts of a case of superheated steam ignition, provided we A MUNIFICENT GIFT TO SCIENCE. process, which consists in considering the difference between would agree not to publish the matter. The reason assigned the circumference and the circumscribed polygon as an infin- for withholding publication was that the owners were afraid Some time since Professor Agassiz in an address before itesimal quantity too small to be noticed. It is needless to that the insurance companies would refuse to take risks on th e L egIs I a t ure 0 f M assac h use tt s ca11 e d th ea·tt en t· IOn 0 f th at state that by this method he arrives at, to him, perfectly sat- the property. We declined to investigate unless we were b o d yot th' e need an d v al ue 0 f a summer sch 00 1 for th·e In- isfactory results. permitted to publish the facts. struction of both teachers and students in· natural history. Another instan(;e is that of a recent exile from Erin who, for Mr. Wiard then assured us that the Fire Marshal in this He also suggested that, during the coming summer, a session some time past, has been seeking to secure the adoption of city was in possession of facts pertaining to many examples should be held on the island of Nantucket. These remarks a his invention by Congress. It was suggested at one time to of fires occurring here, caused by superheated steam, to attracted the attention of Mr. John Anderson, 1 wealth� and . which we might have access at any time for publication. 11 O W · fire cannon at dIfferent villages throughout the country to we k nown t 0 b aceo merch an t 0 f thIS CI·t y, 10 WIth g1'!l.at� ( to _ We at once applied to the Fire Marshal, but were unable I · · 1 warn farmers of the approach of a storm. This idea our mun·fii cellce las d onat e d an en tIre IS an d for th e purposes o. . ascertain that he was in possession of information in a single -I rIshman had improved upon and he claimed that �is signal the institution, supplementing his gift with a fund of $50, : . w 0 . could be heard around a radius of twenty-five mIles from case, where fire could be traced to superheated steam. 000 . Th e IS 1 an d , 1·nC.I 1 b ears th e name f P·enik ese, IS of . . hIS maclnne. The device was economical, simple, supplied We have heard nothing more from Mr. Wiard until now, about one hundred acres in extent and ill situated in the a "ant lon felt, etc. , etc. , the usual formula. He worried and here he gives us the latest proofs of his pet theory. Elizabeth group, at the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, on the � the C0 m ttee of the House on commerce to pr,)cure him an But to our minds they are not convincing. We understand south@rn coast of Massachusetts. It hss been largely im- n:- � a proprIatIon-a hundre tho s nd d llars or so-� t pe ­ from this report that, at the time of the fire, the engines of proved, and contains several buildings valued at $100,000, � � � � � � . � sistently refused to tell what hIS mventlOn was. He dldn t the vessel were in motion, and the fireslow, which indicates while the fertility of its soil is snch as to render it possible propose to let his cr t out and be robbed, but wanted the the circulation of steam at a low temperature, and forbids to raise s.ufficient produce to pay all expenses of the school. . �� � . apprOprIatIOn. fir t. mally he consented to allow the LIght the supposition of superheating. ProfeslltJr Agassiz considers that the site is eminently suit- � � House Board to mvestlgate the matter. Mr. Wiard thinks it impossible to believe that oil could ed for the purpose as affording ample opportunity for origi- It was discovered that the device consisted in a huge fun­ have been present in the felting, thus causing spontaneous nal investi;"ation as well as instruction The institution will nel vvith the little part down and the big part up. The little combustion. But he gives no reason why such a belief is im­ be carried �n throughout the year i� connection with the part was to be fitted with a whistling apparatus an d arranged possible. We have published examples of the spontanl'ous museum of Cambridge and measu'res will be speedily taken upon a framework at some distance from the ground. When ignition of clean cotton fibers, without oil, under the favor· to prepare the buildin�s for use. ing influences of a gentle heat. We recently published a re­ ------4.�••. � •••------the telegraph should bring intelligence of a coming storm, ECCENTRIC INVENTORS. an immense plug, hanging above the funnel, was to be loos­ port of the engineer of the Providence Water Works, giving ened, when it would descend with great rapidity-pile driver an account of the ignition of the engine felting and wood If any one should undertake to write a volume on the :JUb­ fashion-into the funnel, forcing the air into and through covering at that establishment, on the occasion of an in­ ject of inventors-" their vagaries and vicissitudes " would the lower small part of the machine and thus produce a crease in the boiler pressure, and the consequent increase of be a "taking " title, as publishers express it-we believe sound of stupendous volume which would be audible for the steam heat. He maRe no mention of the presence of oil. that a tome as ponderous as Webster's dictionary might be twenty-five miles. The Board heartlessly reported against But a subsequent report, by another engineer, stated that produced and yet not exhaust the topic. As a class, they the invention, and the inventar was last heard of endeavor­ the feHing and wood were both saturated with oil, and that are looked upon as enthusiasts, fanatics, seekers after will­ ing to convince the public that the examiners had been bribed the fire was the result of spontaneous combustion. What of-the-wisp theories, until some day the public wakes up by an envious rival. we need in all such cases is to know all the facts, and then ------4. H•• �••• ______to the fact that one out of the million has immortalized him­ an intelligent conclusion may probably be reached. THE IGNITION OF COMBUSTIBLES BY OVERHEATED -.-.. self and conferrad incalculable benefits on the human race. STEAM. A NEW lIITRAILLEUSE. Then, if it cannot crush him or deprive him of the result of his labors, it bows down to him, pours gold into his pocket, ro the Editor of tlte Scientific American : Interllsting trials have quite recently been made at the erects statl'l.es to his memory, and complacently absorbs his Holske Machine Works, No. 279 Cherry street in this city, From time to time, I read communications in your journal P. glory under the grand title of our" national genius." Mean· of a new mitrailleuse invented by Mr. J. Taylor, of Ten­ which lead me to believe that you are not now as sure as you nessee. The experimental while, the other ninA hundred and odd thousaud continue to I gun, the first constructed, was were that the theories have heretofore advanced in relation built at the above establishment and possesses a number of be "visionary mo.nomaniacs. " to the title subject of this letter are " absurd." I now have The popular notIon of an inventor is admirably depicted entirely novel features, well calculated to make it a very the satisfaction to be able to forward to you an extract from in a comedy, written 1y a well known literary lady and re­ formidable weapon. It has twenty-four barrels, which by the log of the United States steamer, Alaska, which I have enfu8iUade cently produced at one of the theat'lrs in this city. The simply turning a �rank may be discharged or all been able to obtain by favor of the Secretary of the Navy, principal character is a childish old man who has invented a at once. The loading mechanism is especially ingenious and Hon. Geo. M. Robeson, giving an official account of a fire flying machine, in his attempts to perfect which he has consists in a magazine of cartridge", placed in rear of the which occurred on that vessel on January 19, 1870, a more swamped a fortune. The action hinges on the effortsof his Sun gun,from which four rotating chamber�,are fed in succession. full account of which was published in the New York daughter to save him from further waste and to protect the The contents of each chamber,as it comes even with the ends soon after; to which account I have frequently referred in family homestead, which, it seems, of the barrels, are discharged in turn until the reservoir is her father morte:ages to the discussions which have taken place before the Polytech­ obtain money to pursue his scheme. Though exhausted, when a new and filled receptacle may be quickly the play has nic Club of the American Institute, and I forward this to not been successful, to this one character substituted : 700 rounds per minute can be fired by fusillade we can award you at the earliest opportunity, in rt·sponse to the oral de­ hearty praise. The utter indifference to every subject save or 1,000 in broadside. The machinery is simple and so ar­ mands you have frequently made on me for facts : ranged his invention, the desire to sacrifice everything, even the as to be well protected from the effects of shot strik­ A. roof over his head, for the" benelit of mankind," the ear­ " January 19, 1870. 4 to 8 M. Fires very low. At ing it. The gun, which is exciting no small degree of in­ terest nest catching at every word of encouragement. the delight of 7.50 discovered that the felting over No. 2-forward star­ in military circles, is at the present time undergoing a of the old man when the wily lawyer who is plotting against board-boiler was on fire. Led a stream of water to the series careful tests, the results of which, together with a fuIi him promises assistance, and his total de�pair when he finds same, and sentEDWARDS word to the FARMER, officer of the deck. (Signed) description andSCENTIFIC engraving AMERICAN. of the piece, will shortly be published his means all gone and himself unable to put" the very last 1st Assistant Engineer. in the The workman­ A. ship and finishingtouch " to his device, were most graphically "From 8 M., to Meridian. Felting found to be on fire di�played in the production of this first specimen of the depicted; an old friend was on the stage before us, repeat­ on forward starboard boiler; was nr.t fully extinguished till arm is e;x:cellent, and reflects the highest credit upon the 11 A. M. Hauled fires in forward starboard boiler at 9 A. Holske Machine Company. ing familiar words. ------. .. �... ------M. , and in all the others at 11 A. M. Stopped engines at � Fortunately, the eccentricity of genius is the exception SPRAGUE, Death of" Charles Knight. JAB. P. and not tlle rule, while it is the prominence which individu­ 9.20 A. M. (Signed) Charles Knight, the celebrated editor and publisher of als unwittingly give to 1.hemselves that leads them to be re­ 1st Assistant Engineer." illustrated works, of London, died recently in the 82d year garded as types of a class. We constantly hear of schemes The log further shows that, next day, when the lead plates of his age. His various publications of useful information as impracticable and as wild as the search for the philoso­ were removed, it was found that the felting on all the boilers are known throughout the world. Among them are the pher's stone or the elixir of life. The quest of perpetual was charred, although tbe worst charring was found on "Library of Entertaining Knowledge," " Family Library," motion is indeed our modern alchemy. Often we learn of in­ boiler No. 2. It seems impossible to believe that the felting "P enny Magazine," "P enny Cyclopoodia,"History of the Peo �tances of labor so patient, and.confidence so implicit in on any of these boilers, securely encased in sheet lead, was fu­ pIe," etc. ture triumph, that the very pathos of the case disarms con­ to any degree saturated with oil, and consequently your inge­ ------.�.. �... ------demnation. There is an old man who haunts the halls of nious hypothesis of spontaneous combustionNORMAN is not WIARD. admis - The Laundry. Congress in Washington; he has dore ao for years, with a sible in this case. A correspondent, J. D. K., points out the mistake made b, faith which is wonderful, if not sublime. He is over sev­ Washington, D. C., March 15, 1873. many housekeepers in using only warm water in washing enty years of age, always neatly dressed, though there is a REMARKs.-The theory held by Mr. Wiard is that a pro­ clothes, under the idea that too great heat sets the dirt. He tinge of rr..ild decay now coming over his raiment, and gen­ lific cause of fires is the sl'l.perheating of steam in boilers and asserts that half the labor of rubbing may be saved by using erally wanders about with a bundle of pamphlets under his steam pipes-such superheating being occasioned by low a high dllgree of heat, and for this treatment, a washin arm. He is ready to explain his theory to any one, and ad­ fires. For t 6 example, at night, when fires are hanlcd, and machine of some sort is absolutely necessary; and depreca vances his views in the mildest and most deferential of nil, the circulation of steam rendered Mr. Wiar:l thinks the use of chemicals as destructive to the fabrics. terms until some person ventures to doubt their practicabili­ that the small quantity of steam in the boilers, above the ------.�.. �... ------BOILLOT ty, when a tigress robbed of her whelps could not be more water, and lack of circulation promote superheating, and M. announces that,by causing the electric curren, incensed. His invention is something about applying cement that the upper part of the boiler and adjacent steam pipes to p ..ss through a vessel containing a mixture of sulphur to the banks an

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1 tirutifi, �lUrti,au. [APRIL 12, 1873.

TELEGRAPH POLES. SOUND AND HEARING. THE HEARING APPAUATUS. In Inuia, Central Asia and Anstralia,where great t;)legraph Professor Louis Elsberg, of the Medical Department of the The ear is divided into three divisions, outer ear, middle line� have been elected, iron poles have been especially University of the city of New York, lately delivered a lecture ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the project made, which have answered all con�tl'uctional requirements at the Cooper Union in this city, which is rQPorted in the i!lg portio n on the side of t.he head, and the external and which have since proyed to be the most economical New York Tr ibune as follows : auditory canal. This canal ends blindly, being entirely means of carrying wires aboye ground. The speaker said that sound was vibratory motion of mat· closed by the membrane of the drum, or the external On the application 0f iron to this purpose, Major ter, appreciated by the hearing organ. This fact could be drumhead. This drumhead, also called tympanic mem. Webber lately read a paper before th e Society of Telegraph illustrated in an endless variety of ways. brane, or membrane of the tympanum, forms the par ti. Engine"rs in England, in which he adverted to the different SOUND VIBRATIONS. tion wall between the external and the middle ear. forms of metal poles proposed. Some are constructed like In the The middle ear is called the tympanum, t.he Latin word railway signal posts, others like split tapered tubes, tele. experiment which he introduced at this point a i for drum. Like every other drum, that of our ear con. scopes, lattice and ribbons. Others again have been made of v olin bow was draw across the the rim of a tumbler firmly tains air, and has, also, a vent hole, or, rather, a multiple iron bars of T and sections or of cast and long H narrow tube running to the posterior part of the nose wrought iron tapered tubes, connectcd by socket joints. As and throat, the-Eustachian tube, named after Eustachins, a general rule no one design is applicable to all situations, the physician who discovered and first described it-by for on ordinary roads the mathematical eurves of a railway which communication is established between the air of are not met with, but in their stead, every abrupt angular the middle ear and the air of the atmosphere entering the change or tortuous winding. The poles should be strong nose and mouth. The other walls of the drum are bony ; and enough to carry the weight of the wire at the requisite hight across the cavity there extends a chain of three little bones, from the ground without bending, anu rigid enough to resist the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively so called from the pressure of wind. When placed in the ground straight, their shape ; the hammer being imbedded in the outer, and they will require no side support, but when at an angle, the stirrup planted against the inner, drumhead. they will hardly resist the lateral strain due to the wires. The internal ear is the most complicated part of the hearing A wooden pole, unless placed so as to partially convert strain organ. It is a closed cavity, containing watery l'quid, a into thrust, cannot long resist strain with the resistance RjaCe of such intricacy that it has received the nam:) furnished by the ground alone. The di ffi culty lies, not in "hhy. fixed in a support. A sound was produced, and a wooden rinth." It is situated in the hardest portion of all the bones making a pole with the necessary strength, but in obtaining ball susPended at the side of the tumbler was thrown to a in the body, in the stony portion of the temple bone ; and it a sufficiently unyielding mass to hold it upright against distance. ·This showed that vibration of particles of matter, is here where the terminal expansions of the nerve of hear· the horbontal strains to whil"h it is subjected. place a taking certain number of times within a certain time, ing are. In the water swims the membranous labyrinth, a Lieutenant Jekyll, ha'i ing analysed the forces to R. K, produced sound. To become sound, vibration must take closed bag of delicate elastic tissue, also containing water., which poles are subject, considers a stay superior to a strut place at least 16 times per second. We CRn cause a sound· and having the same shape exactly as the bony portion of in affording support. Where stays or struts cannot be fixed fork, ing tuning he said, to write the history of its motion by the labyrinth in w1lich it swims, but which it no where at the same hight as the wire, it is bettC'r to attach them its own autograph, or its phonautograph, as it is called. touche�. In this membranous labyrinth, a hranch of the above than below it. An iron loop at the arm bolt would SOUND WRITING. auditory nerve is spread out. form a good means for the attachment of a stay ; the loop OTOLITHS AND FIBERS OF MEMBRANA BASILARIS. should be put on inSide the arm and be galvanized. The In this experiment, a tuning fork with a thin piece of defects of struts are sometimes l"ilmedied by anchoring or sounding brass attached was struck, and then draw n over a The auditory nerve consists of several thousand micro. foot· staying the pole ani by bracing the pole and stmt to scopically fine threads of nervous fiber, held together by gether in the middle with twisted wire ; though even this connective tissue, and has its origin in that part of the brain precaution does not prevent the top from ,bending. called the medulla oblongata, which is just at the top of the When local circumstances preclude the use of either stays spinal marrow. It passes through this, the internal audi. or struts, trussing may be employed with advantage. The tory canal of the skull, and before entering the labyrinth pole for this purpose is supported horizontally by a crutch divides iLtO two branches, of which one goes to the vestibule at each end, in which position it sags slightly in tb e middle. and one to the cochlea. The vestibular nerve sends two A block of wood about two feet in length and the same thick. piece of blackened paper. A waving line appeared on the bundles of filaments into the vestibule, where numerous ness as the pole, is halved into and spiked to the butt of the paper where the thin brass had scraped off the lampblack. very small, sharp cornered crystalline particles of carbonate By noting the time we take to write, said the lecturer, we pole at right angles to its length. A spur about 1 foot in length is fixed on the side of the pole, half way between the may determine the number of vibrations of the particular groulildline and the top. An ordinary stay rod is grooved sound. In this case you would find 48 points made in one into the side of the butt and passed through the block at the quarter of a second, hence the sound of the tuning fork is G bottom, and an iron loop is attached to the bolt of the top of 192 vibrations in a second. The speaker then went on to arm. A twisted wire stay is then made between the loop at show that the forces-sound. heat, light, and electricity­ the top and the eye of the stay rod at the bottom, which, were all the result of vibrations, and could be converted one when tightly secured, is stretched over the spur as a bow into another. The difference between noise and sound was is drawn. It will then be found to be quite tight and to im· declared to be that, while the latter was the result of regu· part a slight bend to the pole, which can be further increased lar, the former was produce.l by irregular vibrations. if required by screwing up the nut at the end of the stay rod. I have stated the limits of audible sound to be the rates of The block at the bottom may be bolted side by side to the vibration of 16 and 38 ,000 in a second, which embrace more pole, and a fO l:r·armed spur is recommended. The truss than 11 octaves, but those of effective musical sounds are wire must be placed on the same vertical plane with the re· much less. 'rhe clangs used in music are almost never sultant of the wire strains. The ground, and especially near lower than 32 vibrations in a second (the lowest C on the the foot, where blocks should be used, must furnish the nec· pianoforte), thus comprising seven octaves. essary support. In cases of withstanding exceptional pres· THE SIREN. sures, double or A poles are sometimes used. Essentially, every siren Mr. W. Siemens considers that in the employment of iron of lim ear, are consists of a rotating e, the so called otoliths or stones of the situa· poles a buckled wrought iron foot plato is of ad vantage, as ted perforated disk, against adjacent to the nerve threads : and, also, a bundle of affording a much firmerfoundation. The portion of the post filame , where one or more points of nts to one end of each semicircular canal be· which is partly buried the ground and therefore exposed tween the er of xc in which a current of air terminal nerve threads a large numb e eed. to the simultaneous action of moisture and air, is made of impinges. Whenever ingly fine, sharp pointed elastic bristles grow up. cast iron and of tubular form. This tube is fastened to is the air strikes a hole Waves ()f sound emanating from a sonorous body and the buckled plate by means of four bolts, and is provided at it passes through with a propagated through the air are caught up by the outer ear its upper end with a suitable pocket to receive the upper puff, and when the puffs and strike the outer membrane of the drum. Through the tube, which is made of wrought iron. The shape is approx· follow each other in series of bones, the vibrations are transmitted and concen· imately parabolic. The tubes are cemented with a mixture sufficiently quick succes· trated on tc e oval membrane, or inner membrane of the of sulphur and oside of iron. poles, thus arranged, 18 0,000 sion they combine, just drum. Each movement of the oval membrane is transferred have been erected by the Messrs. Siemens in South America, as any other vibrations, to the water of the labyrinth, and this transmits it to the with satisfactory results. They are not as cheap as wooden to form a sound of low membranous labyrinth and ductus cochZearis, where the poles the outlay, but are · of course not subject to dry in first or higher pitch accor· neJ:ve terminations are spread out. The greater the intensi· rot. ding to their frequency. ty of sound, the greater will be the extent or width of the ... �. When the rate of revo· vibrations received by the outer drumhead and finally Continuous Railway Brakes. lution and the number transmitted to the nerve ; the longer in duration the SGulld, of perforations of the disk are known, the rate of vibra· the longer will be continued the vibrations conveyed to the Mr. W. H. Fox, C. recently read a paper on the above E., tion of the sound produced becomes known. nerve ; we are therefore able to become conscious of degrees topic before the English Society of Engineers. His conclu· ' of loudness and durations of sounds. noise, that is, non· sions are that every engine and carriage should be fittedwith HELMHOLTZ S RESONATOR. A periodic vibrations, excite the vestibular nerve ; if evanes· brake apparatus capable of reducing it from a speed of Helmholtz has invented a method of analyzing a sound, cent, they are accepted and prolonged by the otoliths, which sixty miles per hour to a state of rest in a distance not ex· namely, by means of so called "resonators." These are vibrat ing mechanically excite the adjacent nerve filaments ; ceeding 220 yards on a level, in ordinary weather ; that a hollow bodies, one end of which is placed into the ear ; if continuous they are taken up by covibration of the bristles retarding force of per cent of the weight of the train is 18 and thns conveyed to the nerve. Just as the untouched sufficient to do this ; that cast iron is generally more suitable tuning fork or piano string is thrown into co vibration in than wood as a material for brake blocks ; and that experi. sympathy with a sound of the precise pitch to which it is ment shows that pressure of 2t tuns is required to be ap· a 0 attuned, so each of the microscopical fibers in the cochlea, plied to the cast iron blocks fitted to each of the four wheels <:> being attuned to particular pitch, responds by sympathetic of a carriage weighing tons, and tuns if wood'ln blocks 10 1'8 vibrations to the vibrations emanating fr0111 a correspond. be used in like manner. The author considers that the 0 ing tone and from that tone only. atmospheric brake complies with nearly all the conditions they are so easy of application that any one can m".ke use "Within the ears of men and without their knowledge necessary to be fulfilled a perfect continuous brake. by of them. If properly attuned, they at once reveal the and contrivance " this harp of many thousand strings " has ------�··· o ...� ----__ presence of their particular tone, if contained in the sound existed for ages, acceptirig the music of the outer world and APLE SUGAR an by the brain." For the motion M as article of merchandise is in a fair or sounds under examination. By their employment we rendering it fit for reception way of extinction. The maple forests of New England are can demonstrate, beyond cavil or doubt, that every sound mechanically excited in the nerve substance of either the being yearly cut down and converted into broom handles. as it generally occurs in nature, as it is produced by most vestibular or cochlear nerve is conveyed along the nerve Thousallds of splendid trees, monarchR of the woods, which of our mURical instruments or the human voice, is not a fiber (probably somewhat as electricity is conveyed along a have fOF a generation yielded full quotas of sweet. sap, are simple, single sound, but a compound or composite one, wire) to the brain ; and here the physical etIect of the mo· annually felled. At the present rate of destrnction, maple composed-aside from a usual admixture of noises-of a tion-nerve excitation-is mysteriously transmuted into th(\ o sugar and maplll ltfQ�lTI h(m(lle� wilJ b ..f re long, hI) nn, number of tones of different intensity and pitch, !Ill of physical Of intellectll.al state of perceptioll-consciousllflSSof lmQwn in trade. which ditff'r�nt tones combine(\ are helJ.rd ns our.. Ilonnd,

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. APRIL T2, 1873.] J dtutifit �tutti,au. 1<- isit to a §a_ JlI anuractory. cess, which is merely heating them, in an oven, to a straw (!J;orrt�pottdtu(t. To the inexperienced observer a wood saw is merely a color. This restores all the stiffness lost in polishing and Retrograde or Direct Motion or the Sun. notched steel plate, of no particular character or design, and handling them after they were tempered. The color put on least of all does it occur to him that it requires any special them in the oven is removed by washing them with acid. To the Editor of the Scientific American : knowledge or skill to make one. This impression would be After this they are immersed in an alkali to des1roy the ef­ After carefully perusing the article, under this title, in your speedily dispelled if he visited a workshop where such tools fect.! of the acid, dried in sawdust and handed over to the issue of March 15, I come to the conclusion that your COlTes­ are made ; he would then discover that no ameunt of labor handlers. pondent is wrong in some of his views. He has confounded is too great, research or study too severe, to be expended in These are briefly and superficially the processes which the the effects oi precession on the duration of the seasons, with improving and advancing the character of this simple imple­ ordinary hand saw goes through before it is ready to use. We that on the apparent motion of the stars. I will try to make ment. We recently went through Disston & Son's saw fac­ have not attempted to describe them in detail, as it would the difference apparent. Let the circle, V SAW, represent tory, employing one thousand men. It is said to be the largest occupy too much space. The actual routine is as follows : The the ecliptic whose poles are of its kind in the country, and the various processes there blade taken in the ingot of steel is firstrolled into sheets, trim­ E, F, and the circle, C V witnessed were so interesting that we propose detailing them med into shape, toothed, filed, hardened, tempered, straight­ D A, the equinoxes whose to some extent, so that our reailers will have clear ideas of ened, ground, hammered, drawn, polished, blocked, rubbed, set, poles are Nand M; then the amount of labor necessary to produce a saw. stiffened, sharpened, handled, inspected ani! sold : nine­ t11l1 circle, N D M C, will In this factory all the processes are carried on, from the teen separate and distinct operations, requiring care and expe · represent a solstitial col­ raw material to the perfect tool. The steel is melted and rience before it comes to be handled. We may say here what ure. If we suppose that cast into ingots. Sheets are rolled therefrom, and all the we omitted to say previously, that the temper imparted in the sun's apparent path, various operations necess8,ryand requisite to fit it for its duty the factory under notice is simply exquisite. The old " Tole­ starting from V, is toward are performed ; so that, when it is finallypronounced good by do blades," so much vaunted, may no longer be held up as S, then V will represent the inspector, it is ready to go to the hands of the mechanic. models of excellence in this respect. "As fine as an Amer­ ican the vernal and A the au­ THE STEEL. saw " must hereafter be the standard of comparison. A thin steel ribbon, like a sword blade, may indeed touch tumnal equinox. V is con­ Saw blades cannot be too good ; the various operations they heel and point and bf) nothing extraordinary after all ; but tinually advancing toward have to pass through "punishes " the steel so much, so to when it comes to a saw blade only thirty inches long and an W, a direction opposite to speak, that unless it is entirely uniform in quality . and average of five inches in width, to temper this so that it will that of the sun, at a rate homogeneous throughout, it will never be satisfactory, or do touch heel and point is indeed a feat worthy of notice. Not equal to an angle of 50'1" the center good service ; therefore in this concern the proprietors make a feat, -for that implies something out of the common ; where (subtended from of our figure)per year, causing the no 20' their own, so that they can be sure of its quality. as in these saws the boys took any one of them indiscrimi­ sun reach the eq uinox 19'9" sooner than it would if The process of making steel is so well known in general to nately and drew the foot across the blade, bending it heel the equinox had remained stationary. The tropical year is i 25868.26 + our readers that we will merely say it is here melted in cru­ to point, and exhibiting it after this severe s,rain without a thus made shorter than the sidereal by in ; and cibles as in all other steel works, and rolled into sheets sub­ curve or a crook in it. were our civil year dependent on a complete revolution around the sun, instead of the return to the vernal equinox, the sea­ sequently. The ingots for cross cut saws are of peculiar Circular saws are ground as they are used in the mill. 25, 868 shape, however, like the sketch, and after being cast are They are suspended vertically and ground on both sides at sons would go the whole round of the year in years. subjected to a thorough forging once, the other processes they pass through being identical This is the effectthat precession has on the duration of the seasons. But when V has reached V', N will have arrived at under heavy hammers to render with those previously described. Mill and cross cut saws L, are ground on a curious looking apparatus which is in fact a travelling toward B, cl)mpleting the circl@ in the same them tough and uniform through­ on (lUt. Cifcular saws are also formed quadrant. The saw is held the arc of the quadrant, as at length of time. Fig. 2, N from in �·()ts varying in weight from Now in suppose E to be the pole of tIleecliptic, the 300 ordinary sizes up to pounds. pole of the equinoctial, and 'Ll ""e are forged out under very H a star anywhere outside L B. heavy steam hammers, and subse- the circle, N A meridi­ quently reduced to the proper thickness by rolling in the an of the earth,at N, would ordinary way. . After being rolled, they are laid out and come under the star again brought to the proper size and then straightened into per­ after one complete rotation of fectly flat disks. This straightening is an art, or a branch of the earth on its axis, if N the art, peculiar to itself, as any inexperienced person can were at rest ; but when N L, readily discover by undertaking to straighten, or "take the arrives at the solsti­ buckle out," of a piece of sheet metal. He will straighten A, which receives a vibratory motion on its axis, B, by suit­ tial colnre will have taken up the L one edge and make the other crooked, or the center will bulge able mechanism, and the stone revolves against it, having, direction M', so in addition, a sidewise motion imparted, so that it travels t hat a meridLlll of the out ; in short, all his labor comes to nought, for the more he t') hammers it injudiciously the more mischief he does, and he across the face of the saw, making it wholly equal in all parts. earth, again coming it, Fill the will acknowledge that there is skill and judgment required The handles are made of domestic woods, chiefly beech be beyond star at H. for so apparently simple an act as straightening a saw and apple, and are first sawn out on a belt saw and after­ As time accumulateR inc l(as� plate. wards rounded, rasped, and bored in a manner that will be this difIerencewill "round Toothing the saw, in the case of the circular and larger readily comprehended by most workmen. There is nothing until, th e pole, N, having made a complete revolutio" the center, E, the star H will have failed to cOllle to the blades, is done under a hand press by punching them in an in this department worthy of special comment. 25,868 obvious manner ; but with the OIdim1ry carpenters' saws, and About twelve thousand duzen saws, chieflyhand saws, are meridian once, thus losing one day in years. This thoRe for wood sawing, the teeth are cut in a machine with made in this establishment per week. This vast quantity latter is the effectof precession on the apparent motion of extreme rapidity. '1'hey are fed through in front of a rap­ goes all over the United States and elsewhere. We were the stars. idly revolving cutter, gt a certain speed, which nicks out one not told at the factory that English goods had been driven The retrograde motion of the equinoxes is real, and dol'S tooth at every revolution, so that the rapidity with which out of the market by the American manufacturers, but we not necessarily involve the idea of a direct or other Illotion were so informed elsewhere. And we (an readily believe of the sun, as your correspondent claims. In reality that lu­ the teeth are made is marvelous to the uninitiated. The IL attendant stated that the average rate was about twelve saws that, if one saw factory makes twelve thousand dozen per minary is nearly stationary as regards the earth. Indeed motion per minute. week, to say nothing of a number of others iu the business of the sun from perturbation or any other cause could TEMPERING AND OTHER PROCESSES. in this country, tue demand is enormous. not take place without sharing such motion with our planet, ------�. . �.. .------because, the earth being held in place with respect to the Hun Sllme When the saw blades have been passed through the nec­ A useful suggestion for a book mark : A peece of card by force of gravitation, this force would exert the influ- ence whatever position the sun took np. C. II. B. essary processes previously, they are iempered, ground and should have two cuts, polished. The hardening is done by plunging the heated an St. Elie, Canada. meeting at angle _ .... . plateR into oil baths. The tempering is quite a differentan d thus : Tlte _\. tlD.ospbere aUll the MilkJ- 'V ay. distinct operation, and one extremely interesting in all re­ It should be inserted To the Editor of the Scientific American : spects. The thin p� ltes kave the oil baths at a vitreous "t the fore edge of the l\�rlmps qm's­ hardness, glass hard in fact, so that when struck over an llook, and will then be the following remarks, on the possibly new t; >1l anvil they will fly into fragments. This quality has to be thus : of the effect of the atmosphere in causing the ap­ and will point to ut taken from them and the requisite elasticity and toughness ,) Ie course of the Milky Way to vary, may be of some the place desired to be s imparted instead. marked. rdce to science, and particularly in the branch of meteor­ Further, when the blades come out of the oil baths where­ ------.�--�.�.. ------.,;ogy. First let me draw attention to what the late Dr. in they are hardened, they are more or less buckled or crook­ A Rapid Evaporator. Dick says with reference to the course of this grand nebula in In ed, some of them much more than less, and any one but an S. suggests, for rapid evaporation at a low temperature, an the heavens. his "Celestial Scenery," he observes expert would say that the material was spoiled ; but this arrangement using the principle of the bellows for displacing that "about the middle of August at nine o'clock in the evening, it may be seen stretching in an oblique direction defect is soon remedied. The hardened plates are removed the air charged with vapor. over the heavens,from northeast to southwest ; and its appar­ to a burning fiery furnace quite as uncomfortLble as the one A pan (a large shallow one is preferable) with a cover sus­ of old wherein Shadrach and his brethren tarried awhile. pended from a horizontal lever, the lever moving vertically ent motion along the heavens may be traced with that In this furnace there is a cast iron disk made perfectly true on a pivot at or near the center, is to be arranged with the of the other constellations. At other seasons of the year on its upper face and supported by a vertical shaft. This and at other hours of the night, its position will appear other end of the lever weigh1 ed to counterbalance the cover 1871-2, shaft is capable of being raised and lowered with the die by and the blades. The blades are flat pieces of board or metal, somewhat different." During the winter season of a hydraulic ram beneath. Over this die is another-the as ncar together as may be desired, attached to the cover distinguished as it was by great atmospheric disturbance two constituting a pair of highly heated platens, or hot press. and snowy vaporous charged air, during many days, (from along its whole length and breadth 1871, When the die is hot enough, the previously hardened saw the month of December, through January and Feb­ ami hanging from it, side by side, 1872) S. blades are placed on it, a dozen or so at a time, and the two extending to the bottom of the pan ruary, I did not fail to remfirk that the W. "V. are brought together with a force of six tuns, which has the when the cover is down ; when the end of this great nebula had moved in the arc from S. to VI'., effect not only of drawing the temper of the blades to a prop­ cover is lifted up, they are lifted thence to N. W. , until finally, in the first week in March, er degree of toughness, but also of taking out aU the warp with it, covered with the fluid ; at it pointed nearly north, and the other part, nearly south ; and curl, so that they are to the uninitiated observer "good the same time, the air is drawn in in other words, this nebula laid apparently across the enough ;" they are not good enough for the critical workmen. to fill the spaces and is expelled again, as the cover descends, heavens from north to south. Further, the northern end however, who show you that, although apparently correct charged with vapor, which, being heated, rises outside, giv­ assumed, in March, a decided sharply defined and brilliant and true, they are still far from perfect. ing fresh air. The lever, worked with a crank, requires little aspect. The apex of the arch was very much bent to the The plates leave the hot dies of a dull dead black, and have power on account of the weight which counterpoises the west ; and there followed (whether by coincidence or other­ to be polished and otherwise brough t to a better finish. The wise is the question) a succession of nurthern and easterly cover and blades. 18, polishing is done with emery, in machines or rubbers with ------�.�... ------winds both before and after the great gale of March Whp�l THE 27'90. a reciprocating motion which imparts that fine straight grain crude ammonia salts resulting from the purifica­ the barometer was down to Sailors regard (and rightly observable in the blades. This operation also has the effect tion of coal gas are frequently found to contain stllpho­ I believe) the dimness or brightness of the southwest of taking the spring out of the blades, so that, if bent or cyanates which render them unfit for manure. In some branch of the Milky Way as an indication of the . qRarter phonomenon twisted by accident in using them, a permanent injury cases the amount of sulphocyanate of ammonia present was whence wind is coming, so the remarkablo is would result. They are therefore put through another pro- sufficient to destroy the crops where it was applied th at the nebula becomes a celestial barometer. 'r his ;'ear

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 228 [APRIL 12, 1873. the Milky Way is apparently pursuing the same course, producing quartz that will yield fifty dollars per tun. In the In consequence of the above treatment, I had an unpreced­ laying by last observation about north and south ; but it is stamp mill process, if water power is employed for pumping, ented crop of grapes last year, as was also the case with my more dim and milder in appearance than it 'Nas last year, hoisting and milling, quartz that will yield three dollar� per neighbors who followed my advice, and I have no hesitatio n in recommending it as an infallible cure for worm in the and the weather has followed these indications. tun will pay expenses ; quartz that will pay ten dollars per ALEXANDER DOUGLASS. vine. May I suggest that, as the atmosphere is more disturbed, tun is considered good rock, and, if mined and milled with ------.�. . ..� .------a disturbing effect appears on the apparent course of the economy, will pay a dividend to the stockholders. Quartz The Bars at the Mouth oC the MississippI. Milky Way ? We know that water will cause an oar or is mined in the same manner as lead and copper ores. A To the Ed itor oj the Scientific American: stick put into it to appear as if b1- oken; so that it may shaft is sunk in the ledge to any desired depth and drifts or be that the atmosphere laden with aqueous and snowy levels are made at every 60 or 100 feet. 'rhose levels are run, I suggest the following plan to get rid of the bars at the matter, in suspension but not always positively visible, will if the quartz will pay, to the boundary line of a claim. The mouth of the Mississippi : 1. Let the bars take care of them­ exert a like effect. The question is an interesting one. quartz when hoisted to the surface is dumped in the mill selves. 2. From the nearest point of the river to deep water, DELTA. Halifax, Newfoundland. house and broken into small pieces about the size of a man's run a broad ship canal to the Gulf, and provide it with a ------4_ �•• � ------fine lock to prevent the river using it as its channel. fist. It is then fed into the mill which crushes the rock VRYDAGH. A Ted tor Phrenology. enough for it to pass through a screen of about one hundred Terre Haute, Ind. J. A. To the Editor oj the Scient'�fWJ American: holes to the square inch ; water is fed ir:to the mill with the The Hartford StealD Boller Inspection and rock, and, with the rock when crushed, findsits way through Insurance COlD pany. Scientific tests are now all the rage, a,nd are applied to a the screen. As soon as the water and quartz sand leave the locomotive boiler as well as to a plowman's prayer ; I there­ screen, they pass over elect-ro-silvered copper plates, which The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Com­ to fore venture lay before you a test for phrenology, which I are about 13 inches wide and 25 feet long for every five pany makes the following report of its inspections in the believe to bA both novel and scientific. Its infallibility rests stamp� in the mill. These silvered plates are first cleaned months of December, 1872, and January, 1873: on the fact that the brain of man, as well as his body gives with sulphuric acid and then coated with quicksilver ; and as During the months of December and January, there were offmore heat when in a state of activity than when in a state the water and quartz sand pass over the plates, the gold 2,101 visits of inspection made, and 4,111 boilers examined-- of rest ; and that this surplus heat can, and has been, meas­ adheres to the quicksilver, and the sand and water run off 1,576 of these were carefully examined internally, and 322 ured in both instances by means of the thermo-electric mul­ modu8 op erandi into a concentrator, the office of which is to separate the were tested by hydraulic pressure. The number of defects tiplier. The is as follows : you get a sub­ quartz sand from such fineparticles of gold as do not adhere in all discovered were 2,272, of which 515 were regarded as ject, or a patient, or wh at is better, a person who is willing to thcl plates, also to separate the base metals, if any. Quick­ dangerous. Thesb defects were as follows : to be both, and set him to read a novel, or to do some light silver is"fed: into the mill with the quartz and water in quan­ Furnaces out of shape, 128--37 dangerous; fractures, 233-- work, such as shelling peas, etc. , which requires no thought tities to suit the richness of the rock, The quicksilver and 120 dangerous ; burned plates, 124--60 dangerous ; blistered or exercise of brain power. You then apply a delicate ther­ gold adhere tv the silvered plates and are allowed to accumu­ plates, 335--50 dangerous ; accumulation of deposit, 492-- - mo electric pile (which is connected with a multiplier) to one late until a thickness of from one sixteenth to one quarter or 43 dangerous ; incrustation and scale, 470--38 dangerous ; or more of his bumps (having previously seen that there is, one half inch is reached. The amalgam is taken off" with external corrosion, 128--12 dangerous ; internal corrosion, no local inflammation of the parts). You then carefully pieces of hard rubber, and then retorted ; after which the 52--10 dangerous ; internal grooving, 53--4 dangerous : water note the degree of heat shown on the multiplier in each in­ quicksilver can be used again, and the gold is ready for the gages defective, 87--17 dangerous ; blow-out defective, 61-- GEORGE PHILLIPS. stance ("ay of the bumps of imitation and constructiveness). mint. 13 dangerous ; safety valves overloaded and out of order, This being done, you set the subject to copy a drawing or Alleghany, Cal. 67--20 dangerous ; pressure gages defective, 213--30 danger­ some writing, and again apply the electric pile to the bump ------4. �••• -- �------ous ; boilers without gages, 55--9 dangerous ; deficiency of of imitation. Now if the instrument shows an excess of heat Alligator Dentlstry.--CelDeot Cor SettIng the Teeth water, 16--12 dangerous ; broken braces and stays, 75--36 above that noticed in the first instance, or even if it shows oC AllIgators and Other Purpose ... dangerous; boilers condemned, 31. any excess of heat, jn the particular spot known as the bump To the Editor oj the Scientific American: The defects enumerated above are such as are usually of imitation, above that of the surroundin$ bumps : I think, found in these reports. Boilers that are not carefully Having accidentally used a cement which may be new and sir, that we may conclude that phrenology is not altogether watched are liable to rapid deterioration. It must be remem­ of value to some of your readers, it gives me pleasure to offer a farce, and that the bump in question is the seat of the bered that boilers are under heavy pressur8s--that there is it in return for the many valuable hints I receive from your greatest activity in the brain during the action of imitation. an internal force contending continually with the surround­ journal. We can also try the bumps of constructiveness and amative­ ing iron for the mastery. Irregularitie� and disturbances Being desirous to preserve as a curiosity the skull of an ness by setting the subject to write a love letter or the bumps favor the internal force, and weaken the surrounding resist­ alligator of uncommon size, I fou nd, to my regret, that.. after of veneration and calculation by setting him to say his ance. Hence it becomes of the utmost importance that the boiling the fleshfrom 1he hideous thing, all the teeth drop­ prayers and add up a row of figures. If you think there is safeguards of the boiler be kept, as near as possible, in per­ ped out. '1'he only two substances at hand which seemed to any difficulty in getting the subject to be patient and tracta­ fect condition. be adapted to the purpose of resetting them were sulphur ble under the test, I advise that he be mesmerized before The neglect to do this is often followed by serious conse­ and beeswax. On trial, however, neither of them would proceeding. I have not tried the experiment myself, but I quences. A case has recently come under our notice, where answer. The sulphur was too brittle and the beeswax too think that some of your scientificreaders may be induced to an engineer ( ? ) was running a boiler with the gage cocks en­ soft. It then occurred to me to combine tham, and the re­ pursue the investigation, the results of which, I feel con­ tirely stopped by incrustation and corrosion. The water sult was a cement admirably adapted to the purpose. I used fident, wouldbe interesting, not only to the readers of the gage connections were filled up so as to render it worthless, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, half of each ingredieut, but it may be made harder by using but to the world at large. and the safety valve was in a very dangerous condition. In G. more sulphur, or softer by using more wax. After pouring San Francisco, Cal. D. another case, the safety valve was so near the timbers of the ------4. �•• ��" ------the melted compound into the cavity and replacing the to:>th, floor overhead that it could not lift. Numerous cases of Ignition by StealD PIpes. it became perfectly solid and fast in a few seconds, without broken and loose braces and stays have been found. In one To the Editor oj the Scientific American: cracking or shrinking, It case, when the boiler was working under very heavy pres­ I understand the question at present under discussion to It is a beautiful material for taking the impressions of sure, the front head was cracked (the stays being broken), medals, and can no doubt be used in �he arts in many other be whether pipes containing saturated steam can ignite wood, and, at every revolution of the engine, it vibratAd to the ya­ ways. Judging from the ease with which it is cut with a and not, aR E. R. Dingley in your last issue puts it, will rying pressure. Blisters have been numerous, though in knife, the substance, in proper proportions, can doubtless be superheated steam fireinflammable subst ances. comparatively few cases dangerous ; but some have been very turned in a lathe and polished. He says that he ascertained by the indicator that (as might bad indeed, and the thin leaf that resisted the internal 'rhe alligator was 14 feet long, the skull, 23 inches long have been supposed) his Howard sectional boiler was work­ pressure was saved only from its small area. Pressure and 13 inches across the jaws at the widest part. ing over water, and he therefore attached a superheater, BLACKFORD. gages have been found in very unsafe condition, their varia­ Powhatan, La. WM. W. with which he succeeded in setting the building on fire. tions being from --57 to + 13. 'r he great variations have ------.� . . �.------Nothing could be more natural than this, for common pru­ ConstructIon oC DW'ellings. been found principally in iron works. The worst cases dence would have suggested covering the pipes with non­ were as follows : --10, --15, 30, --35,--57. These, it will To the Editor oj the Scientific American: conducting cement and removing all wood work at least 2 be seen, are all heavy. Hence the steam users were running inches, by which precautions perfect safety would have been I notice in your ibsue of March 22 a communication signed a pressure, in excess of that indicated by their gages, cor­ insured. M. M., of Franklin, Mass., (in the same issue) also J. H. L. , Cincinnati, O. From my experience I can say that responding to a pressure indicated by the addition of the falls into error in supposing that he was using saturated the idea is a good one, if he will make one addition which is above errors. Thus, we will suppose that a steam gage, steam, when, in fact, his upright tubular boiler might (es­ very simple. indicating 80 Ibs. , upon being tested is found to be --57 Ib8., pecially when the outflow of steam was partially checked) In filling between the scantling, I place and nail fast at or 57 Ibs. heavy. It will be seen that the actual pressure superheat the steam enough to ignite thoroughly dried or each end a piece of inch board, after having laid up about would be 137 pounds, which doubtles� would be beyond the charred wood. Superheated steam is highly economical and sixteen inches of bricks ; bats or halves will do. These pieces limit of safety. advantageous, as is proved by its extensive use in many may always be found about a new building, and the rougher The comparatively numerous explosions of steam boilers branches of manufacture. Like other heated substances it they are, the better. Tue pieces should be nailed flush with in iron works and rolling mills, the past year, would seem to A. BOUCHARD. must not be taken where it may do damage ; but the adop­ the brick and scantling. W. indicate that there was a great want of proper attention to tion of the safeguards before mentioned render its use per­ Cincinnati, O. the condition of boilers on the part of both proprietors and fectly safe and easy. To th e Ed itor oj the Scientific American : engineers. In my own practice, and after careful inquiry, I have failed We were recently called upon to test and correct a steam to obtain an authenticated instance of wood burned by satu­ On page 180 of your current volume, J. H. L. recommends gage which was used on a boiler exposing many lives. The rated steam as ordinarily used, its only effect being to render his style of building for others to follow. Having had ex­ gage, upon examination, was pronounced worthless and the wood dry and more liable to ignition by a spark. perience in building during the last thirty years, I would condemned. Its variation at 20 lbs., 15 Ibs. heavy, and the New York city. HENRY W. BULKLEY. advise them not to do it, for the reason that the studding error increased as the pressure was increased. Upon inves " To the Editor oj the Scientific American : will shrink unequally with the filling-in, and cause the walls tigation, it was ascertained that the boiler was in a very dan­ to crack where the wood and brick join. Let him fur out gerous condition. It had been condemned by an inspector I have read two articles in your paper relating to ignition the studding half an inch and lath so that the key of the nearly a year previous, and yet had been kept at work at an of wood by steam heat. I have used steam for years to dry plaster joins the filling in. That will prevent the rats and indicated pressure of 60 Ib.--oran actual pressure of between gunpowder ; our dry house is arranged with four lines of mice getting-in. 80 and 90 pounds. We regard this a case of criminal care­ G. pipes running upon three sides. The powder is placed in lessness. Morrisania, N. Y. J. M. ------.. �.. �.. .------4.�I .I>_"...______trays, which are set one upon another, reaching from six Hydraulic Apparatus Co r Store Shutters. inches from the floor to the ceiling. It cannot be n�oved VerlDin In Grape Vines. when dry without dust, which arises and of course settles To the Editor oj the Scientific American : A plan for closing store shutters by hydraulic power has upon the pipes. We have no knowledge of an accident ever recently been invented in France. The shutter, composed of It is a comIDon complaint in this city that grape vines are occurring from ignition in fact, powder has been often placed horizontal iron laths,is suspended from below on two chains, so infested with worms as to spoil the crops of most years. upon steam pipes in our engine room (when the pipes were one of which. after passing over a pulley, supports a piston I was so troubled until last year, when I determined to rid the hottest) to test it. There is not heat enough to explode moving in a hydraulic cylinder. By turning a cock, the SUPERINTENDEN'l' MIAMI POWDER OMPAN myself of this pest. lit. C Y. water flows from under the piston, which, by its exe-ess of I obtained from a cigar manufacturer two handfuls of to­ Xenia, 0., March 14, 1873. weight, raises the shutter. When the reverse oppration is ------.� .. �.• •------bacco stems, upon which I poured a quart of boiling water. performed, the cock is turned so as to admit the water in the Quartz MIning In CallCornia. When cool, I applied the liquid to the infected buds, young lower part of the cylinder, the piston rises and the shutter To the Editor oj the Scientific American : leaves and embryo fruit, copiously, by means of a syringe falls. which I constructed of a piece of tin tube with a perforated ------.. �.�------The quartz ledges or veins of California are from 1 inch to end soldered to it, and a wooden rod packed with flannel and THE first public library at Rome was founded in the year inches in wi,lth, some of the wide veins being very rich: worsted to form a piston, 167 B. C.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. timtific APRIL 12, 1873.] J �lUtritaU.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION. AInateur Cooperage. Ozo-benzine---A Ne,v EXlllosivc. Lcs MINE VENTILATION. Putting a hoop on the family flour barrel is an operation MM. Houzeau and Renard state, in Mo ndes, that by that will hardly bear an encore. The woman gen'lrallyat­ causing concentrated ozone to react upon pure lJenzine boiling 1,. 178" Mr. G. Scott has placed a new plan for mine ventila­ tempts it before the man comes home to dinner. She sets at Fah., a solid body is formed of gelatinous appearance tion in successful use in Wales. The arrangement consists the hoop on the end of the staves, takes a deliberate aim to which the name of ozo-benzine has been given. The 6 HG). vacuo. of a number of plain iron cylinders placed laterally to the with the rolling pin, and then shutting both eyes brings the formula is Cl2HG (C2 Dried in the substance upcast shaft, which is sealed, and applying a steam jet t) pin down with all the force of one arm, while the other in­ becomes solid, white, amorphous and highly explosible. It each cylinder, on the plan of the injector. stinctively shields her face. 'f hen she makes a dive for the detonates with violence under the influence of shocks or A WA'rERFALL IN VENEZUELA. A camphor and unbleached muslin, and when the man comes heat. few grains exploded in the laboratory shattered the MI'. Brown, tt e government surveyor in British Guiana, home she is sitting back of the stove thinking of St. Stephen glass in the windows. It is very unstable, and when left has recently discovered, near the head waters of the Massa­ and other martyrs, while a burnt dinner and the camphor either in air, carbonic acid, or even in a vacuum, it changes rund, what appeared to be an immense river descending are struggling heroically for the mastery. He says if she rapidly. Among the products of the aqueous decomposition bodily from the N. W. fall of the great precipice of Rerai­ had kept her temper she wouldn't have got hurt. And he of ozo-benzine, is noted the presence of acetic and formic rna mountain. The summit of this cliff is known to be visits the barrel himself, and puts the hoop on very carefully acids, and also that of a solid acid, very soluble, becoming 2,000 a feet in hight, and the river, after tumbling sheer down and adjusts it so nicely to the top of every stave that only colored brown by potash or soda. Another composition is 3,000 that enormous wall, rushes over a glacis of about feet few smart knocks apparently are neeaed to bring it down also formed which has an agreeable odor and no acid reac­ 46°. at an angle of not less than According to the Indians, right, when he laughs to himself to think what a fuss his tion. hy­ the fall belongs to the Caruni river, a tributary of the Orino­ wife kicked up over a simple matter that only needed a It has also been noted that a mixture of bicarburetted co, and is in the territory of Venezuela. little patience to adjust itself, and then he gets the hammer drogen and ozone detonates violently without the action of THE TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE CLOUDS. and fetches the hoop a sharp rap on the side, and the other light, heat or electricity. The ozone mu�t be strongly con­

-- -- side flies up and catches him on the bridge of tl,e nose, fill­ centrated. ------. � . �.�------M. Tissandier states that in a late balloon ascent froin Paris . . 6,560 his soul with wrath and his eyes with tears ; and the next A Texas Invention. he reached a hig];t of feet above the earth, where, hav­ instant that barrel is flying across the room accompanied by ing passed through layers of clouds, he found a bright sun­ The following letter was received at the Patent Office re­ 63° 65° the hammer, and another candidate for camphor and rag is ­ lit sky and a temperature of from to Fah. When de enrolled in the great army that is unceasingly marching cently : - To the Oommissioner of Patent8: scending and re-entering the clouds, which were in a highly Da nlJury 27°, towal(d the grave. Ne ws. ------electric state, the temperature decreased to and the �.�.. � SIR : I will trouble you with the description of an article balloon was surrounded by sm",ll crystals of ice. Longitudinal Rail Support. that I have invented for the purpose of extracting such sub­ A NEW AGENT FOR DESTRUCTION OF HAIR. Railroad Gazette, stances as money from the stomach. If it is not already Mr. Wm. S. Huntington, in the gives the I patented to some other inventor want a patent. I am the Professor BOttger states that sulphhydrate of sodium is following plan of rail support : He says that a good arrange­ inventor of the instrument that I claim. I was called on now acknowledged as an agent destructive of hair. This ment is to lay cross sleepers in the ordinary manner (except by a Dr. '---, who had a patient, a little girl five years old, sulphhydrate of sodium attacks the substance of the hair still with a little more care) and place thereon stringers or rail 8 12 that had swallowed a half dollar, and it had been in the more energetically than that discovered hy him thirty-four plates, say by inches and of any convenient length, but stomach three days. I went to work and made him an in­ years ago, tIle nauseous sulphhydrate of calcium with the breaking joints with the rail. The cross ties and rail plates strument with which he took out the half dollar at the se­ odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. This new agent can be should be of sawn or very nicely hewn timber, to insure a cond trial. I know a doctor who says that he was called to readily cbtained in a very convenient form by rubbing perfect bearing of the plate on the cross tie. The most effi­ 1 a case of a similar kind, and the patient died. I want to together intimately rart by weight of crystallized sulphhy­ cient manner of securing the plates to the sleepers would be 3 know what it will cost to get out a patent and how to go drate of sodium with parts by weight of fine purified to spike cast iron brackets to the sleepers and also to the about it. If you will furnish me with the instructions I chalk (carbon"te of lime) to a fine powder. By moistening plates. On very sharp curves it might be necessary to use think are necessary I will go to work at once to complete it. this mixture, which keeps for an u:llimited length of time shorter plates than on straight lines, in order to bring the rail I know that my work is a complete success, and no hum- ill well closed glass vessels without suffering decomposition, in the center of the plate. With this arrangement it is con­ bug about it. Please address ------, Texas. ------with a few drops of water to a thick paste, and placing it in sidered that the sleepers could be entirely covered with bal­ ------...... , � a layer of the thickness of a knife back upon a hide covered last, which would render them more durable than when only "" Pnetllnatic Se,ving llI aehine. with hair, it will be seen that the thickest hair is changed partially covered. Most kinds of timber suitable for sleep­ A �ewing machine motor, invented in England by Joseph within a few (two or three) minutes into a soft mass easily ers would remain sound more than twice the ordinary length E. Holmes, consists of a sewing machine having, beluw the removed from the skin with water. By prolonged action the of time. They would be relieved of the destroying influen­ table, a train of gear wheels and an air pump, operated by a skin itself begins to corrode. ces of the weather and the rotting effect of contact with the TESTS FOR FUSEL OIL. crank, the pump being used to exhaust the air from a cylin­ rail. More perfect drainage would be secured, the rail would der, underneath a piston which traverses the cylinder. The be held in line, and, if the ends of the plates were placed in A practical and reliable test fo>r this extremely poisonous exhaustion of the air causes the piston to descend and drive contact, all creeping of the rails would be prevented. 14 - ...... --. the sewing machine. If a vacuum equal to lbs. to the substance, which sometimes contaminates spirituous li ,uors, ------. . _----- is so desirable that we are not surprised at the number of inch can be obtained, the piston being 9 inches in diameter, Standard Car Journal Bearing and Key. 890 tests which have been prop:Jsed. The following are two of the pneumatic pressure on the piston will be lbs.; equal the principal ones : M. Bouvier proposes putting a few A committee appointed by the Master Car Builders' Asso­ to a weight of that amount falling say three feet, the hight pieces of iodide of potassium in a long test tube containing ciation to determine the most suitable form and size of rail­ of the sewing machine table under which the piston is placed. a alcohol. slightly shaking it. If the alcohol contains from i­ way axles, oil boxes and journal bearings, in order that a uui­ 'f his device strikes us as rather complicated method of 1 to per c9nt of fusel oil, a perceptibly light yellow color form standard may be adopted, state that larger axles, longer applying and storing the power exerted by the individual in soon appears. Professor Bottger, however, showed that and larger journals and larger oil boxes than are now in use turning the crank. The coil spring would be simpler and many specimens of alcohol which contained n'." fusel 011 still are desirable. A large axle, it is considered, would tend to cheaper. We have seen sewing machines driven by springs gave this color reaction, owing to the presence of some acid, lessen its liability to break : an increase in the length and that operated well. In fact, we gave an illustration of such 134. probably acetic, in the alcohol, which decomposes the iodide diameter of journals would distribute the friction over a a machbe in our last volume, at page _ .•. . of potassium, setting free the iodine. Fusel oil alone, on larger surface, facilitate lubrication and avoid delays by hot The Great Snsp'�nsion Bridge bet_een Brooklyn the contrary, is not able to decompose iodide of l'otassium boxes. and Ne_ York. even when boiling. A far better test is permanganate of The following specified sizes of journals and axles for all At a recent municipal investigation into the affairs of the potash, which is much more readily decolorized by fusel oil new work, both for passenger and freight cars aud also for old cars as far as practicable, is recommended. Length of above bridge company, State Senator Murphy, who is one than by ordinary alcohol. 6 10 BISULPHIDE OF CARBON IN ILLUMINATING GAS. axle between outside collars, feet inches. Thickness of of the directors and subscribers, was examined, and among 4t collars, � inch. Diameter of axle at wheel seat, inches. other statements he gave the following particulars : 4 7 Harcourt has found that, on passing illuminating gas Diameter of axle at center, inches. Length of jou1'llal, The piers are a success. One defiected only three eighths 3t through a pipe heated to redness, the bisulphide of carbon inches. Diameter of journal, inches. of an inch, and the other five eighths of an inch,-a most ------combines with the hydrogen, forming sulphuretted hydrogen -- --. �.�.. ------remarkable circumstance in such a work. The work cost us which is removed in the ordinary lime or iron gas purifier. The Employment of' Women. a little more than we expected, because of the increase of 30 100 A sample of gas which contained grains of sulphur in fivefeet in the hight ordered by the United States Govern­ a L. W. E. writes to dispute some statements in our article $1,50D,000, cubic feet of gas was conducted through tube heated red 97 ment authorities. It may cost us more than we on page of the current volume, especially those to the $9,000,000 hot and then through a purifier charged with oxide of iron. anticipated. that is, for the bridge itself and land effect that women have lost some of their employment by $2,500,000, a. $12,000,000. On testing it afterwards, it was found that the amount of or total of about We have got 5 6 100 men invading their avocations, and that women are en­ sulphur was reduced to or grains in cubic feet. This to take all the land under the works on both sides of the tgled to some recompense for the wholesale robbery. method of purifying gas seems simple enough, but at pres­ river, but we can utilize it. On the Brooklyn side it would "Have not these same women robbed editors, clerks, lawyers, ent a practical method of performing it on a large scale is be a splendid place for a market. ------physicians and lecturers,about as much as they have been rob­ --- �...... -.. � wanting. NEW PROCESS IN STEEL MAKING. bed '/ The statistics of New England show that, while men Silicic A.eid as a Mordant. have devised methods to add to their wealth, the ability of MM. Bajault and Roche have devised a process of steel It is known that amorphous silica possesses considera� Ie women to earn a livelihood has diminished. If, as is some­ manufacture based on the partial decarbonization of the power for absorbing certain colors, especially certain aniline times claimed, woman is man's equal, why does she not iron under the influence of a rich oxide of the metal. This tints. Cotton impregnated with a silicate solution takes devise methods to add to her wealth, or show her ability to method has been known for some time, but has not been put color rapidly and permanently. The best means of attain­ fill the clerkships and offices that she so thirsts after ?" He in practice on account of the deterioration it caused in the ing this result is to treat the cotton with a solution of water 3 In asserts generally that women have enough fieldsof employ­ sides of th crucible. the process of the above inventors, glass ancl then to precipitate the silica in the fiber by means ment open to them, if they will only enter in and labor. ------______the iron and mineral are placed in metallic molds and brought -- .....t.� .. � _ of an acid before placing the cotton in the dye. As regards to a red heat in special furnaces. The reaction is produced Improved Subluarine Lanlp. freshness and beauty of shades, cotton thus prepared is and the melting does not take place until after the transfor­ much superior to that acted upon by tannic acid as a mor­ mation. Ingots are thus obtained, melted in crucibles or in a M. Pasteur has discovered that the vitiated air discharged dant. M. Reimann, the inventor of the process, is making reverberating furnace. by divers contains oxygen enough to support the flame of a experiments in order to fix aniline colors on glass, by pre­ ACETIC ACID BY SYNTHESIS. a petroleum lamp. He accordingly connects, with th e flexible viously attacking- it-- with hydrofiuoric.. ------acid - - --...... ,. .. � M. Thenard placed in a glass receptacle a mixture of car­ escape pipe of a diver's helmet, a suitable lamp of the above SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ALL new subscriptions to the will bonic acid, C02, and proto-carburet of hydrogen, CH2, through description. The lamp may be carried in the hand of the be commenced with the numbAr issued in the week the which the electric current from a Ruhmkorff coil was al­ diver or attached to any part of his person. The flow of the names are received at this office, unless back numbers are lowed to pass. Under the influence of the electricity, the escaping air from the helmet through the lamp gives a bright ordered. All the numbers back to January 1st may be had, absorption of the gases commenced almost immediately, be­ flame, enabling the diver to see in all directions, rendering and subscriptions entered-- from.. .. �that ------date if desired. came more and more marked and finally gave rise to a col­ the employment of the expensive electric light no longer ------. ... � necessary. THE Sp ect1'U1n It orless liquid which could -.�be none 4 •• other-___ than acetic__ acid, C202. - • • - � ------_. ...., .. �------is the name of new quarto paper pub. THE MOON INHABITED '/-A lished by the students of the Institute of Technology, Boston, Is correspondent, N., states E. T. C. says : "some of my brother wood workers may not Mass. ------� - . his belief that, as man existed on the earth during the gla­ know that the difficulty of finishing a small piece of green -- . ,.- .-....------toa;otesjaculator, cial period, it may be found that the moon, notwithstanding wood, as is sometimes necessary, may be overcome by THE archer fish, supplies itself with food the intense cold, may be inhabited. He does not consider scorching the piece after it is shaped out. A few lighted by spirting drops of water at flies, as they rest upon grass the fact that the satellite has no atmosphere, and no moist­ shavings will do, and you can then file and sandpaper with· stalks on the edge of the stream. The fish seldom fails to ure to sustain vegetable and animal life. out trouble." hit and bring down the fiy at which he aims.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �tuttitatt. [APRIL 12, 1873. IMPROVED RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE. G, closed at D. The alarm whistle is situated as shown, and which raise the pawl, which, in turn, carries the wheel The accompanying illustration shows a radial drilling ma- its valve has an inverted stem, which passes up through it one tooth in advance. This is, of course, indicated by the chine, designed and constructed by Messrs. Thorne, De Haven and is secured by the two nuts, F, on the side tubes, E. pointer on a suitable scale on the face of the dial. On the G, & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. , patents for the novel points of which I Through the latter a current of air is allowed to circulate, pawl, is a cam projection which, when the former is have been applied for. Among the most prominent of its entering and leaving throu.gh the perforations at top and caused to rise still further by the continued expansion of the many excellent features are the following tube, takes against a stop and prevents The countershaft is on the base and the driv­ the pawl from engaging with the tooth ing cone on top of the post, · to facilitate next above. This device prevents more changes of speed. The table has T slots on than a single movement of the wheel the top and side, and can be raised and low­ each time the water becomes low. ered to suit the thickness of the work. The high steam gage can be readily It is held to the post by V-shaped gibs, thus converted into a low water alarm by add­ reducmg the leverage on the post when ing to the tube, B, the extra piece, Fig. 3, drilling on the table. The saddle carrying and the dial may also be placed in po­ the spindle is traversed by a rack and pinion. sition if desired. As regards the prac­ The spindle is counterbalanced to prevent tical utility of these inventions, we an­ its dropping, in case of any lost motion, nex the following extracts from a report through a hole, before it is quite finished. or of tests recently made by Professor R. a into a blow hole, fruitful source of break­ H. Thurston, of the Stevens Institute. ing drills. The feed to the spindle is ob­ This well known expelt says, in rela­ tained by a rack and pinion operated by a tion to the low water register, that its tangent wheel and worm. There is a self­ action was, in every respect, satisfactory, acting feed with three speeds, which is and then states that, in the case of the thrown ill by a friction clutch. high steam gage, he at first doubted It'will be seen that means are here af­ "whether it could be possible that the forded for fastening work, in which anum slight cbange, in the length of the cen ber of holes is to be made, firmly to a table tral tube of the instrument, produced by adapted to the purpose, and for bringing so slight a ebange of pressure as the the drill in proper position for drilling each inventor claimed, could be relied upon hole without moving the work. This, it is to give an alarm, even were it possible claimed, can be effected, no matter how for any change of pressure to do so. I small the piece to be operated on may be. am now willing to report that it will. The holes are made accurately, and the dan­ By repeated experiment I find that, by ger of breaking drills through the turning delicate adjustment of both the whistle of the plate is necessarily avoided. The and its valve. a change of even two machine is, it)s stated, in every respect as pounds pressure will cause an alarm. stiff and, to a certain degree, in this particu­ I believe the claims of the LONC,CR(-CO lar superior to the ordinary stationary ap­ 1', I inventor to be substantiated by my ex­ paratus. There is a long thick bearing, periments. " where the arm rotates on the pO'\t, which RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE. Scarcely a day passes without the news effectuallyprevents any springing, while any of a more or less disastrous boiler explo­ G amount of stiffnessmay be given to the table. bottom, and in the direction indicated by the arrows. is sion reaching us, and the records of such calamities during For further information address the manufacturers, 21st a pipe serving to conduct dry steam from the boiler to the the past few months show that in nearly every case the street, above Market, Philadelphia, Pa. alarm. cause of the occurrence is the incompetence or inattention of ----4. ....4 • �-----_ • the person in charge. In such cases, the value of an auto­ HIGH STEAM GAGE AND LOW WATER REGISTER. Let it be supposed that the whistle is required to sound whenever the steam pressure exceeds 60 pounds. As the matic safety apparatus and an unalterable register becomes We present herewith illustrations of a new form of high steam is generated, it at once escapes up through the pipe, doubly apparent ; and the inventor of the two devices here­ steam gage, and also of a novel device constituting a low G, and the alarm blows. The nuts, F, must then be tight­ with described has certainly devoted his talent to one of water register. These inventions, though they may be ar­ ened, screwing up the valve until the escape ceases, and this the most pressing needs of the engineering world. The im­ ranged in combination, as will be explained further on, are must be continued until the steam gage shows 60 pounds. portanceSCIENTIFIC of this subj ectM cannotIC be overrated, as the columns ER AN also constructed and used separately, and we therefore thus By this simple adjustment the high steam gageis made ready of the A , with their sad accounts of describe them : for instant service, as is evident from what follows. As the pressure of steam increases, its temperature also augments, consequently greater heat is applied to its containing vessel which, if of proper material, proportionately expands. This is the case with the tube, B. As the steam pressure rises 60 63 above pounds, say to pounds, the tube is caused to elongate, and its upper extremity, rising, carries the whistle up with it. But thE) valve stem is held rigidly by the rods, E, to which it is screwed, and which do not expand because they are kept cool by the air within them. Therefore the valve seat is raised from the valve and the port opened. Steam from G, the tube, then enters the whistle, which continues sounding until the pressure falls, and the tube, B, contracts. The non­ conducting envelope on the bottom of the latter serves to pre­ veut it from being affectedby the high temperature of the ad­ jacent parts of the boiler, consequently, the sensitiveness of the tube is measured by nearly the entire expansibility of the metal, instead of the small residue of that property which would otherwise remain. This is an import&.nt advantage, and is claimed to obviate one of the principal difficulties en­ countered in the use of gages based on a similar principle. In our second illustration, we have a low water register which indicates, by means of a dial and pointer, not only each time the water falls below a fixed level, but also keeps a record of such depressions. It will be seen that this is a sort of tell-tale device which, if placed on a boiler and so arranged as to be unalterable by the engineer, will at once give evidence of not only whether he has been derelict in keeping plenty of water, but how many times he has ne­ glected this duty. In operation the invention is very similar to the one above described. There is an isolated expansion 1, tube, A, Fig. closed at the top, which, however, is here prolonged by a pipe, C, which extends down into the boiler to the desired low water level. D is the indicator dial ; B is an iron rod which is suitably fastened to the top of the tube, A. This rod enters the box of the registering apparatus and connects through a series of multiplying levers, E F, G. with the pawl, The latter, as shown, engages with the ratchet wheel, I. H is another stop so arranged as to pre­ vent the wheel turning but in one direction. The pipe, A, is supported and guided during its expansive movement by a pin which extends up from its top and works freely through an orifice in the upper portion of the side rods. This last mentioned part of the device, it will be noticed, is repre­ sented as curved, but the experience of the inventor, as well . as a careful test which is below referred to, has proved that more advantageous results may be gained when it is made straight. The dial is supported by the rods, J J. As steam is generated in the boiler, water is necessarily f

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. APRIL 12, 1873.]

FLEXIBLE SAW AND TOOTH FILING APPARATUS. · already charred and being rapidly burned up. H�� tl�e di��osal ; but We are compelled by indirect conclu�ions to This invention consists in an abrading wheel of emery or I plug caught fire, how a steady flameof light could sudden- I suppose their existence as the prime cause of the difference corundum, hung upon a flexible frame and set in rapid mo- ly burst out from the side of it, was cf course a subject of in individuals. The human egg incloses all the essential ele- tion. By means of a handle, ments of a simple organic cel- it is controlled by the opera- lule ; a protoplasm which bears Fi 1 vitellu8, nu· tor, and may be placed at any � the name of and a 9· cle�t8 angle to the article to be filed. or germinal vesicle. This The device is especially ap- Ilucleus is a s mall sphere it- plicable to the gumming of self, inclosing another nucleus nucleo- saws, circular or upright, and much smaller still, the the sharpening of molding lUB/ exteriorly the protoplasm bits or similar tools. is enveloped by a membrane The working portions are which is known by the name of zona peUucida. composed of a movable frame, The eggs of A. which, by a ball joint, is many of the lower animals, as hung on the main frame, B, the greater part of the m.edu. so that the grinding wheel, C, sre, are, on the contrary, naked has a universal movement cells which do not possess this controllable by the handle, D. envelope. Still freer motion is afforded As soon as the egg of the by a second joint on the mammal is completely deve. frame, A, or the latter may loped, it leaves the ovary and be so arranged that only a descends, by the narrow canal straight up and down or side of the oviduct, into the uterus, m<.>tion canbe imparted to the where, after fecundation, it be. wheel, which is thus kept comes an embryo. 'l' his trans- square to the work. The lev- formation is thus brought e1" and weight shown serve to about : The original cellule be- balance the frame and wlleel, comes divided into two cellu- and so relieve the hand of the les : on the primitive nucleolus operator. are formed two new specks, The accompanying illustra- and the nucleus becomes sepa- tions represent the adapta- rated into two vesicles, each of tions of the machine to va- which takes with it half of the 1 rious purposes. Fig. shows FLEXIBLE SAW AND TOOTH FILING APPARATUS, protoplasm. The result of this it arranged for use in circuc process is that, in the heart of lar sawmills. ·rhe apparatus is placed immediately behind anxious inquiry. No one had lighted it and no fire had the vitelline membrane, which alone is not divided, two th'3saw upon a plank, on the side where the teeth turn up, been used near it. The only conclusion possible was that cellules are found in juxtaposition, differing from the origi. the shaft of the emery wheel being in line with the blade. it was caused by electricity from the belt, and a full inves- nal only in being u nenveloped. Each of these new cellules The countershaft is attached to the back end of the plank tigation confirmed this conclusion. Had it happened in is in its turn divided into two others, so as t@ form four, in a direct line with the driving pulley of the engine. The the night time, it might have enkindled an extensive con- which in the same way become eight, these eight, sixteen, belt or cord is placed upon the small pulley of the machine, flagration, and its origin would never have been known. and so on ; these succe�sive segmentations producing an ago then around the aft, turning an Many destructive fires may have started in this manner, glome ration of pulleys on the countersh _ cellules, in outward appearance,resembling angle thence to the driving pulley. The ope· a mulberry. The further development con· rator applies the wheel, which revolves at ]/Z'j'. .2 sistI>in these cells assuming the shape of a 1,500 2,000 (ve.ieula blastodermwa), the rate of from to revolutions sac in the interior of per minute, to the saw by means of the which a liquid collects ; shortly, on a point handle. of the wall which is composed of these cells 2 Fig. represents the machine as applied is produced a disk-like coagulation ; their to the dressing of muley, drag, or cross-cut number rapidly increasllS, and this particu. saws, and also to circular saws when re- lar condensation becomes the embryo strictly moved from their mandrels. The appliances so called, while the remainder of the bIas· for holding the implements are the principal toderm serves only for its nourishment. 'rhe features, and are clearly depicted in the illus- embryo soon begins to broaden into the form tration. Fig. 3 shows the apparatus adapted of a biscuit. Three leaves or layers of eel. to shaping molding bits or cutters for wood lules can be distinguished, superposed like working machinery. The adjustable device envelopes upon each other, and each having for holding these tools is represented at G, its particular place in the construction of the in Fig. 4. It can be readily removed from living being ; from the exterior leaf is formed the bar, H, by loosening a set screw. The the epidermis and the central parts of the 2, arrangement shown in Fig. for holding nervous system, the spinal marrow and the saws, may then be substituted and fastened brain ; from the central layer is formed the in place in a similar manner. interior membrane which lines the digesti¥e Patented through the Scientific American canal from the mouth to the anus, with all Patent Agency, December 31, 1872. For the glands that are attached to it (the lungs, further particulars address the manufactu. the liver, the salivary glands, etc.) ; the in- reI's, Messrs. Frey, Sheckler & Co., Eagle termediate layer is the S1urce of all the other Machine Works, Bucyrus, Ohio. organs. • • • The processes by 'which the three layers of A Singular Fire, cellules give birth to the' most complicated A correspondent, A. A. F., encloses the organs can all be reduced : (1). To new seg· _ .. following paragraph from the Cleveland (0.) mentations, and consequently to an increase LeadM',' ' - A hard wood plughad S-.. ·�- ; (2). To the di· been put into �� � :�;" in the number of the cells a hole in a gas pipe that ran along the ceiling visions of labor or the differentiation of theslt in our job rooms, several feet from any burner, and in a po ce ules ; (3). To the combination of these cellul:s, different. - their causes remaining for ever unknown. It is an incident ll . . . sition where no one could ever suppose it would catch fire. worth bearing in mind, and proves that too muc.h care can- I ly developed. The cellules whIch comprIse a hvmg orgall' About six inches below it, passed a belt running from one not be taken in guarding against fire. " ism may thus be compared to the citizens of a state, some of REMARKS pulley to another, and in operation during the day. About :-In this case there was doubtless a slight whom have one set of functions to perform, others another ; re- leakage of gas at the side of the plug, and the gas was fired the division of labor, and the organic perfection which F,' 3 by electricity from the belt, just as our young folks at suIts from it, enable the state to accomplish certain under· . . 1.1 ' home ignite gas at the burne� by rubbing their feet on the takings which would be impossible to isolated individuab. carpet and then approaching the escaping gas at the burner Every living organism composed of many cellules resembles with their fingers. a sort of republic, capable of accomplishing certain org anic ------...... • functions, which could not be discharged by a single cell, Man a Republic. anuroa, an or a monocellular l)lant. No rational mind would Professor lIaeckel, of the University of J ena, may be re- seek to explain by superhuman intervention the public weal Na ture. garded, says as the most eminent living represen- which accrues to political society, from the harmony of par· tative of the doctrine of evolution in Germany. He has won a name for himself during the last ten years as the Fi.'9' "' author of several remarkable works in various sections of natural history. He has adopted out and out the system of Darwin. Indeed, on more than one point he goes much fur­ ther than his master, and it may with truth be said that he is more Darwinian than Darwin himself. resume Professor Haeckel has given a of his theories as a whole in a series of lectures at Jena, re-published under the title of "Natural History of Creation," in which he gives the following facts concerning the embryology of man : At the outset of his existence, man, like every other ani­ mal organism, is only an egg, a simple little cell, whose di­ ameteris only one fourth of a millimeter-the one hundredth part of an inch-at the most. It differs from the primordial cellule of the other mammalia only in its chemical constitu­ four days after the plug had been driven into the pipe, it tion and the molecular composition of the albuminous mat- ticular actions ; so also in the organism, all the adaptations Was noticed to be on fire, and a bright jet of light, as if from tel'of which the egg essentially consists. And yet these to ends ought to be regarded as the natural and necllssary It burner, burst forth from the side of the plug, which was differences cannot be directly perceived by any means at our consequence of co-operation of the differentiation and the

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit 232 $ �mmtllU. [APRIL 12, 1873. near their upper edge. The forward ends of the braces are secured to the inner ends of the latches. By this construction, when the weighted end of perfection of the cellules, and not as the intentional work sides of the draftbars, several holes being formed In the said end of the the lever drops, the arm Is withdrawn from beneath the lower end of t:,e of a supernatural will. braces to receive the fastening pin or bolt, so that, by adjusting the relative rod, allowing said rod to drop. The downward movement 01 the rod raises U ntH the brain begins to show itself distinctly, it is sca.rce­ length of the draftrod and braces, the Inclination or pitch of the plows may the outer ends of the latches, which recloses the hatches and allows them ly be adjustedat wl11. to drop shut. Should a lireoccur near the hatchway, the lube will act as a possible to recognize any difference between the embryos 1Iueto draw the lIamesinto it so that the rope will be quickly burned oft, of the different vertebrata, or at least of the three superior ImproTed Fertilizer. John W. Stubbs, Cheraw, 8. C.-This Invention has for its object to fur­ allowing the weighted lever to drop, and thus closing the hatches. If de­ classes-reptiles, birds, and mammals. Why, then, should nish an improved machine for distributing guano or other line fertilizer. Sired, the rope may be coated with some substance that will Ignite readily, ::my one now refuse to admit the most important consequen­ To the off·side of a beam, similar to a plow beam, Is attached a standard, so that the rope will burn offquickly and close the hatches. ces of the theory of evolution, according to which men have to the lower end of which i. attached a plow, for opening a fnrrow to reo Improved Seed Dropper. W. descended from simious or even inferior mamma.ls ? celve the guano. To the near side of the rear end of the beam is attached Frank Young, Holden, Mo.-This Invention has for Its object to fur· ------�.�. . �.�.�------a standard, to the lower end of which Is attached a plow for filllngup the nish an Improved seed dropper for corn planters, so constructed that the DECISIONS OF THE COURTS, trench or furrow to cover the guano. To the standards and to the beam be· size of the dropping apertnres may be conveniently adjusted to any de· tween said standards is attached a board extending nearly to the ground, sired extent, according to the amount of seed required to be dropped at a United States Cireult Court---Dllltrlet or Massaehu­ to' which and to the beam Is attached a hopper to receive the guano to �Ime. Two boards form the bottom of a seed hopper, between which Is setts. be distributed. From the bottom of the hopper the guano passes througb placed a wheel, which Is pivoted at Its center to the lower board. In the REFRIGERATonS.-PATENT .-GEORGB O. ROBERTS V8. JOSBPH BLA.KE,JR . an opening In the vertical plate into the distributing hopper, which Is made upper board is formed a round hole, of snch a size that the edge of said SHEPLEY, J.: in the form of the frustum of the cone, and Its smaller and closed end is board may Slightly overlap the upper edge of the wheel, so that the seed s n e t e 1 securely attached to a wheel, which is rigidly attached to the shaft. The may rest upon the board and wheel bnt cannot get Into the space between m'!�l o�l�rH�! ;gl"��';te"£ t�rJ"� ���������:������ 11, %�� ��: Issued April 21, f857, and extended October 21, 1869, for an Improvement In side of. the plate against which the mouth of the distribntlng hopper bears the boards. Through the wheel, near Its outer edge, is formed a circle of refrigerators, the mterest in the letters patent being now owned by the may be covered with a metallic plate to prevent wear. The mouth of the holes, the outer parts of whick are semicircular. The upper ends of the complainant. The rrlnclpal question In the case Is as to the novelty of Sanford's lnven­ dlstrlbntlng hopper is supported and secured in pOSition by radial arms at· holes are open, so as to receive seed from the hopper, and their lower ends tlon. * tached tl>the shaft. To the shaft and inner part of the arms is attached a are closed by the lower board, so that the seed cannot escape from the said e d l r e holes until each hole comes over a hole in the board through which It es· b/lhe c6�:::�1� �g� �:�;�� lo"£::l��:."ll: e�i".!�J�� lJlI'Wo�t�� /;bs�°fr�� � small metalllc plate for the forwnrd end of a screw to rest against to hold o c c e f l th the mouth of the hopper at a greater or less distance from the plate, ac­ capes to the gronnd. The middle part of the upper side of the wheel is re­ g���l�;t"o��i'J�� � �M�1f.j�g�� �J� ���� �: R��:t� v��ll�°J'ge, � �g� cording ..si t Is desired to distribute more or less guano. cessed to receive arms pivoted to the nnder side of a disk, so that they may Second Circuit an� Southern District of New York, is correct ; that the in· ventions of Sanford and the claims of his patent are fully anticipated, on ImproTed PhotolP'aphic NegatiTe. be drawn inward or pushed outward by turning the disk In one or the other f t e ucted under Lyman's dircc direction. The dropping ap6rtures may be enlarged or diminished by the � J'ci';;:i\{��r�:i� g!������ ��c:. - Joseph Kirk, Newark, N. J.-This invention consists in coating a glass m�n���These'\h refrigerators, inclndinl!" also Exhibit Hedden No. 1, contain the inward and outward movement of these arms. The disk is clamped to the same combination of elements named in Sanford's first claim. There Bre plate on both sides, or coating two plates and putting one ,at the back of wheel. Tbe wheel, at each movement or an actuating bar, is turned a dis& some sUght structural differences. The elements of the combination are the other, with collodion or any other compound used in producing nega­ somewhat modifiedin their form, but the combinatIOn of the same ele· tives for photographic purposcs, whereby, when the plate or plates are ex· tance equal to the space between two adjacent holes. ments produces in substance all the results and the same results claimed b n posed to the subject to be photographed and developed iu the usnal way, Improved Pulp Strainer. YBTft JI��issed without costs. a faintImage is produ�ed on the back o,f the plate or on the second plate Henry H. Olds, New Haven, Conn.-The object in this Invention is to pro­ 8 a i e o nt. in addition to the image on the front. This has the effectof blending the vide means for .eparating the pulp of apples, pumpkins, and similar arti­ lJ'a'::.T::'8Jrofn"nn;!�d J:/;' �� a;gl��:. to� Je1��J'����j highest pOints of light gradually with the shadows of the printed photo­ cles from the core8, seeds, and skins; and it consists in a machine having a graph, giving a beautiful, soft, and porcelain-like e1lect,and saving a great semi· cylindrical strainer provided with a rotary central shaft and cylinder United States; Clreult Court---Ealltern Dilltrlet or amount of labor in retouching negatives for portraiture. with elastic wings or webs placed spirally thereon for crushing and forcing NeW" York, the article to be strained. The article. are boiled or steamed so as to be V8. ImproTed Steering Apparatus. HOBE COUPLING PATENT.-WM. H. BLISS THE CITY OF BROOKLYN. John F. Sparr, Rochester, N. Y.-This invention consists In combining a soft and readily crUShed, and are fed into the machine through the hopper, BENEDIOT, Judge : where they come in contact with the revolving wings, which crush the i l n o C i U propeller shaft and screw with a balanced rudder, and in certain operative pieces and force the pulp through the strainer. The cores,seeds, skins, etc., I��a�:i: �:d ;:���8 �:v��� b���::om:n�� �n ������� :� �gr le���\��� mechanism. The invention consists, principally, In carrylng the shaft which PtlOn upon new pleadings and differenf proof8. It is an action to recover propels the screw through the tubular upper spindle or pivot of the rudder, will be carried along to the other end of the strainer, and may be discharged damages of the city of Brooklyn for using certain hose couplings, which from time to time, 88 may be necessary. 'I'he wings, by reason of their are claimed to be an infringement upon B certain patent for hose co�plfngB, and in hanging the propeller In the rudder. The propeller can thus be Iree· Ori�nall issued to Robert B. Lawton and William H. BliSS, on the 22d day Iy revolved without affectingor intereerlng with the motions of the rud· elastiCity, wl11 rub against the strainer and crush the frnit and force the Ya 1859 ; reissued December 21, 1869 ; and now owned by the pulp through it. �faln���� 'l' der, and the ruddcr can be freely turned without interfering with the rota­ 'l'he claim in this reissue, which Is the object of this controversy, is as tion of the screw; but the screw wil follow the oscil1ations of the rudder, ImproTed Hand Corn Sheller. follows: 1 James M. Hawley, Alma, Ill.-Thls Invention consists in an improved hand ., The combination ofthc two thimbles C andD hymeans of a pin 0 eratin� and apply Its power in the desired direction to the vessel, thus aiding in l t e e t n 8 the process of steering. Vessels provided with this apparatus can be turned corn sheller. Two disks are connected to each other and held In their prop­ ����h�:::gfJ f), �.����� l�� r: � Mm��� ,:Wb����� �� ��:iri�� �y ��: i�. or relative positlons by a band securely attached to their edges. A part of ';. ":.' ��� in and be liberated by �ts outward movement, sub· on sharp curves and rapidly with safety. The Invention is designed to be �t� �I�I�; ���ga .J?, . applicable to canal steamers and to men of war, and also to all other steam· the band Is cut away to form an opening, through which the shelled corn In opposition to the patent as thus reissued, several grounds of defense may be allowed to escape. Two parallel bars are arranged, upon the outer have bee" here taken. One of them is that the invention which the reissued ships. t e r es t e pa t li a t e ImproTed Propelling Mechanism for Vessels. side of each of which Is formed a hollow journal, which journals pass ¥� ;;.�\� �� �� i�:t�J �i t��:��;�f. ig� l��� �h rh� �tt,f:�f"u�fm':I: throngh holes in the centers of the disks. The bars at one end are kept at not In doubt. �o particular amount of Utility ?'required to render an in­ John Weich, New Ycrk clty.-This invention Is an Improvement In the vention patentable, but there must be Borne. When the Invention is shown class of vibrating propellers provided with 1Ioatsor paddles pivoted so as the proper distance apart by a block, to which they are attached. To and t e the f c r t i between the other ends of the bars are pivoted thc outer ends of two arms, ��e�����s��:ge. .f:!������� :�}iB �g �ls��E:: :n �n��a��� C:t�r: ��: to swing In either direction according as the boat or vessel to which the I b e t t 69 s e c propeller may he applled Is to move forward or back. The Improvement upon the inner ends of which are formed semicircular jaws. Upon the up­ ���d� ".j\g��I�f��r�i��fn.�1\�:. �Il':t 'l:'e ���� n�� k�';, : �� ���i��& consists in the proviSion of bent rods, in combination with 1Ioatspivoted per edge of each of the jaws are formed three teeth, the two rear ones of coupling having been found to be of practical use. Although he sells conp· which upon each jaw Bre made smaller than the others, and are arranged e S r 8 horizontally and at their upper edges, whereby the moveu:ent of said 1Ioats l�Ji�'�s� ��� 6ee��rt�����g: fLfI1s ���li��i����\:ll�� :e i�S:t�YI� c';;��t Is controlled. By suitable arrangement, when the boat Is to move forward, upon the arc of a smaller circle so 8S to operate upon and remove the ker· nation described in the patent here relied on proved Inoperative and worth· nel. from the point or small end of the ear. The front tooth upon each jaw less. a forward crank Is turned parallel with, and another at right angles to, the t t n t paddle frame, s')that the said paddles, when moving forward, may take a is made 100:gcrand projects forward in hook form, so as to moye along the ar� J�:g�t���� ���PJ1�f:tft'l� :i��':.� �H�6� �1:e�� ;:i�a�J"�J�� ��� 'r���� cob and force the kernels offlaterally and toward the Shelled end of the used by the defendant, but in these couplings another essential element is horiZerside of the ends of the axle tree C. Richardson, of same place. This invention has for its object to furnish the water. As the stops strike, the arm plate frame and paddles are all car­ are pivoted axle arms upon the journals of which revolTe the wheels. The an improved device for Roldlng the hatches of a hoistway or elevator well ried along together, the paddles acting upon the water to propel the vessel. latter are made with a fiangeupon the center of their rims to prevent them raised or open, and which shall be so constructed that In case of accidental As the piston rod begins Its return movement the first effectIs to move the from slipping laterally upon the ground, and to cause them to operate more firethe hatches will be closed automatically. As the hatches are raised or arm and plate upon the frame. This moves the rack and turns the paddles promptly in guiding the plow. The Inner ends of the axle arms are made opened, arms attached to them strike latches, raise them, Knd slide along in a horizontal pOSition, so as to pass through the water with the least re­ wide and have transverse slots formed In them curved upon the arcs of cir­ their lower edges till they enter the notches in said latches, and the hatches sistance. The arm plate, ftame and paddles then move on together. cles, having their centers at the pivoting poiuts of said arms. The edges of are thus held raised or open. The latches are so arranged with respect to the wide inner ends of the axle arms are curved upon arcs concentric with the hatches that when the said latches are raised the said hatches wl11 drop ImproTed Barrel Support. the slots in said ends, and have teeth formed in them, which mesh Into the shut by their own weight. A pipe or tube pa,ses up through the various Frederick W. Claussen, Mars Bluff,S. C.-The object of this invention Is teeth of the gear wheel pivoted to the center of the axle tree, so that, by 1Ioorsof the building, except the lowest one, and through the roof. The to provide a device by which barrels may easily be tipped over into an in­ turning the said wheel in one or the other direction, the direction of the ends of the tube are left open, and openings are formed in Its siae above clined pOSition, so that not only the bottom parts of the same are easily wheels and consequently of the machine will be changed. To the gear each 1Ioor. A rope, which passes down through the tnbe and its upper end, reached l!utalso space economized, as the barrels may be placed out of the wheel is rigidly attached a rearwardly projecting handle, by means of which Is secured in the upper end of the tube. The lower end of a rope is attached way under the eounters, 8helves, or other fixtures. The invention consists the plowman can readily turn the said wheel to guide the machine. The to a lever. One end of the lever Is pivoted to a snpport attached to the of an upright piece of wood pivoted horizontally to transverse ears, and plow beams are placed end to end, and each Is connected with the axle lowest 1Ioor,and to Its other or free end Is attached a weight. Upon the carrying under right angles a strong cross piece, supplied at one end with a tree by two draft rods, the forward ends of which are pivoted to the axle pivoted end of the lever Is formed an upwardly projecting arm upon the end vertical support to rest UpOR when placed in horizontal position. The tree, and their rear ends are pivoted to the forward side of the beams near of which, when the weighted end of the lever Is raised, rests the lower end pieces are so fitted thatthe bottom of a barrel may be placed on them and heir lower edge. Braces are pivoted to the forward side of their heamB of:a rod, which passes np through all the fioorsand to which is pivoted th follow the motion of the same.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. APRIL 12, 1873.] Jtittltifit 233 Improved Sink Trap. \ seed. In the center of the ."Uent angles of the dropping cylinder are Preliminary Exa,nlnation. Nicholas Wrigh t, New York city.-This invention is an improved sink formed holes of such a size as to allow the proper am ount of seed for a hill In order to have Buch search, maKeoue; a written description of the inven trap so constructed as to prevent the possibility of the waters being to pass Qut, the edges of the plates at the holes being notched to allow a tlon, in your own words, and a penCil, or pen and ink, sketch. Send these siphoned Qut, or the offensive gases from the waste pipe escaping through cleaner to clean out any 8011 that might enter said ho1es and clog them. with the fee of $5, by mail, address 3d to & Co., 37 Park Row, and in the trap into the room ; which shall, at the same time, be eaiily opened Two curved spring barB are adjustably attached to the frame, and to their MUNN due Hme you will receive an acknowledgment thereof, followed by a writ­ and cleaned when T€quired. By suitable construction, as the water flows rear ends are attached the ends of the covering bar, which is held dO"l't'n ten report in regard to the patentability of your improvement. This special through the inlet pipe into the trap, a float rises, raisIng a valve so that the upon the surface of the ground with sufflcient force to cover the seed. The search is made with great care, among the models an'} patents at Washing­ water can flow out through the outlet pipe. As the water in the trap lowers; middle part of the under side of the said coverer is concaved, to give the ton, to ascertain whether the improvemcnt presented i:-;patentable. the tioat descends and closes the valve before the water bas fallen suffi- proper form to the top of the ridge or row. Re eeted Cases. cienUy in the trap to uncover the lower end of the inlet pipe, 80 that it may j Rejected cases, or defective papers, remodeled for parties who have made be impossible for any o:fi'ensive ga.s to escape through the trap Into the room· Improved Safety Valve. Henry Davies, Newport, Ky.-This invention has for its object to furnish applications for themselves, or through other agents. Terms moderate. Improved Lock. a device for automatically regulating the pressure I)f steam, gases, fluids, Address MU & Co., stating particulars. Elizabeth Duenz and John A. Duenz, Fayetteville, Ill., administrators of NN etc., without re ard to the pressure in the boiler, generator, or reservoir, or Casper Bodmer, decease d.-This invention relates to door locks having g To Make an Application Cor a Pat('·ut. to the amount passing through the machine. A polygonal dish-shaped tumblers and dumb levers, and consists in a false bottom having certain recess Is formed in the upper part of the body of the device. A double beat The applicant for a patent should fUrnish a model of his invention if sus­ sltus and notches ; in a tumbler having a stop and pIvoted to the sliding bar ' ceptible of one, although somet"imes may be dlspensed with ; or, if the tn­ valve closes and opens the ports leading from the valve chamber at the op· it in a ward having an arm that operates against a pin to swing the sliding bar vention be a Chemical production, he must fUrnish samples of the ingredi­ posite ends of the valve . A diaphragm of slleet metal rests upon the edge and tumbler clear of obstructions j in a pivoted tumbler combined with a ents of which his composition l]onsi8ts. 'rhese should be securely packed, of the dish and is secured. Radial or triangular plates rest upon the dia_ sliding bar pivoted to a bolt ; in a tumbler pivoted to a sliding bar and hav­ the inventor's name marked them, and sent by express, prepaid. Small phragm, and their baee ends or sides enter a rabbet in the lower inner edge (.on ing a projection working in a notch of the false bottom j in a movable tum­ modelS, from a distance, can often be sent cheaper by mail. The sa fest of the securing ring. The small ends or apexes of the radial plates reach bler and stationary plate arranged in the same plane ; and, finally, in a way to remi t money is by a draft, or postal order, on New York, payable to nearly to the center of the dish , where they are secured in place by the col­ vibrating plate th?t acts at once upon 3. pin and bolt. the order of M Co. Persons who live in remote parts of the country lar apon the collar pin, the lower end of which rests upon the center of the UNN & can usually purchase drafts from their merchants on their New York cor· diaphragm. The outer ends of the plates are rounded off, and th eir inner Box for Assorting Peaches. respondents. Edward 'V . Lockwood, Middletown, Del. -The invention consists in a ends are rounded off and grooved to enable tuem to move easily with the bOl: constructed so us to separate the leaves from the peaches, and allow movement of the d!aphragm . The pin is held down by a lever and weight Caveats. them to be haud picked as they are poured into the peach baskets. It con­ and passes up between two brackets formed upon the ring. The pivot of Persons deSiring to file a caveat can have the papers prepared in the short· sists of two sides and an open slat bottom supported by two frames at a the lever is a knife edge, and the upper end of the pin is conical or pointed, est time, by sending s, sketch and description of the invention. The Govern ­ cOllvenient hight from the ground. The box is placed so that the bottom is so that the lever may work upon its bea.rings with the least poss�ble fric­ mr-nt fee for a caveat is $10. A pamphlet of advice regarding applications inclined longitudinally, and so that thepeaches will have 8 tendency to roll til)n . The valve is made in two parts, connected together by a stem to for patents and caveats is furnished gratis, on application by mail. Address from the upper to the lower end. The bottom is made of rounded slats which they are secured. The upper end or head of the stem passes through MUNN & Co., 37 Park RowJ New York. placed at about one inch, more or less, from each other. The peaches, con· a g uide in the valve seat, which is made in the form of a bushing to allow Reissues. sisting of good and bad together, with more or less leaves, are gathered in the uvper part of the valve to be inserted. The upper end of the bolt or A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his heirs, or the assignees of baskets and emptied into the upper end of the box. A person stands by the stem abubs against the center of the diaphragm directly bencath the lower the entirE interest, when, by reason of an insufficient or deiecti','e specifica­ side of the box and picks out the defective peaches as they roll down the end of the ol1�r pin. The other or lower end of the stem, below the nut, is c tion, the original patent is invalid, provided the error has arisen from inad­ bottom, while the leaves pass through the bottom between the slats. The ma.de smaller, and extenns into and works in a guide hole in the cap that vertence, aCCident, or mistake, without any fraudulent or deceptive inten­ marketable peaches are caught in a basket at the lower end. closes the opening through which the lever part of the valve is introduced. tion. fOl' In using the devic e, the weight is adjusted into such a position upon the llIachine Corl'ugating Sheet Iron. A patentee may, at his option, have in his reis8ue a separate patent for Abram Reese and Jacob Reese, Pittsburgh, Pa.-This invention consists in lever that it will require exactly the required amount of pressure upon the each distinct part of the invention comprehended in his original application the novel construction and arrangement of a series of corrugating rollers, diaphragm to raise it. The upper part of the valve 1, made the larger, so by payjng the required fee in each case. and complybg with the other re­ whereby a sheet of iron is co rrugated by passing it once through the that, were the valve left free and steam introduced, the valve would be quirements of the law, 8S in original applications. Address MUN & Co., machine without cracking or fracturing the iron, and is thus prepared for closed by the steam pressure. The valve is pressed down and opened by N 37 Park Row, for full particulars. roofing and siding bnildings, and for all similar purposes. The first pair of the pressure of the weight pressing the diaphragm down upon t!le upper Design Patents. rollers makes a single cr�rrugation in the middle of the sheet. The next end of the stem. As long as the steam pressure on the dish is equal to or pair of rollers makes two corrugations, one on each slde of the first corru. less than the amount determined upon, the valve will remain open and the Foreign designers and manufacturers, who send goods to this country gation ; and the third pair 9,.t:.roll ers- makes tWb more corrugations, one on steam will flow continuously. Should the pressure in the dish at any time m:l,yse cure patents here upon their new patterns, and thus prevent others each side of those already made. The fourth pair of rollers is constructed exceed the a.mount determined upon, it will raise the diaphragm, allowing from fabricating or selling the same goods in this mar!:ct. and.arr anged. to receive all the corruga.tions made by the three previous the steam p.essure to close the valve until the pressure in the dish has been A patent for a design may be granted to any person, whether citizen or pa!rs , and they correet imperfections and straighten the sheet. The rollers again rednced to the desired amount, so that the pressure in the dish, and alien, for any new and original design for a manufacture. bust, statue. alto of earh pair are geared together at one end ; and, at the other end, the pairs consequently In the passage,will bc kept always the same, Whatever may be relfeYo, or bas relief j any new and original design for the printing of wool ­ in the boiler. of roJlers arc geare d together 80 as to gi ve all the roVers the proper speed' the pressure en, silk, cotton, or otJ:ier fabrics ; any new and original impression, orna­ that they may re volve in unison with each other. ment, pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise Impl'oved Jonrnal Box. plaf'ed on or worked into any article of manufacture. Samuel Aland, Rome, N, Y.-The firstpart of the invention consists of a Inlproved Saw Gummer. Design patents are equally as important to citiz�ns as to foreignQrs. For Henry Baughman, Darn's Gold Mines, S. C.-This invention has for its tu bular b@x with a ball at the center for being confinedin a socket ; also, for full particulars send for pamphlet to M N & Co., 37 Park Row, New York . object to furnish an improved machine for gumming saws i and it con_ having a chamber for containing oil to lubricate the journal, with passages U N sists in a vertical frame, secured to its support by a bolt, and another for the oil to the journal box cast in one piece. whereby it is more durable Foreign Patents. ' than those composed of a tube fittedin a large hole in the shell of the box frame suspended to it by suitable means. The emery wheel is attached The population of Great Britain is 31,000,000 j of Fr ance, 37,000,000 ; BeJ· to the end of the shaft, which revolves in bearings attached to the and it ca n be made cheaper. The second part of the invention consists of � glUm, 5,OOO,(X)() ; Austria, S6,OOO,OOO j Prussia, 4O,OO'J,OrJO ; and Russia, 70,000,000 . socket in the end of the box with a discharge passage tn.Ill the bottom front bar of the suspended frame, and its rear end revolves upon the point Patents may be sccured by American citizens in all of these countries adapted to receive the drip escaping from the end of the box and conduct­ of a ccutcr screw. To the shaft is attached a gr ooved pulley, around which Nuw is the tIme, while bm.,iness is dull at home, to take adva.nt3ge r:f these ing it to a receptacle, and a gro ove in the face of the shaft behind the shoul­ passes the band by which the emery wheel is driven. A holder for the saws immense foreign fields. Mechanical improvement!! of all kinds are always is bolted to the base bar of the upper frame. The Saw plate is placed at the der of the journal, which prevents the drip from escaping along the shaft. in demand in li:urope. There will never be a bettt�r time than the preseRt Side of the holder with its rear edge resting upon the shoulders of small Improved Hand Stamp. to take patents abroad. We h:J.ve reliable business cennections with the flanged eccentric wheels pivoted to the lower part of the side of the said George H. Rountree, Milwaukee, WiS.-This invention consists of Ii hand prIncipal capitals of Europe. A large share of aU the patents sccured in holder , and which are provided with handles for convenience in adjusting stamp in which the stamp head is pivoted between two bars at one end. foreign countries by Americans are obtaineil throu�h our Agency. Address them according to the breadth of the saw plate. The pivoted frame is o. 37 which at the other are pivoted to the base plate between the stamp pad and MUNN & C , Park Row, New York. Circulars with full information on operated by means of a handlc or handles formed upon the projecting ends the inking pad, so that, as the stamp is raised up from one pad. it swings foreign patents, furnished free. of a side bar. An adjustable guide is provided to limit the movelnent of the over to the other, and vice versa. One of the said bars has a pawl, which Value 01- Extended Patents. frame, and thus Insure the uniformity of the teeth. turns the inking pad to present fresh surface to the type at each operation Improved Extension Table. The object is to avoid the use of the expensive inking ribbon!:! employee:! in Did patentees realize the fact that their inven tions are likely to be more August Herzog, New York city.-This invention relates to a new extension the stamps now commonly used. It i s a very simple and ett"ective stamp, productive of profitduring the seven year� of f.!xtension than the firstfull term for which their patents were granted, we t.hink more would avail them table, whose middle portion is vertically adjustable and made self-elevating cheaply made, and neat in appearance. sp.lves of the extension privilege. Pntent3 gra'lted prior to 1861 lllay be ex­ so that WhCll the sliding extension leaves,wh1ch are above it while the tabl e years, for the benefit of the i'1ventor, or of his heirs in ease is contracted, are drawn apart, such middle portion will spring up and fill tended for seven of the decease of the former, by due applicatir)n to the Patent Otliee, ninety the gap between the sliding leaves, thus producing a perfect extended table, days before the termination or the puteIlt. Thc extended time inures to and also an unobjectionable form of contracted table . the benefit of the invlmtor, the assignee.; u'1dcr the first term luwing no Ilnproved Car Couplinll. rights nnder the extension, except by spccial agreem(mt. Tile Governmcnt John W. Gillam and John W. Gillam, Jr., Newton, N. J.-This invention Value of Patents, fee for an extengion is $100,and it is n�cessa.r1that good professhmal service relates to a new form of car coupling in which a drawhead is made with be obtained to conduct the business bef(Ire the Patent Office. Full informa· ,-,pening large enough to insure the entrance of the connecting bar. A tion as to extensiom:i muy be had by addreSSi ng MUNN & Co., 37 Park H.ow. square space is formed in the sides of the drawhead, of sufficient width and AND HOW TO OBTAIN THEM. depth to admit the cross bar, which is firmly held therein by a spring fast. Trademark". ened at the back of the drawhead. The connecting bar Is a flat piece of Any person or firm domiciledin the United States, or any firm or corpora· metal, with a catch at each end and a !l.arrow rib running across the center tion residing in any foreign country where similar privileges are extended from catch to catch , corresponding in hight with the catch, the obj ect of to citizpns of the United States, may register their designs and obtain pro the narrow strlp being to prevent the connecting bar from engaging with Practical' Hints to Inventors. tection. This is very important to manufactUrers in this country, and equal N the rim of the dra \vhead after being disengaged from the cross bar. The ly so to foreigners. For full particulars address MUN & Co., �n Pt11'k Uow , cross bar is recessed out in the center to enable it to properly engage with New York. no investment of a small sum of money brings a the connecting bar. An upright piece is fastened to the drawh ead, by ROBABLY Canadian Patent!!!. greater return than the expense j�curred in obtaining a patent means of which the catch of the connecting bar is prevented from passing r even when the invention is but a small one. Larger inv�ntions On the first of September, 1872, the new patent law of Canada went ini;o too far back of the cross bar. The lifting bar is fastened to the platform, are found to pay corresp�ndingly well. The names of Blanchard, force, and patents are now granted to citizens of the United States on the one end being attached to the cross bar, the other end being under and acted Morse, Bigelow, Colt, Ericsson, Howe, McCormick, HC"e, and same favorable terms as to citizens of the Dominion. upon by the lever. The lever is attached to the end of the platform, and is others, who have amassed immense fortUnes from their inven­ In ordcr t.o apply for a patent in Canada. the applicant must fUrnish a so arranged that, when moved from left to right, it forces that end of the tions, are well known. And there are thousands of othe!'s who model, specification and duplicate dra wings, substantially the same as in lifting bar down and raises the cross bar end up, thus disengaging the cross ,- have realized large sums from their patents. applying for an American patent. bar from the connecting bar. When the lever is thrown back to the left The patent may be taken out either for five years (goyernment fee $20) or More than inventors have availed themselves the spring forces the cross bar back to positioIt, ready to engage with the FIFTY THOUSAND for ten years (government fee $40) or for fifteen years (government fee $60) . of the services of M & Co. during the TWENTY-SIX years connecting bar when the cars come together. UNl< The five and ten year patents may b� extended to t.he term of fiftecn years . thev have acted as solicitors and Publishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The formalities for extension are simple and not expens.ive. ImpI'oved King Bolt fo), Carriages. Thev stand at the bead in this class of business ; and their large corps John L. H. :Mosier, New York city, assignor to Brewster & Company, of American inventions, even if already patented in this country, can be of a�sistants, mostly selected from the ranks of the Patent Office : men �ap. same place.-'.!'his invention has for its object to improve the construction patented in Canada provided the American patent is not more than one year able of rendering the best service to the inventor, from the experience prac­ of king bolts for platform carriages so as to give a smooth finish to the top old. tically obtained while examiners in the Patent Omce : enables & Co. plate of the front bed of the top carriage. The invention consists in the MUNN All persons who desire to take out patents in Callacia are requested to to do everything appertaining to patents and t3an any cross head formed upon the king bolt, and the corresponding recess formed BETTER CHEAPER communicate with MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y., who "'ill give prompt other reliable agency. in the top plate of the front bed of tt.c top carriage, said crosshead and reo attention to the business and furnish fullinstrUcti on. This is the clOSing inquiry in cess being so formed us to correspond and leave the upper surface of the TO � Copies Pat ents. HOW nearly every letter, descril'ing 01' crosshead flush with the upper surface of the said top plate, giving a smooth � some invention v:- hich comes Persons deSiring any patent issued from 1836 to November 26, 1867, can be finish . OBTAIN to this office. A poBiUve an­ supplied with officialcopies at a reasonahle cost, the price depen<':ng upon Novel Chair Seat. wer can only be had by presenting a complete application for a patent to the extent of drawings and length of speci fication. William T. noremus, New York city.-This invention has for its object to the Commissioner of Patents. An application consists of a Model Draw­ Any patent issued SlDce November 27, lR6 t, at which time the Patent Office furnish improved seats for chairs and other articles of house and officefur_ ings , Petition, Oath, and full Specification. Various official rules and for­ commenced printing the drawings and spe'Jifications, may be had. by remit· niture, which shall be strong, durable, very elastic, simple in constructiOll malities must also be observed. The efforts of the inventor to do all this ting to tllis office $1. and inexpensive in construction, enabling the manufacturer to work up the business himself q,re generally without success. After great perplexity and A copy of the cla.ims of any patent iSEued since 1836 will be furnished waste pieces of lumb6r derived from other articles of furniture. The im· delay, he Is usually glad to seck the aid of persons experIenced in pa.tent for $1. provement consists in an ingenious division of the seat and the plaCing husiness, and have all the work done over again. The best plan is to �oUc1t When ordering copies, please to remit for the same as above, and state thereunder, below each division, of compact springs, upon which the seat proper advice at the beginning. If the parties conSUlted are honorable men, name of patentee, title of inventIon, ancl date of patent. Address MUNN divisiellls rest with considerable leverage, the whole forming a substantial, the inventor may satBly confide hIS lueas to them ; they will advise whether & Co., Patent Soliciti&-rs, 37 Park Row. New York city. elastic, and superior s�at. The invention may be applied in various forms, the improvement i. probably patentable, and will give him all the directiom MUNN & Co. will be happy to see inventors in persoll, at their office, or to and is likely to have an extensive introduction. needful to protect his rights. advise them by letter. In all cases, they may expect an honest opinion. For such consultations, opinions and advice, no charge i8 made. tYri te p la in: How Can I Best Secure My Inventiou 1 Improved Seed Plantel'. do not use penCil, nul' pale ink : be bricf. Reuben Friday, Crockett, Texas .-The invention consists in an improve. This is an inquiry which one inventor naturally asks another, who has had All business committed to our care, a'ld nIl consultations, are kept s8cret ment of seed planters. The plow is adjustably secured to the draw bar so some experience in obtain�ng patents. His answer generally is as follows and 8trictly confi,dl'.ntial. that it may be conveniently l' ised and lowered. To the draw bar, directly and correct : In all matters pertaining to patents, such as conducting interferences , in the rear of the opening plow, is attached an adjustable bar, the lower (jonstruct a neat model, not over a foot in any dimension-smaller if pos­ procuring extenSions, drawing assigmllfmts, examInations into the validity end of which is made V-shaped so as to press upon the furrow to receive sible-and send by express, prepaid, addressed to & Co., 37 Park How, MUNN of patents, ctc., special care and attention is given. For illfo�·lUatfon, and the seed. To a shaft, which revolves in bearings on the frame near its ends, New York, together with a description of its operation and merits. On re­ for pamphlets of instruction and advice are attached two circular disks,in the outer part of the inner sides of which ceipt thereof, they will examine the taventlOn carefully, and advise you as are formed zigzag grooves to receive the ends of the plates that form the to its patentability, free of charge. Or, if you have not time, or the means Addrp,ss bouy of the dropping cylinder, and thus make s8id body star-shaped in its at hand, to construct a model, make as good a pen and ink sketch of the M'(rNN &: CO., cross section. The outer edges of each pair of plates meet at the circum­ improvement as possible and send by mail. An answer as to the prospect PUBLISHERS BCIEN l'IFIC A1IERICAN , ferences of the disks, and are secured in the latter by metallic bands . One of a �atent will be received, usually, by return of mail. It is sometlmes Park RoW', NeW' York. of the plates Is made detachable, a notch being formed in the bands so that 37 b£st to have a search made at the Patent Offi.ce such a measure often saves OFFICE IN 7th opposite it may be slipped out to form an opening for the convenient Insertion of the WASHINGTON-Corner F and streets. tb e cost of an application for a patent_ Patent Omce.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 234 Jtittdifit �mtritnu. [APR1L 12, 1873. Gauge Lathe for Cabinet and all kinds of han­ C. dles. Shaping Machine for Woodworking. T. R. Bailey of E.a hydraulic L. asks apparatuB: What is seen the sometimes mode of in oppration store win· neighborhoodF. E. wassays recently: An put artesian down in well the followingin our 77" Ghal'llefor 1n.ertion under Ihts head i8 $1 a, Line. & VaU. dows, etc., as a curiosity? It consists of a glass tube manner: A 6lnch pipe is driven olown for 84 feet, or Shafting and Pulleys a specialty. Small or­ bent in elliptical form put into a grotto or fountain, until It strikes bed rock, then a hole is drilled of the ders tilled on as good terms as large. D. Frisbie & Co., with its major axis towards the zenith, and dlll'erent col­ same diameter 234 feet through the rock, making � totul theAn int unpleasantelligent mind impressionby the thought is producedthat there are upon yet New Haven, Conn. ored lIuids ascending and descending with regularity. depth of 318 feet. Here we stop In shale, with the well All How are the lIuldsput in motion, and how are the differ­ 1I0wingat the rate of 11 gallons per minute, which hus some ruptured OIlea who never llcard of the new remedy Fruit-can Tools,Ferracute,Bridgeton,N.J. ent colors kept separate in ascending and descending? not increased or diminished for about two weekS, or for Hernia. The Elastic Truss is worn night and day The Berryman Manuf, Co. make a specialty with easc, retains the rupture with certainty at all times, of the economy and safety in working StearnBoUers. 1. since we stopped drilling. This well is intended to sup­ B. Davis & Co., Hartford, Conn. boilerW. which U. says foams.: We We have dug some a well troubleanw& Wightman, 23 Corn­ and it will not cost to exceed ten or 1liteen dollars." Bakers' Ovens wanted. Inventors send cir­ b.1Il,Boston ,Mass. What I wish to know ls, shall I be able to raise any more culars and price lists to Wm. Lunan & Son,Sorel, Canada. 'r he Berryman Steam Trap excels all others. water with the pipe in as he proposes, 01' less? My own $100 i t The best is always the cheapest. Addre"s 1. B. Davis & optnion is that aIr would get in. The water contains Toy Lhat canwill be buy f.lold Str,tefor 10 centsR gh ands leavefor aa g00dpopular mar� Co., Hartford, Conn. V. P. sends a mineral and asks what it is. considerable salt, a little more than sea water. Is it fit gin. Address J. H. Layman, 223 Baymiller Street, \Jin� Answer: Iron pyrites ; It is of no special value. to use in a boiler? The engine contains about the usual Absolutely the best];. protectionW. against Fire <,-lnnati, Ohio. -Babcock ExtInguisher. Farwell, Secretary, 4. Address Connett & Flora, Mad· way, N. Y., or Box 1809. other is zinc blende. strong. I want to know what chemicah:ienter into stcel i�on, Ind. BEST MODE OF INTRODUCING NEW to give it thcse qualities? How do lllntlufactul'ers of Yon A. C. R. sends a mineral specimen and asks 1 can get ImprO\'cd Machinery from INVENl'IONS. what it Is, and if it could be polished so as to counter. edge tools temper them, and cutlery, etc.? want a pro� Gear, Boston, Mass. Manufacturers and patentees of Iron and Wood Work­ feit (Uamond. What is the value .. f it? Answer: It Is ceS8 of tempering steel that can be utilh:ed in dressing '\Vallted-A Circular and Hmpid quartz, and wonld not make 80 good a counter· mJII picks, mining drHIs, picks, etc. AIH:iWCl': We haYe for Picture Frau�es. Address W .M.S.,price Sout ofh Lansing,N.Y.oval Lathe Ing Machines, Agricultural Implements and Household little faith In quack medicines for Bteel. Look through articles, can have their inventions illustrated ill the felt as French paste. SC{ENTIFIC Manufaeturel's of Chair Stock Machinery, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN these COIUlIlllSin back numbers of thc AMEn­ on favorable terms, after exam­ !CAN plea Be senlanyrec ipes St.reet, Philhdelphia, Pa. ination and approval by the editor. CivU and mechani­ coal, and asks what it is. Answer: It is a pebble of there published. Wanted-A n cal englneer1ng worka, Buch as bridges, docks, founder­ quartz. o second hand Steam E gine, 5 or ice, rolling mllls, architecture, and ncw industrial enter­ S. F. P. says : At what p int ill a verpell­ (;horse power, to rUll a Hay and Straw Press, or to usc prises of all kinds posseSSing interedt can linda place theyA. are B.. sendsAnswer three: The specspecimensimens are and blue asks clay, graph·what dlcular tube S8 inches in diameter unr pon s new ticle Illustrated and described or advertised In theBe col­ in the Ion �ltudlnal seams at about 1,100 pouu

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. APRIL 12, 1873.] �'itutifi' 235

we charge of the engine, we should take offboth cyUnder vices. 2. A governor may be made to regulate at any de· Can and torch, oil, W. Kelly...... 13U,'j;)8 .J . S. 6 machine P.be had?asks :Is 1. It patentedWhere incan the anUnited incubating States? head and valve chest bonnet, expecting to findsomething sired speed. Car axle, T.R. Timby ...... 13 ,';91 2. 3 I would like to know something more of Adamson and wrong in one or tne other place. Failing these, we G. G., Car brake, Brown & Pegram ...... 1 6,581 should certainly " line up." A. .J. Car chock, 1'0.11, W. O. Stephenson ...... 136,625 Simonin's process for preserving food. Ca.n you give askedL. about powsays,er Inin drawing answer a drayto withE. a long ropewho: Car coupler, W. D. Tisdale ...... 136.627 their address ? 3. What kind of cane Is used for making The experiment should be made on a level plane, and the 4. Car coupling, L. L. Bond ...... •...... 136,640 paper, and how Is It prepared for market ? Is there engineC. C. but says am now: I have using coke,been and us findingit coallUuch cheaper,for an rope should be fastened to the weight at a point exactly Car coupUng, A. K. KIlne ...... 136,€55 such a thing as a practical drag saw, worked by power, and can get up steam a great deal sooner. Is the coke level with the hame rings, othcrwise the weight w!ll be Car coupling, J. Moulton ...... 13ti ,610 horse or steam, for cutting up trees in the woods where more injurious to the boUer or grate than the coal ? partially lifted, thus reducing the friction between It 5. Car coupling, M. Phelps ...... 136,753 they fall ? I have a plain cylindrical boller 28feet long Answer : Coke Is prepared by sublIllttlng bituminous and the ground, especially when a"close hitch" is taken. .J...... 13G,759 by 30 inches diameter ; it takes too much wood to keep coal to tile action of high temporature untll all volatile When in this position, the horse sust.lnsh.lf the welg'lt Car coupling, E. F. Plant ...... 136,652 up steam to 60 1bs. Will it be right to ruu a small fiue of matter is expelled. Sulphur is driven 011' among other of the rope ; the other half helps to increase the weight Car, hand, D. l\L Hunt ...... Car ventilator, D. W. Noyes ...... 18H,'i5G orick on top of the boiler back to the end over the fire­ elements, and as this is the only constituent of bitumi­ to be o,'ercome ; this Is rendered plain by supposing the Carri!1.ge axles. rolling, .J . Richardsoil...... 130 U20 place, and discharge the 8moke and heated air through nous coal which injuriously affects iron, the coke is a. rope to be stiffenough to prevent .agging. The weight C. . . , Carriage, baby, S. McIntiro ...... 13(i,GO'1 an 8 Inch pipe ? Wil\ it not make drier steam ? Will It better fuel than the coal. Coke makes an intense, clear of rope which the horse sustains does not act in oppo­ injure the boiler in any way, and will it be snfe ? Is Carriage, Sjsh holder for, S. E. Totten, Jr ...... 136,793 fire, and It shonld not be forced so as to Injure elthar s1t!on to the power he Is applying. so that It Is only that superheated steam any advantage where the engine has Chain link, J. J. Freeman ...... 130,594 boller or grate by burning the Iron. half of the rope nearest the weight which opposes the .• 13 ,73 only a plain slide valve ? Answers : 1. Yes, but we do draft ; and were It not for this one obstacle, It is Impos· Chair foot rest, T. A Johnson ...... H 4 ...... 136,61 5 Hot know the address of any professional incublltor. 2. R. S. asks : What are meant by the lead sible that th e distance call make any appreciable differ· Cigar mold, C. H. Palmer and lap of an engine, an(l do all engines require the lead ...... 136 G0 Address W. Adamson, or C. F. A. SImonson, Philadel­ ence. Cloth cutting machine, J. Kent ...... , 2 phia, Pa. 3. Attempts have been made to ut!!!ze nearly and lap ? Answer : The lead of an engine is the amount Clethes line fastener, A. E. Schatz ...... 130,7G8 of opening of the port when the engine Is on the cellter. every kind of vegetable material, the bagasse from sugar S. S. Clothes line pole, C. B. Bro wn ...... 136,6'1 It Is Il'reatest in hlghspeed engines and Is given for the matic P.telescope says will to answer E. B. , forwho the asks telescopic if an portionachro­ cane included. ",-"e do not know of a Buccessful process Coal mining machine, C. L. Driesslein ...... 13!J ,712 purpose of securing fnll pressure in the cylinder at the of a spectroscope : Perfectly well, but I should prefer to of manufacture from the latter, however. 4. We uo not Coke making, H. Engelmann ...... 136,592 beginning of stroke. Some engineers of high reputa­ remove the erecting lenses and thus most likely shorten know of onc, but believe that Buch a machine is used. Colter, Emerson ...... 13G,GH 5. tion doubt the expediency of giving lead In any case. the instrument considerably. The best cheap spectro· R. Carrying a fiue over the top of a cylindrical boiler as Comminuting substances, G. B. Canning ...... 1 3G,703 Lap Is the amount by wlllch a slide valve extends beyond scope that I have ever seen was constructed by Profes­ proposed would probably accomplish the result desired. Cooler, millr,;W. O. C3.ll1pbell...... 136,58,1 the port when it stands at the middle of its throw. It sor Wing, of Cornell University, with the lenses taken It would ut!!!ze the heat of the gases of combustion Cooler, water and beer, C. Hubing ...... l:W,COO enables expansion to be obtained to the extent of from from an old opera glass , one of these was used for the more thoroughly, and would make dry steam . We have Cooler, wine, J. R. Whipple ...... 13G,6:?-2 one fourth to one half stroke. The valve of nearly all collimator and the other for the telescope, a blsulphltle seen this arrangement used for years with shavings as Couch, accouchement, E. I.. . �I oore ...... 1 36,66 engines fittedwith the common three ported slide have of carbon prism being employed. 3 fuel, with success and without apparent injury to the Cufi',I. 11. Post ...... 1 36,760 boiler. "'"e should feel unsafe, and should not advise it, both lap and lead. S. S. S., It Cultivator, W. P. Dnle ...... 136,708 as we should fear that the upper portion of the boiler, preservativeP. says for wood to worwhok 011 wants buildings whichg,Jod arc whi ex­te A. A. R says : Is there any way of prevent­ Cnrl, arUftcial, J. Graham ...... 1:30 ,720 unprotected by water, might become overheated and ing the action of iron upon copper, and vice verBa ? I posed to sulphuretted hydrogen : Zinc white, if pure, Ditching machine, G. W. Nevill...... 130,752 weakened. Dry steam is economical with every form of have noticed that where there were small copper pipes will answer the purpose. Much of that which is sold as Door check. G. C. Idly ...... 1 30.731 steam engine. w zinc white contains lead. A mixture of zinc white and In contact with Iron, they Quld be eaten out In two or Drain, sediment, G. R. Moore ...... 136,608 baryta, without any leatl, Isextensl vely used for shipping three years j and if large the action would be more on Drain tiles, laying, G. W. Nevill ...... 136,7:31 V. and does not change by COiltact with sulphuretted hy· queryJ. as toH. the N. working says, ofin a turbineconnection wheel . withwhich hiswe the iron. If there were some way of stoppillg thls action Drip, collecting, W. A. Harris ...... l:lG,597 drogen. 13 7 answered on page 90 of our current volume : Another it would be a great benefit to steamboat ln en. Answer : Dumping RCOW,J. E. Bartlett...... •...... 6,5 8 The action described ha1 annoyed engineers for many 1 , 8 question arises : My turbine is a ax inch wheel of per­ D. M. D. & Co. send a piece of boiler Aeale, Elevat.or, J. )1. Bean ...... :l6 5 0 fect construction,located 15 feet above the main street, years. We know of no way to avoid it, where both and ask what it Is. Answer : The incrustation is sul­ Engine, Robinson Clift ...... 13G,764 o & and fed by a three illch pipe. The discharge pipe Is, ac· metals must necessarily be used. There are few cases, phate f lime. Fence, portable, D. S. Watts ...... 136,630 cording to your conditions, a perfect draft tube, and is however, in which onc metal cannot be used alone. Fence, WOOd, D. G. Temple ...... 136,679 three inches in diameter. The head of water iA over 90 handsJ. H. by takingM. says a piece that of W. cnrled H. hairF. can the sizecleanse of a fisthis; Fire arms, magazine, G. B. Luce ...... 186.660 .. 1:W,681, feet. The discharge opening in wheel is much less than canE. get W. a piece asks of: lod1. estonePlease the inform size of mea hickory where nut. I run a needle and thread through to hold it together. Fireproof bullding block, Van Zandt & Tarticrc ...... Inches. How can l prove that the tube ls full of watcr ? 2. Suppose a boiler contains 60 pounds of steam to the Flatten It and rub soap In ; and with a little experience, Fruit drier, J. L. Post ...... 13G,ti'i0 3 1 6 6 Again, If my theory that the tube must be full of watcr square inch. Now at�ar,h to Ule boiler a one quarter W. H. F. will have as clean hands as any one needs. Furnace, heatitlg, J. Pardoe ...... 3 ,6 7 136,67 is incorrect, wlll not placing the stop valve at the lower Inch pipe and connect it. to a steam tIght cylinder 12 Furnace grate, H. Ryder ...... 3 ...... 1:3(-j,783 end of thc discharge pipe ileep the pipe full of water inches in diameter and 24 inches long, made of No. 18 T. K. B. says, in answer to W. H. F., who Furnace, summer, W. P. Springer ...... wants something to take the grime ofthis hands : Wash 13G,5 when it 1S opened only 80 far as to give the entire power iron. Will the pressure through such a small tube be Garter, H. Honse ...... S9 your hands right In luhrlcatlng 011, next IIIwater (letting (1')...... 5,324 of thc wheel ? Answer : Tap the tube at the lower end sufficient to explode the cylinder, or, in other words, if Gas, illuminating, J. C. Tift'uny the oil remain on your hands) . After rubbing well, you ...... 186,739 and insCI-t a small pipe, bending its inner end upward, it would bear the pressure, would cylinder contain Gas, l1ghting, F. Korwan tllC w1ll findyour hands become soft : then wipe with waste. 3 91 and attaching to it, outside, a pressure gage. It will ill­ the same as in the boller, 60 pounds to the inch ? An· Generator, steam, Babcock & ,Vi lcox ...... 1 6,G Then use the other reCipe, soap, water, and elbow grease...... 186,G-13 dicate a pressure due to the equivalent hlght of water swel's : 1. Of uny dealer in philosophical apparatus. 2. Grain measure, etc., R. B. Clark ...... ' ...... 1 0,775 in the pipe. The stop valves must check the fiow of The pressure would be equal in both. Grate and furnace, J. H. Sherwood .. . . . 3 W. L. T. says, in reply to H., who asked for ...... 1;:;li,7G5 water seriously. We should sct the wheel as low as we a remedy for corns on horses' feet : Put on a bar shoe Gum, obtaining, E. H. Rogers ...... could conveniently, in any case, and, where velocities R. F. J. says : How much does clothes line and cut d0wn the bar and crust so as to throw all the Harness eyelet, S. Walters...... 1:36,796 wire (No. 9) and telegraph wire (No. 9) , the first annealed ...... are as great as they must be in this case, should use pressure offthem on to the frog ; you w!ll llnd first that Harrow, L. C. Gifford...... HW,'117 and galvanized, expand or contract by heat and cold at elther plug cocks or gates to give a straight courae for the sensible Bole is relieved of the constant pressure Harvester, L. �I . Batty (r)...... 5,316 ordinary atmospheric temperatures, per foot, yard, er ...... the water. which the crust bears upon it laterallYJ and second, that Harvester, �J. S. Truxell ...... 136,628 rod? How heavy a welght, hung at one end of a line of the jar 011the frog, communicated through the shoe from Hat and parcel holder, A. Clarke ...... 18G,5S'j such wire, 40 rods in length, would be required to keep the ground, has a great tendency to secrete healthy horn. 136, "Vwhich. Hinge, bUnd,',W. R. Goodrich ...... 350 forceJ. C.with saysa string: I wish of tubing to know snspended the strikin III all OIlg: it reasonably taut, provided the wire passed through en­ The smith should therefore pare down the heel crust, so Hoe, }of. Johnson ...... , ...... 1:·)6,7:33 well would strike the bottom, li let fall. Suppose the larged holes In Iron supports placed about 10 feet apart ? that, when the bar shoe is applied, it will allow a penny Hoe plate die, L. T. Richardson ...... 136,672 well Is 1,400 feet (Ieep ; we have 900 feet of 2 Inch tubing, Answer : The amount of expansiDn would depend upon piece to be insinuated between the two surfaces j and.in Hoist for mines, T. 1\f. Martul ...... 1:36,661 weighing 4lba. to the foot, snspended from the top of the qnallty of the wire. No two wires expand precisely about three months, the heel w!\l grow up and t"ke its Hoof spreader, T. Armstrong ...... 13G ,689 the well ; the 1mblng has consequently 500 feet to fall. alike. The average coefficient of expansion for the own share of presBure. In the mean time n Uttle, of the Hook, pocket, Malmstrom & Dummer ...... 1;:;G,'i·!2 with no appreciable resistance from the atmosphere, range of temperatnre from the freezing to the bolling a8 following lotion may be applied dally to the corn by Hook, snap, G. �1 .Hnbbard ...... V36,728 the tubing is open at both ends, and we suppose a case point Is given by different authorities as follows : La· means of a feather : Chloride of zinc, 1 dra.m, wa ter, 6 Horse power, Nichols & Drown ...... 136,'75.1 where there Is no Hquid In the well. To !lInstrate the volsler and Laplace, 0'00122 ; Dulong and Petit, 0'00118 ; ozs., glycerin, 2 OZB., mixed. The cause was, as is usually Hose bridge , J. E. McCaullay ...... 13G,',j:j principle, can you inform me what is the strikIng force Borda, 0'00116 ; Muller, 0'00122 ; U. S. Ordnance Manual, the case, defective sh"elng. Hose port hole,H. Woodman ...... 136,687 of a body weIghing one ponnd, falling or moving at the 000126 ; Tyndall, 0'00123 ; Boutan, 0'00122 ; Gallot, 0'00122. P. Houses, construction of, O. C. Camp hell ...... 13fi,5SS ra te of ten feet per second ? Answer : Read our article For practical purposes, take it at seven millionths S. S. asked how satoys, harden in answersteel for to tnrnlng F. H.soHd Q. , emery who Ice tongs, W. T. Farre ...... 1:lli,5U3 on p!le driving on page 208 of the current volume. The (0'000007) of the length for each degree Fahr. wheels : You wlll most likely find that yon can cut your Implement, compound, A. Iske ...... 1::j1i,601 tube is a p!le and Its ram combined. The striking force G. emery wheels much faster with a bar of soft Iron than Indigo, preparing, Schutzenberger & Dc Lalande . 1;\O,77() may be any figure. It w!ll depend upon the nature of the "V. is lost in a steamL. asks engine: What by the pe usercentage of the crank of? power2. Has with the hardest steel that you can obtain. The rest Ingotmold, A. L. Holly (r)...... 3,31S resistance . The work done In stopping It mnst be its the crank the same power at all pOints of the stroke ? Ingot mold stopper, A. L. Holly (r)...... weight, 3,600po unds, multiplied by the distance fallen ...... 3.�I'j 3. Do you know of any rule or formula for determining Journal box, H. H. Thayer (r)...... through. 500 feet, eqnal to 180,000 foot pounds. If, by 5,3::!2 the pOSition of the piston when the center of crank Is Knife scourer, E. W. Haven ...... crushing itself and by cutting Into the bottom, It Is ...... Ljo,::i!J3 plumb with center of shaft ? Answer : 1. None. 2. No. Knit fabriCS, D. Bickford ...... 13G,039 checked in one foot, it will exert an average force of ...... 3. When the crank stands on the half center in a direct ...... 136,(j5� 180,000 pounds . A body weighing one pound, moving Ladder, step, M. N. LovelL acting engine, the distance of the piston upon the back Lamp chimney cleaner, Choll ar & Johanncs ...... 136,'104 10 reet per second, wlll do 1X10X10+641=1'00 foot ­ end of Its path I. obtained by adding, to the half stroke, Lantern guard, T. Smith ...... 1;�(j,7S2 pounds of work before It w!l1 stop. If stopped In one the product of the length of tile connecting rod Into the Latch and lock, A. J. Hollemback ...... 130,723 foot, it will exert an average force of 1'55 pounds, if versed' sine of the angle which it then makes with the shonld be placed a little below the ceuter 0f the wheel, Lathe rest, C. A. Bauor ...... 1;3G,579 if stopped in one inch the pressure wll\ be 1'00+,\=18'60 center Une of the cyUnder. and the Iron held as In the fignre. The wheel of course Lathe slide rest, C. Van Hangen ...... 1:JG,'781 pounds. runs towards the operator. The theory of the opera· Letter sheet and envelope, T. Orton ...... lBG,{j(:j\; . . . . carJ. wheels M. D. on says to axle: 1.s, ifHow the is shaft it that, be pressed in pres intosing a tlon seems to be that the particles of emery become 1m· Liquid meter, A. M. White ...... l:::i:i,7DU W. wheel and the gage indicates 1,500 pounds pressure, and bedded In the Iron and then react on those still remain· Lock, combination, W. C. McGill ...... loG,601i H. W. says : "On pagenead 145ed of your cur­ rent volume, there is an article collapse from ...... if two wheels are pressed on at once (the sizes and bores Ing In the wheel, on the same principle that diamond Locomotive, ",Y. S. Hudson ...... , ..... 1:;G,7;Z9 low water in steam bOilers, which is so much at vari­ dust on a soft wheel Is employed in cutting diamonds. Locomotive cyUnder cock, C. II . Hopkins ...... 1:JG,i2'l ance with what engineers have been taught that It at being practically uniform) the gage w!ll Indicate the . . 1:3ti,61U same pressure ? In other wordS, why does it not take Locomotive exhaust nozzle, G.\V. HichardsoIl . . first created surprise. Ihave thought that the majority It I J. B. J. replies to W. H. who asked about Locomotive relief valve, G. W. Richardson ...... 13G,613 of explosions occurred from the want of water, and I double the pressure to press on two wheels that it does a cooperative society, that Fall River Workingmen's Loom picking, A. StockwelL ...... 186,786 know that a great many more are of the same opinion ; one ? 2. What causes the colors on steel when tem­ Cooperative ASSOCiation, Mass., is in operation...... 186,-115 1. Loom shuttle, D. C. G. Fielu ...... but coming as it does from snch anthority as the SCIEN· pered ? Answers : For the same reason that,ifa spring S P. S Loom temple, F. J. Dut.cher...... 1:::(i ,t:H TIFIC AMERICAN, it can scarcely be doubted. In a pamph­ balance were attached to each end of a line, and If a . . says that J. L. S, who asks how to make soft water hard, should dlssolvo some Hme salt in ...... 186,749 man at each end weri to pull with a force of 100 pounds, Mattress, life preserving, H. B. Mountain let sent ont by H. & F. Blandy, of Newark, Ohio. it is it, the chloride for Instance. Meat chopping marhine, Spiehlman ...... 136,fi:l-l said that water coming In contact with red hot Iron each balance would Indicate that pressure. The same G...... creates a gas ten times explosive as the best gun­ pressure of 1,500 pounds acts on both wheels, and each Medical compound, H. Themel ...... 13G,GSO 0.8 . . . . . 136,673 powder. How are we to reconcile the two statements ? yields at precisely that pressnre. 2. The surface oxidizes Medical compound, ete., J. 1\1. O. Tami ·.l ...... 13Li,5S5 If your sta.tement is correct, how are we to account for and the rapidly changing film of 0xide gives the colors rOFFICIAL. ] Metallic bands, rerolUng, C. 'V . ChaplIw.. n . . .. . ,321 the terrlb Ie damage and total destruction done to some noted. Mold board ch!ll. J. Oliver (1') ...... 5 ...... 136,658 bo!lers that have exploded during the past year ? Ihave Index of Inventions Moldill?; composition, C. Legg ...... a Motton, converting, J. B. Siner ...... 13o,G75 long been of the opinion that the pressure generally car· 5tlllC. on M. the askstraek require: Does more locomotive .team pressure standing to stait FOR WHICH Nickel plating, !. Adams, Jr ...... 136,6j.J ried by boilers is not suffiCient to tear the plates apart." whlle the wrist pin Is at the I{)wer point between the Organ. reed, E. Oakes ...... 136,GB Answer : As was remarked in the article referred to, our rall and the axle of the .... heel than when It Is at the top ...... 186,664- correspondent is one of many WhO have held Similar Letters Patent of the United States Organ stops, operating, H. R. Moore ...... of the drlvlng wheeJ'? Answer : Were the steam cyHn­ Oysters, steaming, C. S. CoUins ...... 136,588 views. We hope that we have been of some assiitance der secured tc the earth, it would start the engine with WERE GRANTED FOR THE WEEK ENDING Oyster winder, W. C. Kanne...... 13G,737 in the good work of presenting correct viewlS on so im­ lower steam if its crank pin were above the axle. In ...... II Pan, stew, G. W. Griswold ...... 13H,G96 portant a subject.. Ourarticle on Explosions Produced actual practice, however, the two positions are equally March 11, 1873, 191 Panels, molding, WiUiamson AUyn ...... 135,800 by Low Water," page of this VOlume, will show how favorable, since in each case the work of moving the en· & far the circular refcrred to Is founded npon fact. Look Paper feeding machine, M. Pieura ...... 1:30,(j68 gine Is the same, and the product of the steam pressure AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. Jo urnal the Franklin In 8titute Pavement, stone, A. Meckcl't ...... Ul6,'l!7 up a copy of the Of for Into the distance moved by the piston will also be the [Those marked (r) are reissued patents.] 136,' March, 1872, and read the paper quoted in our article of Bame for, say, an inch of movement of the locomotive. Pegging machine, G. W. MansOIl ...... l43 .. . .. 1;jC:,�90 March 15 on the " Colburn Theory." It exhibits very dl •. The fact that the cyHnder Is carried upon the locomo· Pencil sharpener, E. M. Qrundall ...... tinctly the fact that few can conceive the fearful amouut Pine leaves, treating, C. E. Ramus ...... 136,fi71 tlve, moving with it, Is sometimes overlooked in con­ Air, cooUng, P. Nezeraux ...... 136,753 of destructive foroe pent up in a steam bo!ler. nnder Pipes, tapping, E. Rogers ...... 13G.621 sidering the problem. The pressure on the crank shaft Air ejector, J. Y. Smith ...... 136,779 even low pressures. Pitman, H. Aufdembrlnke ...... 136,U!JO bearings is, however, greatest where the crank pin is Air ej ector, steam, J. Y. Smith ...... 136,780 Planter, hand, R. Arey ...... 1:16,688 above the axle, and least when the pin is beneath. In Bag looper, etc., carpet, S. M. Whitten ...... 136,633 D. Plow, subsoil, J. W. Howard ...... 136,726 botR.her L. In an oldsays fiourlng: We m!l1 have, by ahad heavy con jarsiderable and back· the first case it is made up of the sum, and in the second Bag tie, Bannlhr & Rhodes ...... 136,631 Plow, wheel, L. Sachse ...... 136,6'j'J lash ou the machinery, the engine seeming to backlash of the difference, of the two forces, the one being the Barrel head lining, G. A. Reed ...... 136.763 ,7 3 and bind on one half of her stroke, travell!ng south to eftortof the engine and the other the resistance of the Barrels, heading, J. Griffing...... 136,595 Pot. coffee, H. J. ChUds ...... 136 0 1 ,6 7 north . The timber which carried the plummer block track. Bed bottom spring, Ogborn & K.endrlck...... 136,665 Press cotton J.M. Brooks ...... :3G 1J Press, cotton, C. C. Howard ...... 136,725 and journal was badly held, shifting )0 of ala inch. This (1) Brd "prlng, Baker & Doney ...... 136,692 (1')...... 5,319 journal and timber Is situated in the m!l1, and of course centrifugalF. H. P governor,says withoutthat an cut engin off, nowe, with running a plain at 60 Bee hive, Brubaker & Witmer ...... 1 6,642 Press, cotton, M. M. Jones 3 ...... 136,7Hi too close to the driving wheels and upright shaft. On revolutions per minute, with a pressure in the boiler of Belt, waist, Vogt & Dietze\ ...... 1 6,685 Press, 011. W. M. Forc e ...... 3 6 lining up the en"lne, she proved to be five sixteenths out 60 pounds, will continue to run at exactly the same speed, Bevel, carpenters', Fairbanks & Robinson ...... 136,714 Pulleys, lubrication of, Canis & Higgins ...... 13 .609 ...... 136.61 of Une from cyUnder to wrist. I claim that the jar and dOing the same work, if the pressure is increased to 120 Bird cage, G. J. Mnnschauer ...... 136,611 Railway brake, P. Renshaw ...... G...... 136,683 backlash is caused by the engine being out of Hne and pounds. 2. He also says that, If the speed Is changed to 120 Bit, bridIe, B. L. Rowley ...... 136,767 Rail joint fastening, S. Vanstone ...... 136,709 binding from the wrist to the cyUnder, and that the revolutions, the governor will continue running at the Boiler atta.chment, wash, N. C. Warner ...... 136,686 Railway snow plow, T. A. Davies ...... 1:36,776 movement of timber and jonrnal 11l'IIl!l1 is only the ettect, same speed (88) to govern the engine. L. G. S. says It Boller Indicator, etc., M. Ellwood ...... 136,6J6 Railway switch, C. S. & L. R. Shute ...... 1:1G,785 thc cause being In the engine. Another mechanic holds will not. Who Is right ? Answer : 1. Tho ordinary oen· Bolt blank, draw, D. B. Oliver ...... 136.757 Rake, horse hay, S. Stevenson ...... the view that the backlash Is eansed solely by the mov­ trliugal governor, or fiy ball regulator, w!ll not keep the Boot soles, etc., trimming, B. J. Tayman ...... 136,790 Refrigerator door, P. A. Vogt ...... 136,629 . . ing of the timber binding the cogs, said cogs having a engine precisely at speed with varying steam pressures. Boring tool, J. C. Kacerovsky ...... 1 6,736 Register, hot air, E. A, Tuttle ...... 136,682 3 . ... clearance of y, an Inch. Which Is right ? Answer : Snch It Is because of this fact that there have been many reg· Broom, C. Boeckh ...... 136,694 Rocking horse, etc., Crandall & Twiddy ...... 136,707 ...... 13li,72,2 an action might be due to the engine being "nt of Une, ulators of other forms invented, as those of Babcock Brush ferrule, W. F. Lorey ...... 136,605 Roofing, composite, S. C. Hogue ...... or It might result from the closing of the port too early and WilCOX, Huntoon and others, in this country, and Buckle, harness, Ropp & Kibby ...... 136.766 Sad iron. F. Myers ...... J3(1,612 ...... at one en(1 of the stroke, thus confinlllg a little water that of Fareot and others IIIFra nce, of Rankine In Eng· Bung bush, O. P. & L. W. Brlggs ...... " ... 136,696 Sad iron, etc.,F. Myers ...... 13o,G13 upon which the piston may strike. We k ow of one ...... " ..... , .... 136,662 n land, etc., all with a view to the avoidance of this objec· amp, B. F. Chappell ...... , .. , ••.... 136,586 Sample fastener, C. Mason . . .. p Burner, l case III our e" erlence In Which the trouhle WaS found tion to the ordinary governor. They usually have beeu Butter bucket, J. F. Dumont ...... " .. 136,713 SallrJ, etc., crushing, J. 0, Rene-tin. . " ...... 136,721 to be produced by the plstoll by the clos. runnlllg port, of the class known as paraboHc governors. Our Patent Button, clasp, A. Flatley ...... ••••. : ...... 136.648 Sash holder, H. Thomas...... 130,G81 011 o , .., , •.•..., .." • jill! H u.p, �lld tileD etrll>IIIS tileCIIIlUJ;ed w3ter llll!l om�e P�lltlljU6mllny mogel. 611<\

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Jtitutific �lUtricau. [APRIL 12, 1873. ______�____ • ____.....L- __ Saw mills. head block for. D. Lanc ...... 136.656 NEW YORK EXPOSITION MANUFACTURIN-G- CO�fp-ANY Saw mills. head block for. D. Lane ...... 186.657 & Olfersunusuai Inducements to CAPITALISTS, MANUFACTURER�, and other p,artles Saw set. SmIth & Osborn ...... 136.777 v � i� � ���\�\ � �� ���a�!;�} g�:�8 ���r add to theIr list 01 seeking prolltable Screener and commode, co.sh,J. C. Morrell ...... 136,609 h� ; ��t � : T Y � e A productions. In ts exhibition room� may SewIng machIne. E. A. Goodes ...... 136.718 of practical and .Iucratlve In whIch an Interest may be SewIng machine. W. C. Plckel'sglIl ...... 136.616 obtained on libm al terms, either by absolute purchase. ---0--- on roya1ty, or by simply assuming the expenee of Sewing machine attachment, J. M. Griest ...... 136,651 obtalnln a patent in some cac::es. Among others are SewIng machine clamp. W. ChIcken ...... 186.702 TIlE NOTH15, 187E.3. ��"l�A�� INVENTIONS I O S BOSTON, MASS., March )nb"JT;�,���l HOD HANDLE, TWITCHELL'S HEAT CONSEUVAT01i ��d �R 6SWY�H 6R:� Sewing machine cover, C. W. Reed ...... lS6,762 AND DRIVER. Inquiries re�arding same w1l1 meet prompt attention. The Company' also makes a specialty of SewIng machIne rot:1tor.A. & J. Alrd ...... 186.635 The Suit in Equity in the United States . h e h n and new materIal Sewlngmachtne ruftler,E. Stewart ...... 136,6i6 f��:�l�r��lfl��w�W t'J����ss��.�? I��r.l � 3���f2��1 ����l���a�� 11�. COJl{1 a d J. Circuit Court of Massachusetts-ALONZO SewIng machIne table. W. Cheney ...... 136.701 ES 7ABLlSBED Sewing macblne table ••r. J. Wheat ...... 136.798 GEAR et al. of Boston, Mass., VB. JONATHAN 1658. SewIng machIne IndIcator. D. B. TIlfany...... 136.626 P. GROSVENOR et al. , Mass -after SewIng machIne treadle. A. R. Bush ...... 136.fi82 of Lowell, Sewing machine, wax thread, A. TlttmaD ...... 136,792 a long and thorough investigation, has been ShIrt front. J. A. ScrIven ...... 136.771 decided in FAVOR OF THE PLAINTIFFS, Shoe fastenIng. C. Goldthwalt ...... 136.649 and a Decree Injunction, SIgn. E. M. May...... 136,744 for a Perpetual SInk, kitchen, F. Wyttenbach ...... 136,802 establishing the validity and ownership of Skate. roller. O. H. Dodge ...... 136,711 the Patent, has been accordingly entered. Slate. C. Drasser ...... 136.591 persons who have built, nsed, iRAD" MARX. Slate framcs, dreSSing, Sayre & Shull, (r)...... 5,322 All and sold FIBS'!' l'WD BY '!'Hl!: AMICHWAN or Upright Shaping Ma­ IN�T1TUTE FAIR, 1871. 120 \;UHN GlWWN Sled. W. Nevers ...... 136.750 Variety Moulding s t e a r TO 150 BUSHELS OF SHELLICD SmokIng tube. A. Brear ...... 136.695 chine, are hereby notified that amicable set­ p:iN6'k1'S' �l'kTA�'L%� �� I�ae:r����ltt� �����g ��� PER ACUE. SolderIng machIne, MorrIs & KImball ...... 136,748 tlement can iron, tin and wood. Send for a circulH.f and sam&e The Incrcased yield per acre over the old varIeties will Sole buffingmachine, .J. Howe ...... 186,727 be made by pronptly addressing tr a E !��\Y:.�. T pay for the seed 20 times over, besides every farmer that F. 'V. GEAR, bg���Jf:t;;6 C�i>Xil�¥'�n�. � plants this year will have a large demand f l'seed at good Sole pressing-machine, Coy ...... 136,706 A. S. prIces. PrIce $2.50 a peck; $5.00a bushel, fiveO bushels $20. SpIndle. knob. W. Varah ...... 136.795 Manufacturer and Sole Owner, SEND FOR CIRCULARS AND TESTIMONIALS. SILICA.TE or SODA o t i u SpInnIng rIng traveler. J. GouldIng ...... 136.719 56 Sudbury St., Boston. Mass. I t i ��r���I\ s��p'I���c�l�:�, �v11����S���� J. n I s var ous forms. PHILADELPHIA QUARTZ CO_ 8tamp �f�Yl :e Square attachment, Hyman ...... 136,65a to all whosen d to pay.• postage. Addre�6 Stamp, brandIng, J. W. Dodge ...... 136.710 ----- THIS --- HARTFORD N' P. BOYEH & CO I'arkesburg, Chester Co., Pa. Steam and aIr brake, J. Y. SmIth ...... 136,781 '1INCINNA'l'I BHASS WORKS-Engineers Stearngage, T. W. Lane, (r)...... 5.320 Steam Boiler (. J and Steam-litters'Brass Work. Best quallty. Send Steam brake coupling, G. Westinghouse, Jr .... " 136,631 DrHlin[Macbine for Catalogue. P. LUNKENHEIMER. Prop. Stereotype plate holder, W. Schnalllfer...... 136,769 weighs 52 1bs., wlll drtlll Stone, artificial, R. Lemare ...... 136,604 _ In. hole. and sells for $36. INSPECTION & INSURANCE CO. St \'C, etc., car, J. Q. C. Searl." ...... 136,713 It wlll drlll at any an�le, O and Is needed In all mllls Stove. J. Q. C. Searle ...... 136.772 and shops. 4,OC'Omachines CAPITAL . $500,000, Stove pipe, H. L. Palmer ...... 136,755 are now in use, and 4,000 Stoye platform, W. M. Conger ...... 136,5,9 more will beassoonas we R. can bring them into gen­ Stove, reservoir cooking. J. Hyde ...... 136,730 eral noUce. Write to us ISSUES POLICIES OF INSURANCE, after a careful Straw cutter feed roller. J. H. Sharp ...... 136.774 for furtherinformat1on. Inspection of the Boilers, covering all 10ss or damage to Table, extension, M. Coleman ...... , ...... 136,71)5 MILLERS FALLS CO., Tool. combIned, W. Bartlc ...... 1&6,693 78 Beekman Street, New Boilers, Buildin[s, and Macbinery, F. York. Toy puzzle, B. Ellls ...... 136,Mfi -ARISING FROM- Transom Ilfter and lock, J. F. Wollensak ...... 136.801 rrHEE B OXES-Want them manufactured. Treadle, G: B. KIrkham ...... 136,803 --Cust-- 40c. and sell for $2. S. SCOTTON,Rlchmond,Ind. Truss pad, 'A'. Jones ...... 136,735 STEAM BOILER EXPLOSIONS. Tube formIng dIe, J. KIntz ...... 136,654 IMWIN.PR OVEDLaconIa, FOOT N. H. LATHES. N. H. BALD The busIness of the Company Includes all kInds of Vehicle axle box. J. P. SmIth ...... 136,778 STEAM BOIL ERS, Vehicle whc"I. H. PItcher ...... 136,699 M. MAYO'S PATENT BOL'l' CUTTER. Vchlcle wheel, J. J. Ualya ...... 136,761 E • Send for Illustrated CIrcular, Clnclnnatl, Ohio. STATIONARY, MARINE, & LOCOMOTIVE. Valve and trap, globe, H. J. McMaho ...... 136.746 ------..pEMBROKE" Valve, rotary, Shel1enback & Brllmaycr ...... 136,662 Full lnformat[on concernIng the plan of the Company's J. Ro., .. and Plat Iron, operations can be obtaIned at the Wagon holst, W. Brown ...... 136.698 Sq HOME OFFICE. in Hartford. Conn •• HAMPION SPlUNG MATTRESS-The WsshinlZmaehlne, H. Stuckman ...... 136,787 For the many uses where great strength. superior C) latest and be�t Im[)rovement. Do rou want ... finish,or any extra QuaUt is needed. This Iron costs or at any Agency. bealthy and comfo"able bed? Here It Is. Tbe softest Waterproof fnrze fabrIc. S. H. Atkins ...... 136,636 fs J. M. ALLEN, PresIdent. C. M. BEACH, VIce Pres. easiest. ct.eapest. mo.t popular, and durable SprIng ned u r r �'iJ�:.d. WM. E. COF�'IN in Water wheel, turbine, S. M. Stevens ...... 136,784 .: �l)fIl"v�� st�:e���s��n T. H. BABCOCK, Secretary. market. Sold by all leadIng dealers. No stock comtern J. V. � �� plete wIthout It. Wholly composed 9f teIJ8clons Wheel, traction, StraIt ...... 186.677 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: pered steel sprtngs,so united that the pressure is equally WhIp socket. G. H. Jewett ...... 136.732 Machines. J. M. Allen ...... PresI dent. dIstrIbuted. Easlly moved or carrIed about the house. WIndow sash ventllator, J. C. Bates ...... 136.638 Milling nd e Can be lifted, turned, or rolled up Ilke 8 hlnnket. lloth STANDARD, UNIVERSAL, INDEX AND PLATN. ���'b�e�: . � :A8B;i T':ea�������; :��� ltli\��::8�: sides alike. No fra.me. no wooden sla1s, no �t1"aps. "May WIndow screen. S. T. LIppIncott ...... 186.740 Send forillustrntedcatalogue to the BRAINARD M!LLING .Tohn A. Butler ...... Pr es. Conn. RIver BankIng Co. e usea on floor without bedstead. No undei' bed re­ WInes and Ilquors, agIng. A. Luquet...... 136,741 MACHINE COMPANY, 115 Water St., Boston, Mb.8S. Charles M. Beach ...... of Beach & Co. quired.b Needs only ha.lf thickness6 n. oi' hair mat cress. The I . . . . . e regular sIze double bed, 4 ft. 1 by 6 ft., contaIns 19'1 Wrench, J. B. Weeden ...... 136,797 THE SELDEN DIRECT·ACTING g�Rl�l!a�i����m',.w:. . ::. ..p;.e:. . t An;�:I�a� W:tf;J':1 ����: tempered steel upholstery sprlrgs and ""Igh. only 25 Wringer, bench for, J. B. Sweetland ...... 136,788 R. W.H. JarvIs...... Pres't Colt's FIre-Arms Mfg. Co. o f o e s h E . .Io1.Reed ...... Sup't Hartford & N. Haven Rallroad. ��.t·er� �a��!���� ��fa���: �J/�i��� �f �\� �� ��.��l Hon. Chas. M.Pond ...... Tres. State of Connecticut. Send for pIctorIal cIrcular. Retall prIce of double bedl APPLICATIONS FOR EXTENSIONS. T. O. Enders ...... So c . .£tnaLIfe Ins. Co. e t Steam Pump I.. f£�' �.� ���i:!t;e. I everett Brainard ...... of Ca8�, Loekwood & Co. w��i�� �1��r:iDJi��(�.• ;�lt �:�lnf:��;t� AppHcattons have been duly filed.:.lnd are now pending GEN. WM. B. FRANKLIN. VIce Pres't Colt'. Pat. FIre- ed. F. C. BEACH & CO M.kers, 131 and 133Duane Street. Arms Man'f'g Co. New York. for the extension of the following Letters Pa.tent. Hear� IS THE BEST SteaIL Austin Dunham ...... Pre s. WillImantic LInen Co. tngs npon the respective nppllcat1on� arc appotnted for Geo. Crompton ...... Cronk pton Loom Work'S,Worcester. the days hereinafter mentioned: Earl P. Mason .....Pres't Provo & WOi'.R. R .• Providence. PAGE'S Water Flame Coal Lime Kiln, with Send for CIrcular Wm. Adamson ..of Baeder, Adamson & Co., Philadelphia. coal or wood. No. 1 Soft White Lime or Cement, 24,S67.-0RE SEPARATOR.-W. O. Bourne. May 28. PrIce LIst to Z39 with use of water. C.D. PAGE, Patentee,Rochester,N.Y. 24,493.-FuENACE DOOR FRAME.-P. A. Sabbaton .•June 4. New York Ofllce ...... BroadiWa.y. A. CAUR, 43 Court THOS. S. CUNNINGHAM, Manager. THE 25,153.-CARDING ENGINE.-S. Wetherhed. July 30. ff:� ��Xalty R. K. McMURRAY, Inspector. MBJUCAN NU'l' & TUBE SOISROII RECORD EXTENSIONS GRANTED. _ HOLLED CO., FOR SALE-For half the cost-A complete A RIchmond, Va. Nuts from !!( in. to 3 in., hollow . set of Blanchard Plow Handle Machinery, consist- F 0 l� 8,589.-MACHINE FOR MAKING KETTLE8.-H. W. Harden. Shafttng, Turnbuckles, &c.,manufactured byOstrarder's t r t n m ��n�!�� 8,539.-BRAss KETTLE.-H. W. Hayden. process. Better, and thirty perWM. cen� cheaper thah any ��ctifnt��3 l� fo��: �h��� be�a fht;�dre� 23,320.-BoILER WATER SKIMMER.-A. M. Spraguc. others------made. Send for cIrcular. E. TANNER, Prest. fonn-besides a Machine for Smoothing. Also, have for sale a Hub Boring Machine. Is self·centerlng and rapid 1873. �AW GUMMERS, Single and Double Up workIng. Has nevcr been u DESIGNS PATENTED. s ot l ;:�. �r'?8'#� cgCO., A ko'ld��� :l��oJg s��:��fl�r���f��e�����':rs� g��� Dayton, OhIo. CompendIum of the ScIentific Progress and DIs.ove 6,400.-LAMP STAND.-D. Mosman, Wcst Meriden, Cunn. (i. rles of the PrecedIng Year. Illustrater6\)()! wIth Steel fol' cIrcular. A. PRESCOTT. Sandy Hlll. N. Y. Plate and O n pages, 6,4!H.-WORK HOLDER.-R.W. Perkins, W.Meriden, Cann. ask WHY'we can tc�lrs" ��te;v� ������t Octave Pianos for sell 6,492.-LoUNGE.-J. B. Rohrer, PhiladelphIa. Pa. 8290", YOUNG AMERICA-For a Reaper and amlw,or-·1t"OSl:SIt,SS thall $301> Mower to manufacture on Royalty, or tor State rr HlS NEW AND SPLENDID BOOK is now .t'ianu sold Rights. address N. T. VEATCH, HUl1tsvllle, Schuyler ready. Its contents will embrace the most Interest· TRADE MARKS REGISTERED. whom make County, Ill. ing Facts and Discoveries in the various Arts and Sci­ 1,160.-SoAP.-J. S. & T. Elklnton, Phlladelphla, Pa. We ha.v� ences that haye transpired during the preceding year ex. .• n e ;� ����ral Progress of the World 1.161.-SHInTs.-T. J. IrvIng & Co !laltlmore. Md. TOLLESeach to 1500 MICRO DollarsSCOPES-F each. Tollesrom ObJectlve 50 Dollars lenses r� ��� !oA��fng Il�;a �e 1.1tl2.-1!unBER HOSE AND BELTs.-National Rubber Co., r r h o t e I.-CFEMISTRY AND METALLUUGY. BrIstol, R. 1. �� i��, ���°fr��fs? �b���r��g T�����dr�� ��J j�fr: 2.-MECHANICS AND ENGINICERING. 1,163.-PunLIcATloNS.-F. & J. RIves, A. Balley, Wash­ Dollars each. "It Is not neceSbBty for Americans any 3.-ELECTHICITY. LIGHT, HEAT, ·SOUND. D. O n d O r , t.-TECHNOLOGY.-Embraclng New and U,eful lnven· Ington, C. �tf;l� j�s��i��fg��� tg�Commis8ioner�{gh e�P��� ���1 ����fl��b���Pari8 � HE ARTS; 1,164.-BoOTS AND SHOE8.-T. W. Seaverns, Jr., West Report of th.e U. 8. to the exhibi­ 5.-�g��AW'£1::6 °H'g��'{6�rTfji�? Roxbury, Mass. tion, 1861. Price List sent to any address on receipt of lOco 6.-AGRICULTURE. UERK'S DE For Gale by CHAS. STODDER, 67 DevonshIre St.,Boston. 7.-IWUAL AN}) HOUSEHOLD }; CONOMY. 1,165.-MAIZOLA.-Warder & Cooper, Valley Junction. O. B TECTOR.-ImportantWATCHMA for al.N'S large TIME Corporatl oDi �:=�kf��i1.�'�fgi'yT�:�"z��y.���:HYGIENE . and Manufacturlug concerns-capatJle of controlltn; Ni agara Steam Pump. 10 & ll.-METEOROLOGY, TERUESTRIAL PHYSICS SCHEDULE OF PATENT FEES. with the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or GEOGR_\PHY. patrolman. as the same reaches �ifl'ereDt stations of his CHAS. B. HARDICK, 12.-GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. On each Caveat ...... $10 bl!ll.t. SeI!dfor a CIrcular. J. E. BUERK, 23 Adams st., Brooklyn, N. Y. 13.-ASTRONOMY. . B t On each Trade·Mark ...... $25 N. B.-ThIs detector Is c�v�;e�O�i'�,Jo �� ���::�if, 14 & 15.-BIOGRAPHY. $1� l ATHE CHUCKS-HORTON'S PATENT lr to o n (\nIIllng each appllcatlon fora Patent (17 years) ... Parties using or selling these instruments without au· .J from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. Addresfl tn���7ire;: ��:�� �g� l�ts a�� s�n����r:g��l� g��� � On IssuIng each orlglnaIPatent...... $20 thorlty from me wlH be dealt wIth accordIng to law. THE I;;. HORTON & SON CO .. WIndsor Locks, Conn. copy of SCIENCE REeORD FOR 1873. It wlll be a most In­ . $10 teresting and valuable Book. and should have a place In On appeal to Examlners-In-Chlef ...... RICHARDSON, MEHIAM & CO. every Househo]d, in every Library. On appeal to Commlsoloner of Patents ...... $20 Manufaeturers of the 19 test Improved Patent Dan­ THE Proprietors of C. N. Goss' patents, re­ P VO. Handsome]y Bound. Many Engrav· On appllcatlon for Reissue ...... $30 els' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash cently Issued, for i1Jlprovement.sIn Horse HayR-akes in�. �r'�e?��� n wish to arrange with a f,ew more parties to manufa.cture �ent by mail to all parts of the country, on receipt of On appllcatlon for Extension of Patent ...... $50 ri��I�;��I���c�'�� ���sa�7��1 8�:c�g����a���Jt�ftf:I:� t ak i t e oth the prIce. A !lberal dIscount to the trade and to can­ On grsntlng tbe ExtensIon ...... $;lO s I w s ������ �J��:S8 j. G. �TT�i.�H{;B�R��:Wi\\���i. - vassers. For 8a]e at all the prlucipal Bookstores. . . �{i����' ��b�� ��rl \v�� J ��'rn���Ola t���, ���- �:ri��� On IIUnga DIsclaImer ...... $10 other kinds of Wood·worklng MachInery. Catalo�nes MUNN & CO., PUBLI�IIERS, On an appllcatlon for DesIgn (3X years) ...... $10 t l S p a n 31'Par k ltow, New York City. On an appllcatlon for Dcslgn (7 yeal's) ...... $1� ��!lg;.-�-�a�---�=�---.W�:cg�n:f, �� {l��rty�:f *��tg�r.k�fr . $30 SCIEN7IFI C A.JfERI CA1V On an applicatton for DesIgn (14 years) ...... �HINGLE AND :BARREL MACHINERY.- THE wlll be sent one year U Improved Law's Patell�Rhtngle and ht:E...:!!!1g "Ma­ SCIENCE RECORD FOR chine, stmplest and best in u�e. Also, Shin�le Hea.ding and one copy of 1873. on �'r:,� �;:�·gt.°11�iJ:e�t�IfE ��� lj,z g-�:, n receipt of $4'50. �dllet'tiStinl'nts. n r��g���t;M': r' :g/r:d�:i2 W�iform wIth the ORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, COMBIN- ab�������e :f ce/Gfar n . UATES OF ADVERTISING. P. ing the maximum of effictency,du.rabiUty and econ· omy, with the minimum of weight and price. They are rr HE SCIENCE OF HEALTH, FOR APRIL, Bock Page " " " " " • " $1.00 a line. widelY and favorably known. more than 1,000 being in opens with Popular Physiology: The Scientific Era ------7.;) R use. All warranted satisfactory 01' DO sale. Descriptive of MedIcal Systems; Met.hodsof Curc ; Natural Food of In�jde Page cents line. etrculars se¥k'En/P Il d Children ; Health V8. -Fashion ; Consult your Thel'mome· l!}nfJra'()i'ng8may head arlverti8ements at � same rate per & ;;:g!.\'Bi � g'O'S'ta he �tW E . wrence. Mass. r e e Nne. by mea.�u.rement. as the letter-pre8,� Liberty st., York. �� i���8�..1:�� w� ��p �Jtt1;��t�k�: ���nGe��A ���. M�� "Cor." we have-Fever j Brain Food; Cat9rrli ; Loss of o AGHICULTURAL MACHINE Manu- ; v c II �ll�;�: VALU� W POWER facturers-We have a Corr & Pitrr:anMac hine"- �flh $�g�f�'hn,��� ��1t e� EL£��!>��1:h'e�:'3�� Tir i In s way, New York. The S rain in �� R iJ�E. ��e oO;e-;!rI6�� V�:e�!� $i�: t�l � ��g{;it:;f:�I��� i'B�� Theory of t s Girders The Pro c ty known 8S the Chittenan o151'sti11er , stt· rt ady for the rims, 250 Drill or Rake wheels per day. CHANCE for MECHANIC. and similar Structures ' wtth obAervat1f ns on the appl1- a � i ! h e & RARE a GOOD cation of Theory to Practlce,and, Table� of the St.rength �:��� dr�e��ti�: ���u�r,�:g�tcgi· �·e C8���!;i� ��k� WIll sell low. EnquIre of S. N. BROWN CO.,Day. A widely known Company in Cincinnati. with and other Properties of Mat.erlals. By Rindon B. and Erieville eservoir, and used ton OhIo. a ge e d a r Stoney, M. A. New edition. re\ised and enlarged and R Wateras a feePrivilder egeto the Erie �rf pr:A't���� s;�c��rtr��? ;�ri\� :lh��tJ �r;r:c o\g ��:�� Complete in one Volume, with 5 p ates and 1 , ood Canal making it an excellent with a Mechanic to ta.ke cha.rge of the Manufacturing �e part­ 'pp. l m.'c!3 w full head of sixteen feet, capable of being increased to SEND TO cut illustrations. Roval 8vo. 65� Price $15 cloth. twenty-one feet, 0. strongly bunt dam, c Dstructed only ment. To one deSiring to moye a good bUSiness West AN PUBLISHER, three years ago, and a pond capable ofO holdIng a large and get the advanta�e of a connection with esta.hlTehed D. V23 MurrayNOST St. HAN& 27 Warren D, St .• New York. quantlt.y of water; together with forty acres of land. and paying works, this 1s a rare op r ' Cdress * * * Copies sent free by mall on receipt of price. the largest part of which is under cultivation, tour tene­ THE AMERICAN SPORTSMAN, �. \jlA.o/. J:- ment houses and the Bullding heretofore used tor a dis· Fr�nch's Hotel. Newt York tillery, and whfch,at a small expense. CGuld be converted WEST MERIDEN, CONN., ACTTTRERS-Send into a Building suitable for other manufacturmg pur­ � For a Sample Copy of saId Paper. All :;;;B� RO;-A;-;for S;-;S;-descrIption:;;-CO=C Y;K ""M ;;r:Aand'NT, photU�F ograph of the Improved poses. The favorable loc.t!on of the Property only a Vertical BorIng M3chln e r st ce d b a \ S m� �T'hU\Y BA CON, ���3 !i�h ::e N���0�� c����:r�:n koa��\1e �:i: Rear 623 Commerce St., Philadelphia, Pa. Canal and the West Shore RaIlroad (now bulldlng), WoOD-WORKING MACHINEHY GEN- affords rarea oP ortunity to parties who wish to engage erally. SpecIalties, Woodworth Planers and Rlcb· vo­ .• u E r ardson's Pat·ent Improved Tenon Machines. ECTIONAL TURBINE-The best for l� Samples sent by mall for 50 cts tbat retajl quIck for �� ;h �� i��t'jjrt'fr ¥�"!\-��"Glg'O¥f 8'J 6'g�W';-N!f';'s Centr�l, corn or UnIon st" Worcester ....Mass. l� rlable streams. Pamphlet free. WM. J. VALEN· $10. R. L. WOLCOTT, IS! Chatbam Square, New York, OFF1CE, at ChIttenango. M{J.dlsOnCount y, N. Y. WrrHERBIRUHG '" l'WBARDSON. T E, �' t. Edward, N. Y. Agents Wante'd.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 2 APRIL 12, 1873.] Jtitutific 37 1871. 1WO832. ODWSCHENCK'ORTHS PA PLTENT.ANERS BAIRD'S s a d J'8�Jrrou.engra vings. In one vol., 12mo ....$ 1.50 WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES. all kind., Sugar �I 1ll., Screw, Leve�Dr'if and Hydraulic quarter, payable at the office where received. Canada a I: y� B A RD & WHIT· subscribers must remit, with subscription, 25 cents extra B, sent by mall, free DESIGNS and PLANS for ��r�k n i���rlt.:�rg��f;� N. Rnd to pay po.tage. of�8faJy �e��rr�� �;ltY7c�lto�Yp�PC�� A Houses of moderate cost, NEW 2d-HAND.-- •• new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL ND 150 Send for Circular. CHAS. PLACE Addre 0·11 JeLler. and make all Po.t Office orders or SCIENTIFIC BOOKS-96 pages, avo.-sent free to any one ORANll::11m :ba� CO., MACHINERY 60 .• draft. payable to who will fnrnl.h hi. addres •. PUBLISHERS 245 Broa.,lway,N. York. , & CO. Ve.ey .t New York. arSendfor Ca talogue of all book. HENRY CAREY BAIRD, - on Architecture, Agriculture, FIeld MUNN & CO., I L Sport. and the Hor.e ROPER BOT AIR 406 .wlLWJ'f Si�ft¥,p, ��H!d� \Phla. ENGINE COMPANY, 124 Chambers St., New York. 37 PARK ROW, NEW Y RK. PATENT M PUMP, SELDEN PATENTEDDI AUGRECTUST 2D AND DECEMBERACTI 20TH,ON 187 0. STEA rIRE PUMP.

For Boiler For Water Feeders, Works, " Fire " Mines, Pumps, etc. etc .

.And for all purposes for which Steam Pumps can be used. Sold under full guarantee. Money will be retur ned if, from any cause, they should prove unsatisfactory. Send for Circular and Price List, fully describing them, to A. CABB, 4:3 Oonlandt St., Rew York City.

© 1873 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [APRIL 12, 1873. A. S. CAMERON & CO., ENGINEERS, "Tho Harrison Hoilor." Adverti8ement8 will be admitted on thi8 page at the rate oJ Works, foot of East 2Hd � - i e ma?! street, New York City. , $1.00 per l n for each in8ertion. Engraving. Seven years' service in some of the largest est.ablish· head adverti8ements at the same rate 'Oe:rlin!?, by rneas- ments in New England and elsewhere, with boilers urement. as the!!!tte.r:..�'P,!e88.�� - ______StBam Pnmps, i ;]}iaUlund PoiIltcd this���h ��p��l�d���l r:¥r::\e:� s:���::il�����!�iplacehe:t in For the best for Rubber ot th improved generator bas taken a permanent Leather Belts BELT HOOK Address Adaptedduty. to every possible fl¥:: ¥h�����d Horse Power have been made and put I srrE,A�/I a t h s y n DRll.4LS., CREENLEAF WILSON, Lowell, Mass. Send for Price List. tnAW�h"e �';,�,:�� o� ��� 'lf:r���g �01re� i�· either steam generating or superheating surface, and when this needs adoption of new and improved applics. entire renewal it cau. be made as good a8 new at an outlay HEtions to the celebrated Leschot's patent,have mude ANSOM SYPHON CONDENSER perfects of only one half the. cost ora new boiler. It can be taken T ull p e and maintains vacuum en Steam Engines at coat of r o g s k� �'k dWlM."rt�cf. th��: ��.; u!�le�ve�lficl��;;ya�l oneR per cent its ·value,and by its use Vacuum Pans are ��: tg:, �R�g�� �l's���J\iig �;;� jj�� f���1°0� �r��iC�o�� economy are acknowledged, bot1i in this country and. run with full vacuum without Air Pump. Send to WM. of the original setting. It is most dltllcult and expensive Europe. The Drills are bunt of various sizes allilpat­ ALLEN, Chardon St., Boston, for a personal call, or at a 51 .• to take out and replace the ordinary wrought fran bofler, terns· WITH AND WITHOUT BOILERS, and bore he Company, at Buffalo N. Y for a Circular. which, when worn out, if?comparatively 1corthless, and uniform rate. of THREE TO FIVE INCHES PER MIN, can sGarcely command a purchaser at any pricp-. UTE in hard rock. They are adapted to CHANNELHNG. delivery,Harrison after Boners order of Is anygiven, size as can fast be as madethey can ready be putfor GADDING, SHAFTING TUNNELLING, and 0 ellcut WELL Ma chinist's To ols, �� � e, tt 0 � no more thanthat of the �1'lThlll�F t�PAN nE Rmr 30 CORTLANDT-ST., NEW YORK. SUPERIOR STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, by special machinery New York PLASTER WORKS & duplication of parts. Thex are Safe, Ecmwl1li­ Easi!y Mq,nf1{Jed, and ASKER & CO., liable to derange­ MORRIS, '1.' WIR E ROPE. Their COMBIN­ MANUFACTURERS OF NE AND J 0 H B N MANUFACTURERS,A. ROE LIN TRENTON,G' N. S J.SON S. ILER is AMERICAN CHARCOAL IRON peculiarly ad­ OR Inclined Planes,Standing Ship Rigging, THB T A:NITB CO., ta Bridges, Ferries, Stays, or Guys enlJerrJcks & Cranes, apted all T1lIerF Ropes, Sash Cords of and Iron, Lightning & LDE purposcs re­ Conducters of Copper. SpecialCopper attention given to hoist· INVENTORS BUI RS OF SPECIAL quiring small Boiler Tubes. ing rope of all kinds for MillCS and Elevators. Apply for MACHINERY CONNECTED WITH power. More WROUGHT-IRON TUBES circular, giving price and other information. Send for EMERY GRINDING. than 400 en­ pamphlet on Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. A SOLID EMERY WHEELS, from 1 In. to S feet In dlam gines, frOln 2 to AND FITTINGS, FOR GAS STEAM arge stock constantly on band at New York Warehouse. The T ANITX EMERY WHEXL is rapidly taking the place 100 horse-pow­ , No. 117 Liberty street. of thejlleand the Grindstone. If you wish to make 1m- er, in UBC. Scnd WATER, AND OIL. s o t F for ilIustratad IITSteamand Gas Fitters' Supplies, Machinery for rri�r������U:E��: {.a:i �!i'i� M!�6in��1 ,��l��fe oa.}Gas Works, &c. &c. SUPBB.-HBATBB.S the saving on File� Iabor, aud \lages. A !uJ'iclou8uoe circular. Save fuel, and supply DRY steam. Easily attached to of Tanite Emery wheels and Grinding Machinery will ----NO.----.--�. 1� GOLD ST--.. ------�NEW YORK. any boBer. HENRY W.BULKLEY, Enldneer. � � t a .. 98 Liberty ::;t.,New York. �8f�l�;� ;R! e g; r��v�\f���l�� ���:p� ;��d��\�k�� as a Tanlte Emery Wheel. The cutting pOints of 1Ile =------;;;:::For=test1-ngOvens,�.. - Boiler- e n m u n r u eda P. yromet ers. 1Iues,B last furnaces. Suo A T!e:li: �:.a;� �h�;al ���J� ���� j�lf! i�: ·H on tills, d s ery is a substance �arder tha.n any metal! We have lately per eated Steam, S fr'j,;N�4 ;� BULKLEY, introduced half a dozen new Styles of Machines for Emer Grinding. Prices: $1", �, $50, $60, $70, $75, $00, For 98 Libert)'St., New York. r10 $125.,AQo. $175. Send or Circulars and Photo- 1873. :�pts ie OYE'S MILL FURNISHING WORKS N are the largest in the United States. They make, The Tanite Co., Burr Millstones, Porta.bleMills, smut Machl!les, specialJyPackers Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pm. Write to us as follows: Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pul,leys aanda Gearmg, adapted to 1Iour mil}�. M� � t6y:u�U1falO, N. Y. HOWARD & CO.,. T�'W S EM ERSONS PATENT READY GUMMED No. 86� Broadway, N. Y., CR OSS c ip i Price CVT SA WS Please send me your Des r t ve A PA List of Waltham Watches, as advertised in WITH TENT REMOVEABLE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. COVERING fo r BOILERS SAVV SET SOCKETS FO R Y W Superior Quality. First Prize Am. Institute Fair. VAN TUYL MF'G CO., 528 Water St" N. H'/1 N D L E S WA R RANT E:D,�v:;fr%,�:, (Sign Name and Addres8 in full.) AND PIPES. .IC.'- cJir)�( (/!.7T a (f;r/7r'Uf(()r �1l Union Stone Co., S FORI) Steam & Wa ter Gauges. [MER S ON & C!?BEA VER FA LLS p� ...... Patentees and ManyfacturcTB of You will receive it by return mail, and any Watch you Steom Gauge, 4in $4.50 &; sclect and order ",1 1 be sent to you by Express for exam. EInmeryWheels size and Form toEmery Suit variousBlocks RONDrtlllil, and PLAN otherERS, Machinists' ENGINE Tools, of superiorLATHES, qual­ 1 ¥t�r�e:f� ��gv��·Ja���J��t�·:Xiii::io;.:: .. ::: : .. ::::�- t� nation, and If you like it you can take it and pay the W' Warranted for two years. c ity,I on hand, and finishfng. For salc low. For Descrip­ b111. Also Manufacturcrs of $11.00 GRINDENJ, �r'-#�\J� �tRS. DIA· tion and Prl€e address NEW HAVEN MANUF ACTUR­ TOOLS, aud WOOD'S PA­ ING CO .• N�'" Haven. Conn. Patent Glass Oilers, TENTMOND KNIFE GRINDER, LOW PRICES. NO RISK. For Shafting, Engines, and all kinds of Machinery. Guar· FQr Planln Paper Cutting, Leatber Splitting, and all 9,nteed to save 'i5per cent of Oil. Enuorsed by the lead· o � Boston, Mass. ing Man f t g�::C� , rfE:����GE STREET, N. Y., " �ZJEI"l'k¥;'�U6�(lN �'i.c,,�aW;N t W. S. Jarboe, 93 Liberty Street. , ew York. BRANCH OFFICES f 502 Commerce Street,Philadelphia,Pa. EVBry Watcb Fnlly WarrantBd. Send for Catalogue. arSendfor circular. F r Girls. MANAGER WANTED. W l r o Boys and taking charge of and running a Strap �! : d· ' A man capableFactory of : the factory has all modern machi· The great Juvenile Magazine, a splendid $1.00Chromo nery,and T and Hinge is in good oruer. Address, with referencc,Lock HOW O., an. a MIcroscope that magnifies$10, 000 times ! Boys and No. A R D cl C girls wanted, to raise clubs. Pleasant work and splendid !'lox 147, Pittsburgh, Pa. . .. ___ _ pay! SpeCimen, 3 cents. Agent's outftt,includtngChro­ No. 865 Broadway, NewYork. mo, 25 cents. Send.at once. Say where you saw this. JOHN B. ALDEN, Publisher, Chicago, III [CLI PS E. DOUBLE TUR BI NE EACH'S Scroll Sawing Machines�Cheap­ _ est and best In use. For Illustrated Catalogue and WAT ER PriceB List, send to H. L. BEACH, 90 Fulton St., N. Y. R. A. V BrvalBn's Brick MacbinBS, WHEEL Made at Haverstraw, Rockland Co., N. Y. :Makingnine r:o O/lYTON.O. Bradley's Cushioned Hammer in Crude State-any quan­ i STI LW ELL& BIERCE M·(G ASBESTOS Wantedtity. Ad dress ROSENTHAL & tenths of all the brick usedin the State. Send for circular. is a great improvement over all other Helve Halilmere; SHUSTER, Cbatham Mils, Phlladelphla, Pa. andit has swedge 80 many work, valuable besides and conveniences lIseful devices that for commonwere be- I=l Highest Premium (Medal) Awarded and Endorsed by Certificate from the nk t h c O h INSTITUTE as " The Best Article in the lUarket." �n g� :i�eg o� l�s ���agft; a� a' g� :ir�IOu:gf����� f3�iin a brief n a t 'l-Jlf1nt�¥1�jA�?;,g i":6��W:a�i�:N. Y. 8:HOC) MAHOGANY, Io'l .... SATIN WOOD, HUNGARIAN ASH, SPANISH CEDAR, ROSEWOOD, WALNUT, AND �H�:z; ALL KINDS rIl � Bard-Wood Lumber, The " ASBESTOS ROOFlNG" is a substantial and reUable material, Which can be safely used in place in PLANR, BOARDS, AND VENEERS. Manufacturerof Tm, Slate, &c., of on steep or fiatroo fs, in all climates. It can be cheaply transported and easily appUed. Also, GEO. W. READ & CO., ASBESTOS ROOF COATING AND CEMENT, ASBESTOS BOILER FELTING, SHEATHING OWce Mill and Yard,186to 200Lewis St., eor.6tb St.,E.R. FELTS, PARAFFINE AND MARINE PAINTS, SIJ.lCA PAlNT BODY, ASBESTOS BI'8I1Cb. Sale6rooms.170 & 112 Centre S.t., N. Y. BOARD AND PAPER, ASBESTOS ASPHALTUllI,&c. lIT Orders by mall promptly and faithfully e-xecuted. Send for Descriptive Pampb.lets,Price· Lists, &c. Liberal Terms to Dealers. arEnc lose Be.stamp for Catalogue and Price List. Tbese materials for sale by H. W. JOHN S, PORTLAND CEMENT, KIRKWOOD & DUNKLEE, Chicago. NEW OFFICES. S7' MAIDEN LANE, B. S. PARSONS, Galveston, Texas. Cor. Gold St., New York. F Bazley the wellWhite known e manufactureo , of John O �f�i� :l3"RX��. � �?!�r"�i�.W Y. IRON STEAMSHIP BUILDERS. A -Practical- Treatise------on Cement furnished.. -.�for 25.- --cents MAGIC LA:NTBB.:NS. -'--'- - r b R���:����capItal. Illustrated Xf��otft�gr Priced:��:ln�:�'t�/� Catal ue sentnia':. free.�t�� ::1�li NEA.FIE & LEVY, Utica StBamEn�ino Co. MCALLIS�!�Optician ,4? �assau St::.:':'!ewYork. PENN WORKS, IDDER'S fOr MARI�I:��I���'oOJk�"�tSrlE�UILD- K Asthma. STOWELLP ASTILES & CO.-A Cbarlesto,vn, Sure Relief Mass . PHILADELPHIA. PA. , An�erican Saw Co . No. 1 Ferry Street, corner Gold Street, New York. ):[A.NUF ACTURER8 OF Patent Movable Toothed CIRCULAR SAWS, Patent Perforated Mi Boilers & Pines covered Circular, ll, fuel.with "Send ASBESTOS for circulars. FELTING"i" saves 25 per cent In AND Asbestos Felting Co., Cross-cnt Saws. g-l.�:sa�r� �l�ua���'e���d q:.;;�nmSSf�? �ie�' prSend for DescriptivePam­ STEA.M ENGINES, • phlet . PORTABLE & STATIONARY, EMERY WHEEL MACHINERY . for grinding Tools and Metsls, gum· L. HALL'S Labor Saving Brick Machine, "THE BEST, CHEAPEST, MOST DURABLE." ming Saws,cleanlng Castings,grind. • the brRt in use. Also, im roved Brick Trucks and F n t g L Oneida, Improved Circalar Saw Ml1l8, Screw nnd Ing Planer Knives perfectly straight i �� S!�� ����ir!ul�;.. . HALL, I.. ever Set. ItW"'" Senil tor C1rcu18:r -unequaled for the sterling quaUty �:.r��:'Jg��. •• . of Its material and workmansbl , V1'ICA STEAM ENGINECO Utlcal. N. Y. . Sci YOUNG. GENERAL AGI!NT, � HE " entific American " is printed with G, G, ...... CHAS. ��U JOHNSON & co. '8 INK. Tentb u-t � Cort'laIldt St New York. COm'ANY, 1!8 LI\lert;r��:B�'1� st" NewM�ic Yor)c,ll. eTWiR riiJ�tti TLombard Itl.;l'Wlad�lpl1la and 5� Goldet . •.'ll iw;YorJr;l /

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