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Green Book of Environment Evaluation of China's Appendix II Green Book of Environment Evaluation of China’s Environmental Performance in 2014 Theme I: Total Pollutant Discharge1 Condition In 2013, China meets the annual discharge and emission reduction targets for major pollutants of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide Major Pollutants in Wastewater In 2013, total COD discharge is 23.527 million tons, down 2.9% from the previous year. Discharge of ammonia nitrogen is 2.457 million tons, down 3.1% from the previous year. Table ii.1 Discharge of major pollutants in wastewater nationwide in 2013 Pollutants Chemical oxygen demand Ammonia nitrogen (Million tons) (Million tons) Total discharge 23.527 2.457 Industrial source 3.195 0.246 Domestic source 8.898 1.414 Agricultural source 11.257 0.779 Centralized facilities 0.177 0.018 Major Pollutants in Exhaust Gas In 2013, total emission of sulfur dioxide is 20.439 million tons, down 3.5% from the previous year. Total emission of nitrogen oxide is 22.273 million tons, down 4.7% from the previous year. 1 Data source: China Environmental Bulletin 2014, issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, June 6, 2015. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/9789004401570_022 Jianqiang Liu - 9789004401570 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:00:21AM via free access Green Book of Environment Evaluation 245 Solid Waste In 2013, total generation of industrial solid waste nationwide is 3.277019 billion tons, the combined utilization of industrial solid waste (including the utilization of stored waste in previous years) is 2.059163 billion tons, and the combined utilization rate is 62.3%. Table ii.2 Emission of major pollutants in exhaust gas nationwide in 2013 Pollutants Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxide (Million tons) (Million tons) Total discharge 20.439 22.273 Industrial source 18.352 15.457 Domestic source 2.085 0.407 Vehicle — 6.405 Centralized facilities 0.002 0.004 Table ii.3 Generation and utilization of industrial solid waste nationwide in 2013 Generation Combined utilization Stored quantity Treated quantity (Million tons) (Million tons) (Million tons) (Million tons) 3,277.019 2,059.163 426.342 829.695 Theme II: Water Rivers Among the state-level monitored cross-sections of the 10 largest river basins—namely Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, rivers in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, rivers in northwest China, and rivers in southwest China—water quality in Category -III, in Category IV- and worse than Category V account for 71.7%, 19.3% and 9.0% respectively. Water quality has no significant changes compared with the year 2012. Major pollutants are COD, perman- ganate index and biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days (BOD5). Jianqiang Liu - 9789004401570 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:00:21AM via free access 246 Appendix II Figure ii.1 Comparison of China’s 10 largest river basins in 2013 by categories of water quality Table ii.4 Comparison of China’s 10 largest river basins in 2013 by categories of water quality Yangtze Yellow Pearl Songhua Huaihe Haihe Liaohe ZF * NW ** SW *** Cat. I–III 89.4% 58.1% 94.4% 55.7% 59.6% 39.1% 45.5% 86.7% 98.0% 100.0% Cat. IV–V 7.5% 25.8% 0.0% 38.6% 28.7% 21.8% 49.1% 13.3% 0.0% 0.0% Worse than 3.1% 16.1% 5.6% 5.7% 11.7% 39.1% 5.4% 0.0% 2.0% 0.0% Cat. V * ZF: Rivers in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces ** NW: Rivers in northwest China *** SW: Rivers in southwest China Lakes and Reservoirs In 2013, the shares of the state-level monitored lakes and reservoirs with good, slightly polluted, moderately polluted and severely polluted water quality are 60.7%, 26.2%, 1.6% and 11.5% respectively. Compared with the year 2012, major pollutants are total phosphorus, COD and permanganate index. Jianqiang Liu - 9789004401570 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:00:21AM via free access Green Book of Environment Evaluation 247 Table ii.5 Water quality of major lakes and reservoirs in 2013 Type of Lake/Reservoir High Good Slightly Moderately Severely quality quality polluted polluted polluted Three lakes* 0 0 2 0 1 Major lakes 5 9 10 1 6 Major reservoirs 12 11 4 0 0 Total 17 20 16 1 7 * Three lakes refer to Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake Lakes and reservoirs that are eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic account for 27.8%, 57.4% and 14.8% respectively. Groundwater There are 4,778 monitoring points of groundwater environmental quality in 2013, among them 800 are state-level. Of these monitoring points, 10.4% has high water quality, 26.9% good water quality, 3.1% moderate water quality, 43.9% poor water qual- ity, and 15.7% bad water quality. Major indexes exceeding the standards include total hardness, iron, manganese, total dissolved solids, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, sulfate, fluoride, chloride, etc. Table ii.6 Water quality of state-level monitored lakes and reservoirs during 2004–2013 Year Cat. I, II, III Cat. IV, V Worse than Cat. V 2004 26.0% 37.0% 37.0% 2005 28.0% 29.0% 43.0% 2006 29.0% 23.0% 48.0% 2007 49.9% 26.5% 23.6% 2008 21.4% 39.3% 39.3% 2009 23.1% 42.3% 34.6% 2010 23.0% 38.5% 38.5% 2011 42.3% 50.0% 7.7% 2012 61.3% 27.4% 11.3% 2013 60.7% 27.8% 11.5% Jianqiang Liu - 9789004401570 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:00:21AM via free access 248 Appendix II Figure ii.2 Water quality of state-level monitored lakes and reservoirs during 2004–2013 Compared to the previous year, 4,196 points have continuous water quality monitor- ing data in 185 cities, and the water quality in general is stable. Among them, water quality in 15.4% of the points has improved, 66.6% remained stable and 18.0% deteriorated. Key Water and Hydro Projects Reservoir area of the Three Gorges Project has good water quality, and the water quality of all the three state-level monitored cross-sections is in Category III. Cross-sections with standard-exceeding total nitrogen and total phosphorus account for 90.7% and 77.9% respectively in the first-level tributaries. The comprehensive trophic state index of the tributary water bodies ranges between 28.8 and 73.0, and the share of the moni- tored cross-sections with eutrophic water quality is 26.6%. Dominant species in the tributary water bodies are bacillariophyta (cyclotella), cyanophyta (oscillatoria and microcystis), pyrroptata (peridinium) and cryptophyta (cryptophyta). Water quality of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (East Route) at the three cross-sections of Yangtze River intake, Jiajiang, and Sanjiangying is in Category III. Sections of the main line of the project (namely, the historical Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal), including the Inner Canal, Baoying Canal, Suqian Canal, Lunan Canal, Hanzhuang Canal and Liangji Canal, also have good water quality. Compared with the year 2012, water quality of Liangji Canal has improved, and no significant changes can be found for the other sections. Hongze Lake is moderately polluted and lightly eutrophic with major pollutant of total phosphorus. Luoma Lake, Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake have good water qual- ity and are mesotrophic. Yihe River (that flows into Luoma Lake) also has good water quality. Among the 11 rivers that flow into Nansi Lake, the Zhuzhao New River is lightly Jianqiang Liu - 9789004401570 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 04:00:21AM via free access Green Book of Environment Evaluation 249 polluted with major pollutants of COD and oil, and the other rivers have good water quality. Dawen River (that flows into Dongping Lake) also has good water quality. The Taocha cross-section of the intake of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (Middle Route), has its water quality in Category II. The Danjiangkou Reservoir has high water quality and is mesotrophic. All the 9 rivers flowing into the Danjiangkou Reservoir have high or good water quality. Compared with the year 2012, water quality of Tianhe River, Guanshan River and Laoguan River has gone down, while no significant changes are observed in the other rivers. Seas Condition In 2013, the water environment of the Chinese sea areas is in general good, and the offshore sea area areas have moderate water quality. Overall Sea Areas In 2013, water quality of sea areas under the jurisdiction of People’s Republic of China is in general good. Sea areas in Category I of seawater quality standard account for 95% of the total sea areas under Chinese jurisdiction. Coastal Waters In 2013, water quality of China’s coastal waters is in general moderate. Calculated according to the monitoring points, seawater quality of Category I and Category II accounts for 66.4%, down 3.0 percentage points from the previous year; Category III and Category IV account for 15.0%, up 3.0 percentage points; and sea points with water quality worse than Category IV account for 18.6%, unchanged compared with the previous year. Exceeding concentration of major pollutants are inorganic nitrogen and labile phosphate. Coastal waters of the Bohai Sea have moderate water quality. Sea points with water quality in Category I and II accounts for 63.2%, down 4.1 percentage points from the previous year; sea points in Category III and IV take up a share of 30.7%, up 10.2 percentage points; and those worse than Category IV have a share of 6.1%, down 6.1 percentage points.
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