Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes

A Ahmad, Mahmud, 70 AAII. See Ahmadiyah Anjuman Ahmad, Mirza Mubarak, 215 Isha’at Islam Ahmad, Muhammad Ariff, 70, 74, 75 Abbas Taha, Haji, 25 Ahmad, Shahnon, 76 Abduh, Muhammad, 25, 206, 209 Ahmad, Zainal Abidin Bin, 73 Abdulgani, Roeslan, 211 ajaran sesat (deviant teachings), 41 Abdullah Badawi, 5, 6, 119 Akyol, Mustafa, 127 Abou El Fadl, Khaled, 95 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 25, 98 Aceh Freedom Movement. See Alatas, Syed Farid, 127 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) Alatas, Syed Hussein, 26, 77, 90, 102, Administration of Islamic Law, 168 121 Administration of Muslim Law Act Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib, 5 (AMLA), 41, 56 Al-Azmeh, Aziz, 89 Ahmad Abdullah, Syeikh, 25 al-Banjari, Muhammad Arsyad, 161 Ahmad, Dzulfefly, 132 Albar, Syed Hamid, 165 Ahmadiyah, 190, 191 alcohol consumption, by Muslim Arab-educated vs. Dutch-educated youth, 24 scholars, 203–7 al-Hadi, Syed Sheikh, 70, 71, 72 influences in Indonesia, 199–200, Ali, Abdul Mukti, 199 207–13 Aliran Kebatinan, 184 Islamic revivalism, 199, 215 Aliran Kepercayaan, 184 Lahore branch, 200 Alisjahbana, Sutan Takdir, 73 receptive attitude towards in al-Kalali, Sheikh Muhammad Salim, Indonesia, 200–203 25 Ahmadiyah Anjuman Isha’at Islam al-Minangkabawi Khatib, Sheikh (AAII), 200 Ahmad, 24–25 Ahmad, Kassim, 76 Al-Qaradawi, Yusof, 129

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American Muslim communities, 96 Buang, Saedah, 80 Aminurashid, Harun, 70 Buehler, Michael, 143 AMLA. See Administration of Muslim Bush, George W., 6 Law Act (AMLA) Ampera, Kapitra, 145, 146 C Amrullah, Sheikh Abdul Karim, 25 CASIS. See Centre for Advanced Anak Panglima Awang (1961), 73 Studies on Islam, Science, and An’Naim, Abdullahi, 29, 95 Civilisation (CASIS) Anwar, Chairil, 73 ‘Catholic’ Islam, 111 Anwar, Zainah, 29, 126, 127 Centre for Advanced Studies on Arab-educated vs. Dutch-educated Islam, Science, and Civilisation scholars, 203–7 (CASIS), 5 Arabism, in Singapore, 59 CEP. See Council of Eminent Persons arabization, 6, 118 (CEP) Asha’arism, 156–57 Chopp, Rebecca S., 95 Asnawi, Ahmadi, 160 Christianity, 209, 210–11 Association of Women Lawyers civilizational Islam, 120 (AWL), 125 civil law, 56, 57 atheism, 39, 148, 210, 215 civil society organizations (CSOs), Awang, Usman, 72, 76 12, 147 AWL. See Association of Women IKRAM Foundation, 12–13 Lawyers (AWL) Kairos Dialogue Network, 13–15 Ayub, Nisha, 132 Projek Dialog, 11–12 Committee for Islamic Institutional B Reforms, 159 Babu Sahid, Moulavi M.H., 26 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), Badawi, , 131, 191 179n46 conservatism, 11, 15, 40, 118, 142–46, Bakor Pakem, 191, 197n37 149–51 Bangsa Melayu Singapura Dalam Constitutional Court, 184, 186, 187, Transformasi Budayanya 191, 192 (Suratman Markasan), 26 Council of Eminent Persons (CEP), government, 12, 119 159 Barton, Greg, 13 Crescent Star Party, 146 Berger, Peter L., 17 customary law, 186, 189 bineka (diversity) citizenship, 187, 194 D Birth of Jesus in the Light of the Qur’an Dahlan, Hj Ahmad, 25 (Basharat Ahmad), 210 Bisri, Mustofa, 141 DDII. See Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Boff, Leonardo, 95 Indonesia (DDII)

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Decline of Liberalism as an Ideology, The Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia (Hallowell), 93 (GAI), 200 Defending Islam Act, 139 Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza, 200, 205, 210, Department of Islamic Development 211 (JAKIM), 118, 119, 122, Golkar Party, 21 126 Gospel of Action, The (Kamal-ud-Din), Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia 205, 211 (DDII), 213 Gul, Abdullah, 127 Dingemans, L.F., 201 Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 95 divorce in Islam, 204 Djojosoegito, R. Ng., 202 H halal, 4–5, 19, 34, 57 E Halida, Rizka, 144 Eck, Diana L., 17 Halil, Rasiah, 70, 80 “Een Ereschuld” (debt of honour), Hallowell, John H., 93 201 Hamid, A. Ghani, 78 Embong, Ghazali, 163 Hamzah, Amir, 73 Engineer, Asghar Ali, 29 haram, 19, 160 Ethical Policy, 201, 202 Harmony Bill, 191 European Muslims, 18 Hashemi, Nader, 95 Hassan, Ibrahim Azmi, 162 F Hassan, Ustaz Ahmad, 26 , 6 Het Licht (journal), 207 Faruqi, Ismail, 5 hibah ruqbah (rukbah-gift), 46 Faruqi, Shad Saleem, 121, 159 Himpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia Fealy, Greg, 140, 141 (HMI), 40 Federal Constitution, 160 HINDRAF. See Hindu Rights Action Federal Territories Religious Force (HINDRAF) Department (JAWI), 127 Hindu Rights Action Force Freedom Papua Organization. See (HINDRAF), 6 Organisasi Papua Merdeka Hisyam, Usama, 145 (OPM) Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Fromm, Erich, 67 146–47 HMI. See Himpunan Mahasiswa G Indonesia (HMI) Gabungan Bertindak Malaysia Holy Qur’an, The (Muhammad Ali), (GBM), 13 210 GAI. See Gerakan Ahmadiyah humanism, 76–81 Indonesia (GAI) Human Rights Commission of Gandhi, Indira, 167, 171 Malaysia (SUHAKAM), 164 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 193 human rights issues in Indonesia

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hierarchy and discrimination, non-Muslims, 144 189–92 Nusantara Islam, 59 political identity and populism, vs. Islamists, 146–49 184–87 Perppu Ormas, 147 Hussin, Zaleha, 163 pornography bill, 148 post-1998 democratization, 140 I presidential election of 2019, 140 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, religious education, 151 111 religious intolerance, 144 Ibn Khaldun’s socio-historical 212 movement, 145–47 method, 103 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 143 ICCR. See International Covenant on Indonesian Democratic Party of Civil and Political Rights (ICCR) Struggle, 145 ICERD. See International Convention Indonesian Islamic Propagation on the Elimination of All Forms Council, 213 of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) Indonesian Muslim organizations, Idenburg, A.W.F., 201 142 IFSO. See International Federation of Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI), Students Organisations (IFSO) 139, 145 IIUM. See International Islamic Institute of the Malay World and University of Malaysia (IIUM) Civilization (ATMA), 124 ijtihad (reasoning), 26 Institutional Reforms Committee IKRAM (IKRAM Foundation (IRC), 159 Malaysia), 12–13 Intellectuals in Developing Societies, Indonesia 92 Ahmadiyah Community, 200 International Convention on the changing religious-political Elimination of All Forms of landscape, 140–42 Racial Discrimination (ICERD), civil society organizations, 147 7, 12, 131 conservatism, 142, 150 International Covenant on Civil and democracy and conservatism, Political Rights (ICCR), 169, 149–52 188 elections and intolerance, 143–46 International Federation of Students Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 146–47 Organisations (IFSO), 40 Indonesian Ulama Council, 139, 145 International Institute of Islamic Jakarta gubernatorial election Thought and Civilization (2017), 143 (ISTAC), 5 literary scene, 73 International Islamic University of , 141 Malaysia (IIUM), 126 , 141 inter-religious marriage, 39, 142 , 141 Iranian revolution of 1979, 4, 40, 161

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IRC. See Institutional Reforms Fazlur Rahman’s categorization of, Committee (IRC) 214 IRF. See Islamic Renaissance Front in Indonesia, 200, 204–5, 215 (IRF) 1979 Islamic Revolution, 157, 158 ISIS. See Islamic State in Iraq and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Syria (ISIS) 120 Islam Berkemajuan (Modern Islam), , 4, 111, 145 120 Islamization, 28, 42 Islam Hadhari (Civilizational Islam), “Islam on slavery”, 204 5, 120 Islams and Modernities (Al-Azmeh), (Archipelagic Islam), 89 120 Islam, dan Bahasa (Maarof Islam Wasatiyyah (Moderate Islam), Salleh), 26 120 Ismail, A. Samad, 72 Islamic Boarding School Foundation, Ismail, Hamed, 70 213 ISTAC. See Islamic Institute of Islamic discourse in Malaysia, Thought and Civilisation 119–27 (ISTAC) “arabization”, 118 foreign speakers, 127–29 J Islamic institutions, 122–23 Jaafariyyahs, 160, 163, 165 Islamic NGOs, 118 JAI. See Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia government, (JAI) 119 Jakarta Charter, 35 reforms, 129–33 Jakarta gubernatorial election (2017), religious bureaucracy, 118, 133 universities, 133 143 Islamic education, 42 JAKIM (Department of Islamic Islamic Institute of Thought and Development Malaysia), 5, 7 Civilisation (ISTAC), 126 Jalaluddin, Sheikh Tahir, 25, 70–72 Islamic law, 49, 93, 98, 103 Jamaluddin al-Afghani, 25 Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), 130 (JIL), 128 “Islamic Protestantism”, 112 Jemaah Islamiah (JI), 120 Islamic reform, 24, 72 Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI), Islamic religious literature, 24 200 Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF), 11, JIB. See (JIB) 119, 124 “Jihad in Islam”, 204 Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia JIL. See Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL) (Chandra Muzaffar), 3 Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 145, 146, 147, Islamic revivalism 150, 184, 193 early twentieth century, 199 Jomo, Kwame Sundaram, 159

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Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB), 203, 206, civil society organizations, 12 207 halal certification, 5 IMAN, 10 K Islamic institutions, 4 Kairos Dialogue Network (KDN), Islamization of modern sciences, 5 13–15 non-Muslim groups, 7 Kamali, M. Hashim, 95, 121 politics of islamic discourse in, 3–8 Kamal-ud-Din, Khwaja, 209, 211 population, 9 Kamaluddin, Mohd Zuki, 164 post-Islamic revivalism, 4 Kamari, Isa, 70, 80 poverty in, 9 KDN. See Kairos Dialogue Network radicalization, 6 (KDN) religiosity in, 3, 11 Khan, Muqtader, 95 security threats, 6 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 130 state responses to Islamization, 5–8 Koening, Matthias, 186, 188, 192 women in, 10 Malaysian Federal constitution, 34 L Malaysian Islamic universities, 5 Latiff-Mohamed, Mohamed, 70, 78 Malaysian Muslim Solidarity (ISMA), LGBT issues, 132 12 Lukacs, George, 68 Malaysian United Indigenous Party, Lutfi, Ahmad, 26, 70, 71 131 Malik, Maszlee, 132 M Mannheim, Karl, 94 Maaruf, Shaharuddin, 35, 37, 77 Markasan, Suratman, 26, 70, 74, 78 Madjid, Nurcholis, 59 marriage laws, 40 madrasah education, 34, 42, 43–44, Mas, Keris, 72, 76 44, 45 Masuri S.N., 70, 74, 78 , 3, 5, 6, 15, 119 matrimonial property, 46, 56, 57 Mahendra, Yuzril Ihza, 146 Maznah, Sharifah, 77, 80 Majid, Nurcholish, 95 Menk, Mufti, 51 Malay Muslim community, 28, 83, 85 Merdeka Centre, 10 Malay/Muslim religious discourse in Mietzner, Marcus, 143, 144 Singapore, 22 Mihardja, Achdiat, 73 predominance of religious Minah Joget Moden (1968), 73 traditionalists, 23–24 Moderate Islam, 120 religious reforms in history, 24–27 “Moderation in the Quran” (forum), revivalists’ criticism, 27–29 128–29 Malaysia Moosa, Ebrahim, 103 Arabization, 6 Moussalli, Ahmad, 95 Chinese minority in, 41 Mufti Menk, 52 Christian-Muslim relations in, 14 Muhammad Haniff, Hassan, 95

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Muhammadiyah, 25, 26, 141, 203, National Awakening Party (PKB), 141 214 National Fatwa Committee, 124, 164, Muhammad the Prophet (Muhammad 165 Ali), 209 National Fatwa Council (NFC), 160 Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, 143, 144 National Trust Party, 131 Muis, 29, 43–46, 53, 54, 56 National University of Malaysia Musa, Faizal, 119 (UKM), 124 Musa, Mohd Farouk, 126 Natsir, Mohammad, 210 Muslim law, 45, 50, 56 NFC. See National Fatwa Council Muslims (NFC) Administration of Muslim Law Ngabalin, Ali Mochtar, 146 Act, 41 9/11 attacks, 5, 33, 51 Christian-Muslim relations, 14 Noer, Deliar, 199 European, 18 non-Muslims, 15, 49, 51 Fellowship of Muslim Students NU. See Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Association, 28 Nusantara Islam, 59 Indian Muslim community, 26 Islamophobia—anti-Muslim O sentiments, 17 Office of the United Nations High matrimonial issues, 56–57 Commissioner for Human Rights modern education, 42 (OHCHR), 170 and non-Muslims, 7, 15, 34, 49, 50, On Politics (Ibn Khaldun), 110 51 Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM), reformism, 25, 28 193 religious resurgence, 18 Othman, Abdul Hamid, 165 sanctity of hudud, 47 “tauhidic (monotheistic) P worldview”, 42–43 Pakatan Harapan government, 15, World Assembly of Muslim Youth, 119, 173 40 Pak Lah. See Abdullah Badawi Muzaffar, Chandra, 3, 29, 121, 127 Pancasila vs. Islamists, 146–49 Myth of the Lazy Native, The (Syed Panglima Awang (1958), 73 Hussein Alatas), 94 Penghulu yang Hilang Segala-galanya (1998), 75 N Persatuan Islam, 203 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 141, 203 Pertubuhan Jamaah Islah Malaysia Naik, Zakir, 15, 51, 129 (JIM), 12 government, 6, 7, 119, Pesta Filem KITA 2, 12 123 Pesta Puisi Kota, 12 Nashir, Haedar, 141 PNPS Act of 1965, 186, 189–91, 194 Nasir, Bachtiar, 146 Prabowo Subianto, 143

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Primary School Leaving “Regeneration of Islamic Societies, Examinations (PSLE), 43 The”, 91 Progressive Islam social justice, 95 anti-Milton-Friedman pleas, 106 socio-historical context, 101, 102 articulation of, 95–96 tradition-modernity continuity, 99 asabiya, 104 and Western traditions, 94 badawi-hadari dichotomy, 104–5 worldly-otherworldly continuum, business and trade, 109 100 captive mind, 100–101 Projek Dialog, 11–12 “circle of justice”, 110 PSLE. See Primary School Leaving civilizational and religious Examinations (PSLE) traditions, 112 Putri, Megawati Soekarno, 194 Decline of Liberalism as an Ideology, The (Hallowell), 93 Q description, 91, 94–95, 97 Qaradhawi, 48, 52 exoteric-esoteric continuum, Quraysh (tribe), 103 99–100 feudal values, 102 R freedom-coercion continuum, 100 Rafaat Hamzah, 80 Ibn Khaldun’s socio-historical Rafaat, Othman Effendi, 26 method, 103 Rahmat, Hadijah, 76, 80 inclusive-exclusive continuum, 99 Rais, Hishamuddin, 133 Intellectuals in Developing Societies Ramadan, Tariq, 18, 29 (Syed Hussein Alatas), 92 Rasmin, Zaytun, 146 internal-external continuum, 99 Rawa, Mujahid, 132 Islamic humanism, 95 Islamic law, 93–94 Razak, Najib Abdul, 123, 131, 165–67 Islams and Modernities (Al-Azmeh), “Regeneration of Islamic Societies, 89 The” (editorial), 91 knowledge-practice continuum, 98 religious consciousness, in Indonesia, “the middle way”, 97 17, 18 Myth of the Lazy Native, The, 94 civilizational orientation, 21 nationalist-imperialist continuum, economic orientation, 19–20 100 ideological orientation, 20 nativism-orientalism continuum, political orientation, 18–19 98 Religious Harmony Bill, 183 nomadic and sedentary social riba (usury), 19 organization, 104 Rida, Rashid, 206, 209 non-rational-rational continuum, Risalah Penting pada Mas’alah Jilatan 100 Anjing di atas Empat-empat private investment, 105–6 Madzhab (Abbas), 25–26

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S Islamic reformist ideas, 72 Sabu, Mohamad, 132 Lutfi’s vocal criticism, 71 Sachedina, Abdulaziz, 95 Malay teaching fraternities, 73 Salafism, 20, 35, 59, 118, 129 post-separation literary Salim, H. Agus, 205, 210 development, 74–76 , 167 poverty and social disruption, 74 Salleh, Maarof, 26 progressive ideas, 69, 85 Samad, Khalid, 132 prominent writers, 70 Secret of Existence, The, 209, 211 reformists, 71 secularism, 36, 37, 42, 49 religious traditionalism and Sedition and Public Order Act, 164 obscurantism, 68 Sekolah Diniyyah al-Islamiyyah, 25 Singapore Shariah Board of Appeal, Sharia Criminal Offences Act, 168 48 Sharom, Azmi, 127 Siradj, Said Aqil, 141 Shihab, Rizieq, 149 Sirry, Munim, 119, 128 Siddiqui, Maulana Abdul Aleem, 26 Sisters in Islam (SIS), 11, 119, 123, 124 Singapore Soedewo P.K., 210 antagonism against Shias, 55 Sources of Christianity, The, 209, 213 Arabism in, 59 Southeast Asian Network of Civil freedom of religion, 49 Society Organisations (SEAN- Indian Muslim community, 26 CSO), 13 inhibited reformist voices in, 22 Special Autonomy Law, 184, 189 Islamic religious literature, 24 Sukarti, Ahmad, 24 madrasah education, 42, 44 Sunnah, 39, 47 multiculturalism in, 54 Sunni-Shia reconciliation, 156–59 reformist Islamic ideas, 23, 24 after GE14, 159–61 resurgence discourse, 35 characteristic of rebelliousness, 158 socio-economic conditions, 38 fear towards Shias in 1996, 161–65 as transit centre for pilgrimage to Islamic Revolution in Iran of 1979, Mecca, 24 157 Singapore Islamic Scholars and Ottoman Empire, 158–59 Religious Teachers Association Pakatan Harapan government, 173 (PERGAS), 41, 53, 56, 64n36 remedies and challenges, 167–72 Singapore Malay literary scene, 67–85 Shias under Najib Razak, 166–67 academic setting, 73 Suratman’s literary repertoire, 75 articulations, 69–70 Syed Sheikh al-Hady, 25, 26 challenges, 67 cultural planning and vision, 82–83 T ethno-chauvinists, 72 Taha, Haji Abbas, 70 humanism, 76–81 Tahir, Sheikh Muhammad, 25 indigenous history, 73 Tak Ada Jalan Keluar (1962), 74

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Tambak Minda: Mengamat W Perkembangan Islam Semasa Wahhabism, 35, 59, 118, 129 (Maarif Salleh), 26 Wahid, Abdurrahman, 59 taqlid (absolute imitation), 26 WAMY. See World Assembly of Teachings of Islam, The, 210, 211 Muslim Youth (WAMY) Tehrani, Faizal, 124 Westernization, 42 Teik, Pang Khee, 132 Westminster-style parliamentary Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, 160 system, 9 Thohari, Hajriyanto, 21 Wibisono, Jusuf, 206 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 205, 210 Wicktorowicz, Quintan, 20 Toer, Pramoedya Ananta, 73 Wilders, Geertz, 17 Trump, Donald, 184 “Women from Judaism to Islam”, 204 Tukimin, Djamal, 78 World Assembly of Muslim Youth 212 movement, 145–47 (WAMY), 40

U Y Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 122, 131, Ulama Council of Indonesia (MUI), 181n62 19 YAPI. See Yayasan Islam Ulil Abshar-Abdallah, 29, 95, 119 (YAPI) UN General Assembly, 188 Yapp, Eugene, 14 Unitary State of the Republic of Yaqub Khan, Muhammad, 209 Indonesia Based on Sharia, The, Yayasan Pesantren Islam (YAPI), 213 149 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 143, University Sains Islam Malaysia 144, 183, 190 (USIM), 133 accommodation of Islamic Uthman El Muhammady, 126 conservatives, 144, 150 anti-pornography bill, 145 V Yusof, Zaleha, 160 van Bruinessen, Martin, 141, 151 van der Kroef, Justus M., 204, 205 Z Van Deventer, C. Th., 201 Zaidiyyahs, 156, 160, 163, 165

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