Thoughts on What Malmö University Could Be
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Knowledge for Change John A. Douglass University of California, Berkeley A Vibrant Urban University with a Growing Global Presence: Thoughts on What Malmö University Could Be. Knowledge for Change lecture series #1 Malmö University September 14, 2017 Editors: Tapio Salonen & Hans Lindquist Published: Malmö 2018 A Vibrant Urban University with a Growing Global Presence Thoughts on What Malmö University Could Be Malmö University - Knowledge for Change Paper John Aubrey Douglass Senior Research Fellow – Public Policy and Higher Education Center for Studies in Higher Education Goldman School of Public Policy UC Berkeley It is a malady of the modern age for universities. The forces of globalization and a campaign by various international university ranking enterprises place too much emphasis on a narrow model of what the best universities should be. One result: the notion of a “World Class University” (WCU) and the focus on its close relative, global rankings of universities, dominates the higher education policymaking of ministries and major universities throughout the globe. Why the attention almost exclusively on research productivity and a few key markers of prestige, like Nobel Laureates? One major reason is that globally retrievable citation indexes (also a relatively new phenomenon) and information on research income are now readily available and not subject to the labor intensive, and sometimes dubious, efforts Table 1: The New and the Old – Public Universities in Sweden to request and get data from Est as a Research individual institutions. The Young University First Est Enrollment grants Malmö University 2018 1998 12,060 0.286 But another reason is the sense Linnaeus University 2010 1977 11,663 0.435 that research productivity and Mid Sweden University 2005 1993 5,946 0.371 prestige remains the key Örebro University 1999 1977 7,581 0.364 identifier of the best universities. Karlstad University 1999 1977 6,717 0.341 The ancillary is that other primary Luleå University of Technology 1997 1971 6,509 0.857 missions of the most influential The Old and Oldest universities, such as high quality Swedish Univ Ag and Sciences 1977 1775 3,515 2.083 undergraduate and graduate Linköping University 1975 1969 15,252 1.892 education, a devotion to public Royal Institute of Technology 1970 1827 10,544 2.836 Umeå University 1965 1965 13,389 2.336 service, universities as pathways Karolinska Institutet 1965 1810 5,641 4.805 for socio-economic mobility and Stockholm University 1960 1878 22,434 2.633 regional economic development, University of Gothenburg 1954 1891 21,121 3.446 are less important and, Lund University 1666 1425 23,539 4.874 ultimately, harder to measure. Uppsala University 1477 1477 18,347 4.112 Yet these are key activities that also require recognition, nurturing and expansion for top universities in Asia, in Europe, in Sweden, in the larger world. These are also among the strengths of Malmö University. In its brief but increasingly spectacular existence, Malmö University has grown quickly since its establishment in 1998 on the southern tip of Sweden – a “blink of the eye” in terms of the often 1 arduous process of developing quality academic programs. 1 Malmö University (2013). 2020 Strategic Plan. DOUGLASS – A Vibrant Urban University 2 Its beginnings, and much of its current ethos, is that of a högskola, with an emphasis on less academic and more vocational programs such as teacher and nursing education, as well as technical education at the first-degree level. Now Malmö’s university is in the process of transitioning to an institution with a stronger emphasis on research (broadly defined), and new masters and doctoral programs, beginning in 2018. There are strengths and weaknesses in Malmö’s högskola origins, one strength being a strong devotion to meeting regional education and labor needs. Many universities, and particularly those with great ambitions for rising in this or that global ranking, including putting less and less value in their role in regional focus research and economic engagement. But in point of fact, most of the best universities in the world have their origins in geographically defined regional service. This is certainly true of all the major public universities in the U.S., including Berkeley, and it remains a central concept for its raison d'être. Despite the pull of globalism, geography still matters. Universities, in their various forms, are “anchor” institutions, tied to their location, and to the societies that gave, and give them, life and purpose. The weakness in Malmö University’s short history is that its newer aspirations, including developing quality graduate education and expanding its research profile, and therefore financial resources, can often seem in contradiction with the practical focus of the högskola model. Faculty who have been hired to focus on teaching, for example, face growing expectations for producing research; graduate education implies greater integration and opportunities for research and public service. One might see the transition granted by the Swedish government’s “full accreditation” of Malmö University, and rising expectations of stakeholders, from students to regional businesses and the local public sector, as extremely difficult and challenging. Indeed, the history of teaching-intensive universities transitioning to comprehensive and more research-intensive universities is a troubled one. Academic cultures, the expectation of government and others, the support services needed for students, and the financial model, have often clashed. Yet, there is much reason to see the future of Malmö University as exciting and bright for three reasons. For one, Malmö University is young, and its rapid growth in the last ten years means a steady stream of new talent and, one would expect, openness to change and innovation. Since all but the Swedish universities in Uppsala and Lund also have their origins as högskolor, there are lessons to be learned from their transitions. Two, the university’s existing role within the Malmö community, broadly defined, provides it with a unique identity. Malmö is the third largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the sixth largest city in Scandinavia, with a population of above 300,000. The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to 700,000 people, and the Øresund Region, which includes Malmö, is home to 3.9 million people. Civic interest and support for Malmö University translates into financial and political support, including allowing for capital construction in the central part of the city. And Three, and equally important, is the dynamism of the Malmö region, including the quality of life variables essential for attracting and retaining talent. A growing body of research suggests that quality of life (QOL), as well as access to locally accessible and regionally engaged universities, are becoming an increasingly important consideration in modern business location DOUGLASS – A Vibrant Urban University 3 decisions, particularly for high–technology firms that are less tied to traditional location factors such as transportation costs, proximity to raw materials, and cheap labor.2 Noting all this, one may ask playfully, “what does Malmö University want to be when it grows up?” In the following, I briefly explore what it should not become, what it might become, and thoughts on a few key variables and pathways. THE PITFALLS OF THE WORLD CLASS UNIVERSITY RHETORIC Isomorphism is all the rage. There is increased pressure for universities to pursue the model of the so-called “World Class University” (WCU) which, in reality, is defined simply as doing well in one or more global rankings of universities. These rankings, such as the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), focus almost entirely on measures of research productivity and a few key markers of prestige. Many nations are pursuing higher education polices and funding schemes fixated on uplifting a selected group of national universities into the global ranking heavens. Sweden has not set a goal for having a designated number of universities reach the ranking heavens. But the WCU model, and rankings, remain a powerful influence. In my view, the World Class rhetoric is not only hopelessly grounded in rankings, it is delusional for some and distracting and myopic for others – an incomplete thought that needs to be recognized for what it is: a fad. A powerful fad, to be sure. Not all of it is bad. One positive influence is promoting greater research productivity and eroding the civil service mentality of many academics. Another is increased funding for research. But can one say it has had much if any positive influence on the other vital responsibilities of universities? At some point, universities need to espouse and embrace a larger vision of their raison d'être. And they need to do this in a powerful way that influences and shapes the ideas of their faculty and their ministries. Step one toward salvation: recognizing that the WCU rhetoric as inadequate, indeed, an old school idea of a university’s activities and priorities. At this stage in its history, Malmö University’s origins and strategic planning efforts indicate that the WCU model is not a significant influence in its future development. Yet there are expectations, by the ministry, perhaps by some stakeholders, that it become a more significant producer of research, and competitive for research funding within Sweden, and within the EU and the Horizon 2020 program. As a young institution, Malmö, and specifically