Economic and Social Rights, Service Delivery and Local Government in Uganda
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS, SERVICE DELIVERY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN UGANDA Laura Nyirinkindi Copyright Human Rights & Peace Centre, 2007 ISBN 9970-511-12-8 HURIPEC Working Paper No. 13 July, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations/Acronyms...........................................................................................................ii Summary of the Report and Key Policy Recommendations......................................................iv I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1 II. SERVICE DELIVERY BEFORE DECENTRALIZATION.................................3 2.1 The Constitution and Economic and Social rights.......................................4 2.2 The Regulatory Framework of service delivery under Decentralisation......................................................................................11 2.3 Decentralisation and the promotion of economic and social rights.....14 2.4 Where is the responsibility to fulfil rights?............................................16 2.5 What level of government is appropriate for the realisation of economic social and rights?........................................................................................18 III. STATUS AFTER DECENTRALISATION.......................................................20 3.1 The Rights Based Approach.......................,..................................................20 3.1.1 Participation...................................................................................21 3.1.2 Accountability.................................................................................25 3.1.3 Non Discrimination..........................................................................8 3.1.4 Empowerment................................................................................34 IV. INSECURITY AND DECENTRALIZATION: THE SPECIAL CASE OF GULU DISTRICT...............................................................................................37 V. ADDRESSING THE THREATS TO DECENTRALISATION, SERVICE DELIVERY AND THE REALISATION OF RIGHTS....................................43 4.1 Failure to provide Qualitative Service....................................................43 4.1.1 The Right to Education.................................................................43 4.1.2 The Right to Health.......................................................................46 4.1.3 Economic Rights..........................................................................48 4.1.4 Water and Sanitation....................................................................50 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................51 BIBIOLOGRAPHY...........................................................................................56 i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ACAO Assistant Chief Administrative Officer ATC Assistant Town Clerk AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. ANNPCAN African Network for the Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect CAO Chief Administrative Officer CAO Chief Accounting Officer CSO Civil Society Organizations CBO Community Based Organizations CRESS Child Rights Education and Support Services DSC District Service Commission DPA District Planning Authority DEO District Education Officer DHO District Health Officer DFO Division Finance Officer DTPC District Technical Planning Committee ESSIP Education Strategic Sector Investment Plan FAL Functional Adult literacy FIDA Federation of Uganda Women Lawyers IDP(s) Internally Displaced Persons ICESCR International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights KCC Kampala City Council LG Local Governments LGA Local Government Act, 1997 LGDP Local Government Development Fund LGTB Local Government Tender Board LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MGD(s) Millennium Development Goals NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NGO Non-Governmental Organization NLPIP National Livestock Productivity Improvement Project NRC National Resistance Council TASO The Aids Support Organization TC Town Clerk TPC Technical Planning Committee PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PAF Poverty Action Fund PWD(s) People with Disabilities PMA Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture RDC Resident District Commissioner SFG School Facilities Grant SNE Special Needs Education ii SWAP Sector Wide Approach UDB Uganda Debt Network UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UPDF Uganda People’s Defence Forces UPE Universal Primary Education UNDP United Nations Development Programme UHRC Uganda Human Rights Commission iii SUMMARY OF THE REPORT AND KEY POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The Decentralization reforms introduced by the Government in 1993 have had far reaching effects on the provision of public services. This paper analyses the adequacy of the decentralization framework to achieve economic and social rights as provided for in international instruments and national documents, including the 1995 Constitution of Uganda. In particular, it assesses the power of citizens to elect into office, plan for, participate in and oversee the performance of service providers and to monitor the provision of services and government programs. It is a critical assessment of the extent to which the decentralized system of governance has succeeded in delivering services to the people in order to enable them realise their economic and social rights, in the selected districts of Gulu, Kampala and Kayunga. The paper makes the following key observations: • At the international level, there is a comprehensive legal framework that exists to support the promotion of economic and social rights. However, the legal and conceptual structures for the actual implementation of these rights are riddled with controversy. Such controversy tends to overshadow the fact that these are guaranteed human rights which every human being is entitled to. The philosophical argument that these rights are merely aspirations, policies and programmes rather than real’ rights has affected the gravity with which central and local government institutions plan for, implement and monitor them. Views have persisted in local governments that economic and social rights are simply spin-offs of economic processes rather than legal entitlements. In the same regard, Ugandans have not been able to adequately perceive public service deliveryas a measure to achieve these rights or to effectively and authoritatively demand for them. • Public service delivery under a highly centralized system of governance did not achieve much for the majority of Ugandans, who remained unaware of the key development processes including the planning, implementation and monitoring services. Undoubtedly, decentralization has resulted in more basic and geographically customized units of governance being constituted nearer the ordinary person. Nonetheless, challenges are noted in promoting a human rights based approach to development, especially in ensuring equality and non discrimination, increased accountability and the consideration of vulnerable groups for specialized and measured interventions. In the absence of a ‘rights’ consciousness among service providers and beneficiaries under decentralization, some of the drawbacks associated with centralized governance systems, such as centralized and iv technocrat based decision making processes, limited consultation with citizens, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few elites, tend to resurface. • The Central Government’s commitment to ensuring that Ugandans progressively realize their economic and social rights can be gauged from the human, financial and technical resources devoted towards decentralized service provision. While 90% of local government funding is from the centre, these resources have been inadequate and are allocated in an untimely, uncoordinated and ineffective manner. The essence of decentralization is to promote good governance and democratic participation. However, the majority of funds for decentralized service delivery are conditional and earmarked, raising questions about the autonomy of district leaders in planning for services and also the degree of citizens’participation in identifying and prioritising service delivery programmes. • The lack of clarity between the roles and mandates of Central government functionaries and local government officials has led to hostile relations betweenthetwo entities. In turn this has affected anticipated outputs at the various levels of local government. The tensions have also tended to mar the effective allocation, collection and distribution of resources towards public services, as well as implementation and supervision. • Government seems to lack a clear framework for service delivery in conflict situations and the war torn areas continue to be the worst affected in terms of rights realization. • This paper makes the case that while decentralisation is not without its challenges and shortcomings, it nevertheless provides a useful framework and mechanism for democratic participation and the empowerment of local people, with the ability to improve service delivery. In light of the above observations, the following recommendations are proposed: The capacity of local governance personnel to engage in service delivery must be greatly boosted, especially through applying the human rights based approach to development, in budgeting, information development and communication skills, gender analysis and in programme monitoring. Local governments