317 © the Author(S) 2019 Y. Sohn, T. J. Pempel (Eds.), Japan And

Index1

A nationalism and identity politics, Abe, Shinzo 11–12, 147–148, 167–170, Abe Doctrine, 148, 150, 152, 183, 250–251, 262–268 157, 161 popularity, 152–154, 153n19, 161, Abe Effect, 6–7, 241 165, 166, 177, 186, 210 “Abenigma,” 152–153, 177 proactive pacificism, 12, 148, Abenomics, 148–150, 152–153, 181–183, 185, 186, 222, 271 158, 161, 177, 187, 210, 309 relations with China, 298–299 bait and switch tactics in campaigns, relations with South Korea, 149–152, 173 261, 262, 276 “beautiful nation” discourse, relationship with Trump, 151, 152, 165, 226, 309 213, 256, 256n38 constitutional revisionism, 148, 150, security agenda, 148–151, 154–158, 153, 156, 161, 166, 173, 180, 161, 166, 174, 177–179, 211, 251, 252 181–187, 252, 261 economic strategy, 299 South Korean view of, 312 first administration, 180 statement on World War II foreign policy, 5, 12, 26 anniversary, 166, 222, 271, 275 and Japan’s regional goals, 308 and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, maritime strategy, 251, 253–255 212–214, 230, 273, 297–299 meetings with Xi Jinping, 271 trilateral frameworks, 211, 269

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Abe, Shinzo (cont.) ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), visit to South Korea, 280 23, 54, 114, 204–205, 211, 310 visit to Yasukuni Shrine, 262, 269, Asian Development Bank (ADB), 285, 296 52, 71, 228 See also Collective self-defense; cooperation with AIIB, 57, 71, “Proactive Contribution 214n29, 306 to Peace” Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, Afghanistan, 89, 99, 196n4, 206 55–56, 204–206 Ahn Jung-geun, 195, 270 Asian Infrastructural Investment Bank Air Defense Identification Zone (AIIB) (ADIZ), 168–170, 209 China’s promotion, 10, 57, 66, Air-Sea Battle, 244–246 71, 306 Akihito, Emperor, 159 cooperation with Asian Allison, Graham, Destined for War, 66 Development Bank, 57, 80, Al Qaeda, 91, 98 214n29, 306 American imperialism, 119, 124 creation, 57, 70, 228 Anti-Access/Area Denial strategy and infrastructure development, 71 (A2/AD), 100, 245 membership, 306 Anti-Americanism, 31, 87, 93 North Korea and, 113 Anti-Japanese sentiment and the regional order, 23, 42, 52, Chinese, 8, 77, 209, 221 53, 58, 59, 208, 209 compensation for anti-Japanese U.S. policy toward, 31, 298 movements, 296 Asian Monetary Fund (AMF), North Korean, 124 206, 227 South Korean, 262, 267, 284 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC, see Asia-Pacific Economic Forum (APEC), 52, 58, Cooperation Forum 204–205, 215, 234, 286 Apology diplomacy, 159, 203, 2017 summit, 58, 233 266–268, 309 Asia Women’s Fund, 160 Aquino, Benigno, 31 Aso, Taro, 34, 180, 181, Arc of Freedom and Prosperity, 285, 289 34, 180, 181 Association of Southeast Asian Article 9, see Japanese constitution Nations (ASEAN) Asahi shimbun, 187 Japan and, 182, 186, 187 Asan Forum, 180 and Japan-China-ROK relations, ASEAN, see Association of Southeast 279, 280 Asian Nations joined by Myanmar, 112 ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting and the Regional Comprehensive Plus, 23, 54, 211 Economic Partnership, ASEAN Plus Six, 293 215, 294 ASEAN Plus Three (APT), 23, 52, role in the regional order, 19–21 195, 206, 287, 288, 293, 294 and South China Sea disputes, 297 INDEX 319

Australia Bull, Hedley, 20 and the comfort women dossier, 159 Bush, George W., 90, 97, 98, 154, hosting of U.S. Marines at Darwin, 205, 206 207, 246 Byungjin, 125, 125n81, 128, 135, 136 membership in regional organizations, 195, 204, 206 relations with Japan, 180, 181, 206, C 211, 235, 253 Cabinet Decision on Development of TPP and, 195, 213, 299 Seamless Security Legislation trade agreements, 196, 297–298 (Japan), 151, 183–185 trade with Japan, 218 Cambodia, 46, 155, 297 Campaign to Suppress Counter- Revolutionaries (China), 86, 88 B Campbell, Kurt, 97 Baker, James, 154, 204 Carr, E. H., 51 Balance of effect, 9, 31–34, 308 Central Foreign Affairs Work Balance of power, 21, 67, 77, 215, 242 Conference (Beijing, 2014), 68 See also Hegemony Century of Humiliation, 65, 76 Bandung Conference, 125 Chan, Steve, 33, 45 Ban Ki-moon, 285 Charter 08 democracy movement, 99 Beijing Olympics, 99 Chen Guangcheng, 87, 101 Belgrade embassy bombing, 86, 89, Cheng Yonghua, 254n32 98, 103 Cheonan incident, 130, 134 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Chiang Kai-shek, 87, 96, 100 10, 23–24, 66 Chiang Mai Initiative, 206 See also One Belt, One Road Chi Haotian, 92 initiative China, 304 Berger, Thomas, 149 “charm offensive,” 5, 69, 203, 270 Betts, Richard, 67 currency manipulation, 41, 209 Biden, Joe, 269 domestic issues, 74, 76, 102, Bilateralism 299, 304 favored by Trump administration, 58 economic gains, 76, 77, 208–210 trade agreements, 13, 50, 56, 233 economic relations with Japan, See also U.S.-Japan alliance 26–29, 76–78, 201–202, Bin Laden, Osama, 98 217–218, 290–292 Bipolarity, 39, 40, 42, 43 economic relations with United Blair, Dennis, 97 States, 46, 202, 203 Bloomberg News, 101 entry in global economic system, Bo Xilai scandal, 101 17, 40, 90 Brunei, 239 foreign investment, 224–226 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 99 foreign policy, 72–76, 80, 81 Bukh, Alexander, 251n28, 252n28 free trade agreements, 292–295 320 INDEX

China (cont.) China Opportunity paradigm, geoeconomic strategy, 70–73 90, 95, 99 gross domestic product, 224–227 China Threat paradigm, 90 irredentism, 244 Chinese Americans, 104 islands contested with Japan, See also Wen Ho Lee 170–171, 172n18, 174, 222, Chinese Communist Party, 307 226, 241, 250, 294 19th National Congress, 299 military expenditures, 77, 209, Chin, Gregory, 56 224–226 Choi Kyong-lim, 297 military modernization, 46, 304, 306 Choi Seok-Young, 295 national identity, 26, 76 CIA naval capabilities, 243, 245–247 Belgrade embassy bombing, 90, 93 and North Korea’s nuclear program, preoccupation with Cuba, 96 203, 207 and the Soviet invasion of perception of North Korea, Afghanistan, 89 129n109, 130, 136 surveillance against China, perception of other Asian 87, 95, 103 countries, 218 Climate change, 41, 174, 307 perceptions of, 214–215, 218 Clinton, Bill, 90, 91, 93, 205 power vs. influence, 75 Clinton, Hillary, 100, 230 regional infrastructure efforts, 17, Closed vs. open regionalism, 33 23, 29, 70–71, 208, 306 Cold War relations with North Korea, 13, bipolarity of, 40, 42 113, 116, 131–135 and the security-focused order, relations with Southeast Asia, 51–52, 54 227, 313 and the U.S.-Japan alliance, 179 relations with South Korea, 13, 27, Collective self-defense (CSD), 41, 78, 29, 270–272, 283 150, 174, 179, 184, 207, relations with Taiwan, 46, 209, 292 211, 309 role in regional order, 33, 66–77, Comfort women 81, 116, 227, 233, 236, as history issue, 166–167 304–309 and Japan–South Korea relations, Tianxia worldview, 70, 70n20 152, 262, 264, 266–268, vision of regional security, 72–73, 81 284–285 World War II anniversary parade, Obama on, 269 222, 312 statue, 262, 275–276 See also East China Sea; Espionage; Trump meeting with, 152 Japan-China relations; South 2015 agreement, 167, 275–276, 280 China Sea; U.S.-China See also Kono Statement relations; Xi Jinping Committee for Security Cooperation China Daily, 234 in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP), China Hands, 97, 104 54, 115 INDEX 321

“Common destiny” narrative, 24 E Competing hubs system, 28 Early Voluntary Sector Liberalization Comprehensive and Progressive (EVSL), 205 Agreement for Trans-Pacific Easley, Leif-Eric, 248n21 Partnership, 233 East Asia Community (EAC), 195–196 Comprehensive security, 48 East Asian peace, 43, 45–46 Conference on Interaction and East Asia Summit (EAS), 23, 52, 53, Confidence Building 58, 195, 206, 211, 285 Measures in Asia East China Sea (Shanghai, 2014), 71 contested islands, 170, 171n14, Conflict avoidance mechanisms, 174, 175, 208, 211, 212, 312, 314 241n4, 249, 283 Confucianism, 75, 76, 81, 126, and Japan-China relations, 133, 134 222–227, 241 Constructivism, 7, 26, 226, Japan Coast Guard (JCG), 281, 286 249, 249n23 Cooperative security order, 43 marine resources, 243n6 Cox Report, 94, 95 North Korean attack on South Crimea, 43 Korean island, 100 Cui Tiankai, 291 September 2010 incident, 226, 250, 294 Economic Cooperation Framework D Agreement (ECFA) Dangoon, 117, 122 (China-Taiwan), 292 Davies, John Paton, 95 Economic interdependence, 23, Davos, see World Economic Forum 49–50, 52, 58, 67, 79, 194, 208 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), in Europe, 283 153, 195, 196, 229 and Japan-China relations, 76–78 Democratic People’s Republic of and regional integration, Korea (DPRK), see North Korea 283–285, 293 Deng Xiaoping, 40, 88, and security tensions, 312 99, 312 See also Free trade agreements Destler, I. M., 222 Economic Partnership Agreements Developmental state, 20, 32, 34 (EPAs), 197 Development Research Center See also Free trade agreements; (China), 289 Regional Comprehensive Diaoyu islands, see East China Sea Economic Partnership Diplomatic Blue Book (Japan), 210 Economics and security, 51–52 Dobell, Graeme, 246 economic security, 26, 27, 31, 48 Dokdo (Takeshima), 172n16, 208, separation of, 53 209, 264, 266, 272, 285n11 spillover, 24, 25, 30, 31 Domestic–foreign policy connection, theoretical approaches, 7–8 32–33, 35 See also Economic-security- Duterte, Rodrigo, 31 identity nexus 322 INDEX

Economic-security-identity nexus China and, 13, 227, 234, 290 balance of effect, 9, 31–34, 308 China–South Korea, 270, 294 China and, 68 Japan-China-ROK, 279–281, 283, downward spiral, 304 284, 290–295, 299 Japan and, 6–9 KORUS, 299 and Japan-ROK relations, 266–267 political-strategic considerations, 7 models and practices, 17–18, 21–27 regional, 53, 215 parallel realities, 9, 27–31 United States and, 261 and the regional order, 6–9, 112n8, See also Regional Comprehensive 135, 305–308 Economic Partnership; South Korea, 261–276 Trans-Pacific Partnership See also Economics and security Friedberg, Aaron, 67, 304 Economist, 165, 267 Fukuda, Yasuo, 181, 287, 288 Emmerson, Donald K., 28 Fukushima, 287 Energy resources, 242 English, Bill, 232 English School, 20 G Espionage Gaddafi, Muammar, 91 Chinese efforts to influence Gaiatsu, 256 U.S. elections, 93 Germany, trade with Japan, 218 intelligence sharing, 88 Gertz, Bill, The China Threat, 95 nuclear secrets, 93 Glaser, Charles, 74 Rosenbergs, 94, 95 Glasnost, 125 Soviet, 104 Global Economic Crisis of and US-China relations, 11, 86, 2008–2009, 57, 99 87, 305 Global Times, 103 See also CIA; Subversion-repression Goldstein, Avery, 7 dynamic; Wen Ho Lee Great Britain, 228 Ethnic nationalism, 119–121, 130 Green, Michael, 179 European Coal and Steel Gries, Peter, 93 Community, 8, 22 Guardian, The, 185 European Union (EU), 22, 231 Gulf War, 154, 228

F H Falungong protests (1999), 92 Hackers, 104, 207 Fang Lizhi, 89 Hamilton-Hart, Natasha, 33, 56 Financial regulation, 55–57 Hangul movement, 123 “Flying geese” economic model, 79 Harris, Harry, 66 Foreign reserves, 55, 56, 208 Hashimoto cabinet, 262 Free trade agreements Hatoyama, Ichiro, 195 Abe government, 5, 6, 229–232 Hatoyama, Yukio, 195–196, bilateral, 196, 197 292, 293 INDEX 323

Hegemony Imperial Rescript on Education bi-gemony, 4 (1890), 166 Chinese, 66–73, 80, 99, 313 Inada, Tomomi, 152, 253n30 U.S., 86, 100, 199 India, 75, 182, 206, 253n31 U.S.-China competition, 244–247, Indonesia, 27, 34, 253n30 254–255 Infrastructure development Henoko base (Okinawa), 153, 157 by China, 17, 23, 24, 29, 70–71, History issues, 7, 26, 165–166, 208, 208, 305, 306 283–284 North Korean, 113 Japan-China, 159, 210, South and Southeast Asian, 70–71 221–222, 287 “Inherent territoriality,” 168, 171n13 Japan-ROK, 262–264, 273–276, Institute for International Economic 283, 287, 310 Policy (ROK), 289 U.S. involvement in, 270, 271 Institute for Pacific Relations, 95 See also Comfort women; Identity Intellectual property, 215, 234, issues; Nanjing Massacre; 291, 295 National identity; Intelligence, see Espionage Yasukuni Shrine International Arbitral Tribunal, Hong Kong, 102, 218 239, 240, 240n1 Hornung, Jeffrey W., 179 International Military Tribunal for the Hosokawa cabinet, 262 Far East (IMFTE), 147 Hosoya, Yuichi, 166 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hu Jintao, 99, 133, 196, 288 55, 57, 206, 225, 227 Hub-and-spokes alliance system, 28, International order, 19–20 51, 79, 100, 200, 235, 292 Investor-State Dispute Settlement Human rights, 118, 130, 133 (ISDS), 295 Hurrell, Andrew, 281 Iraq, 99, 174, 185, 196n4, 206 Hussein, Saddam, 91 Islamic State, U.S. war on, 150, 174 Hydrocarbon potentials, 240, 242 Israel, 160 Ito, Hirobumi, 195, 270

I Identity issues, 3, 12, 30–31, 33, 34, 46 J Abe’s reactionary politics, 148 Jang Song-taek, 127 “identity entrepreneurs,” 252n28 Japan maritime disputes and, 12, 251 agricultural sector, 212, 232–233, and nationalism, 5, 110 284, 291, 297 and over-securitization, 263 challenge to Chinese dominance, as secondary, 26 74, 76 and the U.S.-China relationship, 88 colonialism, 9, 124, 195 See also Economic-security-identity contested territory, 171n14, nexus; History issues; 172n16, 175, 177, 178 Regional identity defense agreements, 253 324 INDEX

Japan (cont.) as a sea power, 242, 244, domestic issues, 4, 5, 11, 132, 186, 247–255 197, 210, 291, 308–310 security policy, 132, 178–184, 234, economic relations with South 235, 309, 310 Korea, 272 soft power, 308 economic success, 47n13, state secrets legislation, 149 201–203, 212 trading partners, 202 economy, 210–211, 222–228, 308 and the U.S.-China dynamic, 86, exports to China, 194–197 103, 104, 215, 313 exports to United States, 200, 218 See also Abe, Shinzo; History issues; fishery products, 280, 284 Japan-China relations; Japanese foreign policy, 4–7, 11, 198 constitution; Japan-ROK gross domestic product, 224–226 relations; U.S.-Japan alliance; leadership role in region, 78–80, U.S.-ROK-Japan cooperation 221–225, 234, 309–311 Japan-China relations militarization, 148, 173–174, 185, “1972 system,” 223 186, 196n4, 212, 228, ambivalence in, 77–78, 81 248, 248n21 “cold politics and hot economics,” military expenditures, 224–226, 249 135, 250 National Defense Program during Trump administration, Outline (1995), 132 234–236 national identity, 148, 224, 309 economic, 25, 28, 77–78, 202, 280, nationalism, 147, 149, 161, 166, 283, 310 250–251 and the economic-security-identity nuclear capability, 47 nexus, 33 overseas investment, 202, 204, 208 gap in military expenditures, patriotic education, 166, 170, 24–26, 226 170n10, 221–222 Japan’s security anxieties, 211 perception of North Korea, 110, maritime competition, 46, 174, 129–130, 129n109, 132 221–223, 226, 241, perception of South Korea, 244–253, 311 265–267 national identity and history issues, perception of United States, 8, 209, 222, 250, 310 150–152 and regional leadership, 12, 79–80, perceptions of, 186–187, 266 226–228, 236 relations with India, 253 and Southeast Asia, 227 relations with North Korea, 113, trade, 202, 218 114, 131–132, 152 Japan Coast Guard (JCG), 249, relations with Southeast Asia, 212, 249n23, 249n24 252, 253n30 Japanese constitution revisionists, 159, 167, 168, 264 Article 9, 11, 150, 153, role in the regional order, 156–158, 161, 166, 5–7, 76–78, 85, 255 174, 178, 183, 309 INDEX 325

LDP proposal, 172–173 K See also Abe, Shinzo; Collective Kaesong Industrial Complex, 113 self-defense Kahler, Miles, 47 Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kaifu, Toshiki, 154 map (2014), 11, 172–175 Kan, Naoto, 262, 287 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), 172n16 (JMSDF), 248n20, 253n30 Katakami, Keiichi, 232 See also Self-Defense Forces Kim Dae-jung, 203, 284 Japan-ROK relations Kim Il-sung, 122–125, 125n81 arc of freedom and prosperity, See also Juche 180, 181 Kim Jong-il, 122, 126, 126n87, bilateral currency swap, 8, 262, 127, 284 264, 272–273, 283–285, Kim Jong-nam, 128 285n11, 290 Kim Jong-un, 114 and Chinese wedge politics, byungjin line, 125, 125n81, 128, 270–271 135, 136 economic, 203, 218, 263, 283, 296 and DPRK nuclear program, 128, fiftieth anniversary of diplomatic 134, 135, 137 normalization, 273–276 historical lineage, 117, 121–122 identity politics and history disputes, identity construction, 122 12, 160–161, 209, 264–270, perceptions of, 128, 130, 134 273–276, 283, 287, 310 purges and crackdowns, 114, 127 and North Korea, 136, 263 relations with China, 14, 119, people-to-people exchange, 274 125, 133 possibility of military conflict, 266 See also North Korea security cooperation, 182 King, Amy, 29 treaty of 1965, 266 Kishi, Nobusuke, 180 “two-track approach,” Kishida, Fumio, 160, 295 269, 270, 276 Kissinger, Henry, 88, 201 Trump and, 256, 276 Kitaoka, Shinichi, 183 See also Comfort women; Free trade Kivimaki, Timo, 45 agreements; Trilateralism Koh, Tommy, 279 Japan Times, 177 Ko Yong-hui, 127 Jiang Zemin, 90, 92, 97, 99 Koizumi, Junichiro Jin Liqun, 80 boosted military, 195, 196n4 Johnson, Chalmers, MITI and the and the East Asia Community, Japanese Miracle, 154 195–196 Joint Concept for Access and relations with South Korea, 280 Maneuver in the Global relations with United States, 206 Commons (JAM-GC), 246 and trilateral agreements, 290–291 JSDF, see Self-Defense Forces visits to Yasukuni Shrine, Juche, 11, 117, 126, 126n87, 308 222, 280, 285 326 INDEX

Komamura, Keigo, 173, 174 Li Zhaoxing, 285 Konishi, Hiroyuki, 174 Lilley, Jim, 89 Konno, Hidehiro, 286 Lind, Jennifer, 179 Kono Statement (1993), 147, 160, Liu Xiaobo, 99 262, 266, 267 Los Alamos National Lab, 94 Korean Exclusive Economic Zone Lost Decade (Japan), 149, 155 (Yellow Sea), 289, 294 Koreanness, 117, 121–123, 130 Korean Peninsula Energy M Development Organization Ma Ying-jou, 5 (KEDO), 115 Mahathir Mohammed, 204 Korean People’s Army, 127 Mainichi shimbun, 179, 231 Korean reunification, 117, 120, Malaysia, 27 124, 130 claims in South China Sea, 239 Korean War, 86, 95, 115, 124, 130 perceptions of other Kurlantzick, Joshua, 203 Asian countries, 218 political tensions with Philippines and Indonesia, 27 L and TPP, 233 Laos, 297 trade with Japan, 218 Lattimore, Owen, 95, 104 Mansfield, Edward, 7 Lee Myung-bak Mao Zedong, 86, 99 and cooperation with Japan, 266, Marine resources, 241, 242, 243n6 269, 280, 288 Maritime disputes and free trade with China, 280, 288 China’s confrontational behavior, 208 and North Korea, 116n22 Chinese killing of South Korean visit to Dokdo, 266, 272, 285n11 officer, 289, 294 visit to Japan in 2008, 287, 288 Chinese territorial claims, 80, 210 Lehman Shock, 208, 290 fishing and, 240, 242 Levin, Carl, 158 freedom of navigation, 46, 241, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 243, 246n18 and constitutional revision, 158, 173 national identity and, 11, 241, 242, dominance of, 229, 308 307, 309 election results and Abe’s policies, and prospects for war, 247 150, 152, 153, 210 and the regional order, 207 and TPP, 229, 230 sea lanes, 243, 247 See also Abe, Shinzo; Southeast Asia and, 212, 313 Lieberthal, Kenneth sovereignty claims from Liberalism, 7, 34 World War II, 43, 46 Lieberthal, Kenneth, 95, 100 territorial nationalism, 242–244, 306 Li Keqiang, 193 United States and, 244–247 Li Peng, 92 See also East China Sea; Li Ruihuan, 92 South China Sea INDEX 327

Marxism, 126, 126n87 National identity Marx, Karl, 85 Chinese, 26, 77 Mattis, James, 212, 246, 246n18, 313 history and, 116–119 McCain, John, 158 and Japan-China relations, 8, 209, McCarthyism, 86–88 221, 222, 250, 261–263, 310 Mearsheimer, John, 67 Japanese, 149, 224, 309 Meier, Charles, 52 and Japan–South Korea relations, Memory of the World Register, 261–276 159, 160 maritime disputes and, Midford, Paul, 148 12, 241–244, 309, 311 Milošević, Slobodan, 92 North Korean, 109–112, Minami Tori Shima, 175 116–137, 307 Minear, Richard, 168, 168n7 and regional cooperation before the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and late 2010s, 304 Industry (METI, Japan), 286 and South Korean perceptions of Ministry of Foreign Affairs map North Korea, 129–131 (Japan), 168, 170, 172, 309 See also Economic-security-identity Modi, Narendra, 186, 253 nexus; Identity issues; Mongolia, 114 Nationalism Moon Jae-in, 136, 276, 299 National Institute for Research Mori, Yoshiro, cabinet of, 262 Advancement (Japan), 289 Mount Kumgang tourism project, 113 Nationalism Mount Paektu, 122 economic, 13, 41, 50, 180 Multilateralism ethnic, 119–121, 130 East Asian, 51, 52 and history issues, 271 global, 197 Japanese, 148, 149, 160, 166, multilateral institutionalization, 250–251 55, 59 Korean, 124, 263 multilateral trade agreements, 50 rise in, 5, 32, 207 See also Trans-Pacific Partnership vs. national identity, 110, 110n3 Multinational production networks, See also National identity see Regional production networks National security, 27, 48 Murayama, Tomiichi, cabinet of, 262 National Security Agency (U.S.) Myanmar, 34, 47, 112 and Snowden, Edward, 102 and U.S. reconnaissance flights, 95 National Security Council N (Japan), 181 Nakao, Takehiko, 80 National Security Secretariat (Japan), Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 154 181, 184 Nanjing Massacre, 159, 167, 168, 299 National Security Strategy (Japan), National Committee on US-China 181–183 Relations, 95 Nesadurai, Helen, 27 328 INDEX

New Development Bank (NDB), 10, Korean language in, 123–124 41, 52, 208, 305 mass mobilization in, 118–119 New Komeito, 183 national identity, 109–112, New York Times 116–137, 304 on Abe administration, 166, 180 nationalism, 124 on Belgrade bombing, 90 nuclear capabilities, 5, 13, 41 and the Bo Xilai scandal, 101 nuclear program, 113, 115, 120, on Chinese counter-espionage, 103 127–132, 148, 155, 203, on Ozawa visit to China, 196 207, 215, 307 Wen Ho Lee story, 94 perceptions of, 128–135, 129n109 New Zealand, 206, 231, 232 as provocateur, 11, 111–113, 116, Nihon keizai shimbun, 231, 284 120, 131, 307, 308 Nippon Kaigi, 148, 171n15 refugees and defectors, 111, 136 Nixon, Richard, 40, 42, 86, 88, relations with China, 13, 113, 116, 201, 251 131–135 Noda, Yoshihiko, 284 relations with Japan, 113, 114, Non-Aligned Movement, 125 131–132 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 155, 307 relations with South and North American Free Trade Southeast Asia, 125 Agreement (NAFTA), 232, 261 relations with South Korea, 100, Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue 112–113, 116n22, 120, (NEACD), 54, 115 129–130, 136 North Korea relations with Soviet Union, abduction of Japanese citizens, 119, 125 113, 131, 152 reunification narratives, 117, 124 activities in Yellow Sea, 100 sanctions against, 113, 131, challenge to the regional order, 134, 136 109–114, 135, 308 scholarship on, 111–112, 116 Chinese guidance, 13, 41, 75, 116 special economic zones, 115 debates on policy toward, 136–137 stability of, 114 domestic issues, 113–115, 119 stereotypes of, 111, 119 economic hardship, 120, 127 threats to, 136 economic inequality, 114 and trade agreements, 115 as economic partner, 113–114 trilateral approach to, 264 ethnic nationalism, 119, 121 and U.S.-China relations, 137 future of, 135–137 use of wedge tactics, 112, 116, 135 human rights, 118, 130, 133–136 U.S. policy on, 47 infrastructure projects, 113 North Korean Workers’ Party, institutional engagements, 114 118–119 internationalism, 125–127 Seventh Congress, 128 and Japan–South Korea relations, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 263, 276 155, 307 INDEX 329

Nuclear secrets, 93 Park Geun-hye Nuclear weapons, 41, 47, 74 anti-Japanese identity politics, 262 See also North Korea, nuclear comfort women issue, program 267, 269, 270 and North Korea, 116n22 political scandal, 299 O relations with Japan, 263, 265, Obama, Barack 269–271, 273–275 East Asia policies, 30–31, 58, ties to Xi Jinping, 270, 312 205, 206 trilateral meetings with Japan and intelligence officials, 98 China, 193–195 Japanese esteem for the United Peace Keeping Operations (PKO), States under, 151 Japan and, 153–155, 183, 185 rebalancing, 74, 100, 206, 209, Pekkanen, Saadia, 54 212, 214, 242, 256, 268, 313 Pempel, T. J., 7, 31, 67 and TPP, 30, 212, 229 People’s Liberation Army, 95 trilateral cooperation with Japan and Navy, 245 ROK, 263, 268 Perestroika, 125 OBOR, see Belt and Road Initiative; Permanent Normal Trade Relations One Belt, One Road initiative (PNTR), 203 Observer, 91 “Perpetual peace” (Kant), 22 Obuchi, Keizo, 203, 288 Personal relationships, 58, 214, Ogasawara islands, 175 215, 312 Okinawa, 156–158 Philippines Battle of, 158 armed violence, 46 Oksenberg, Mike, 95 claims in South China Sea, One Belt, One Road initiative 239–241, 240n1, 252 (OBOR), 23, 24, 57, 59, 208 and Japan-China relations, 212, 227 See also Belt and Road Initiative stance toward China One China policy, 41, 47, 49 and United States, 31 Order tensions with Malaysia, 27 usage of term, 18–21 Pillsbury, Michael, 92 See also Regional order Pivot to Asia, Oros, Andrew L., 248n21, 251n28 see Rebalancing to Asia Overholt, William H., 201 Plaza Accords (1985), 154, 204 Ozawa, Ichiro, 154, 155, 157, 196 Powell, Colin, 97 “Proactive Contribution to Peace,” 222 P Proliferation Security Initiative Pakistan, 89, 186 (PSI), 207 Palestine, 159 Property rights, 33 Paracel islands, 255 Putin, Vladimir, 234, 235 Parallel realities, 9, 27–31, 135 Pyle, Kenneth, 155 330 INDEX

Q interplay of security, economics, and Qatar, 218 identity, 6–9, 12, 13, 25, 34–35, 79, 207, 215 notion of, 18–20 R pillars of, 10, 42–44, 58 Reagan, Ronald, 154 post–Cold War, 42–44, 52–53, Realism approach to economics 58, 303 and security, 5, 7–9, 88 regional boundaries, 282 moral realism, 69 role of smaller powers, 3–5 Rebalancing to Asia, 204–206 security and, 44, 46, 48, 54–56, as containment of China, 100, 209 71–73, 81, 214 Japan and, 254–255 social dimension, 23 Red China, 86, 87, 103 structural characteristics, 23 Regional architecture, 11, 39, 59, tensions in, 9, 11, 13, 32, 109, 112–113, 199 207–209, 307 Regional Comprehensive Economic Trump and, 13–14, 18, 41–42, 47, Partnership (RCEP), 215, 231, 59, 104, 193 234, 294, 296, 299 and U.S.-China dynamic, 10–12, China and, 14, 305 30, 41–42, 300 Regional identity, 31–32, 34, 282, U.S. role in, 32, 34, 77, 286–287 203–204, 214 Regional institutions, 279–281, 283 See also Economic-security-identity economic and financial, 57–58 nexus; Economic functional segregation, 53 interdependence; Regional security, 57 identity; Regional institutions; See also ASEAN Plus Three; Regional integration Regional Comprehensive Regional production networks, 6, 10, Economic Partnership 17, 20, 23, 28, 43, 44, 48–50, 312 Regional insulation, 56 “Reluctant realism” (Green), 4 Regional integration, 79, 112, Rice, Condi, 97 135–137, 204, 283, 293 Ricks, Thomas, 97 See also Economic interdependence; Roh Moo-hyun, 280 Regional institutions; Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 94, 95 Trilateralism Rumsfeld, Donald, 97 Regional order Russia balance of power, 21, 67, 77, 215, and Chinese power in 242, 255 Central Asia, 74 bipolarity, 39–42 invasions of Georgia and Ukraine, 43 China-centered, 68–73, 81, 232 islands contested with Japan, 171n14 economic development, 47–48 and North Korea, 113–114 exclusivism, 33, 34 Trump administration and, 313 institutional linkages, 44 See also Soviet Union INDEX 331

S Japanese involvement, 253n30, 254 Sakhalin (Karafuto), 172n16 para-military police, 249n23 Samuels, Richard J., 249n24, 250n24 Philippine claims, 239–240, San Francisco Treaty (1952), 240n1, 253 167, 171, 171n14 spy plane incident, 86, 90, 96 Sato, Hideo, 222 territorial disputes, 29, 46, 48, 77, Scarborough Shoal, 240 100, 174, 212, 227 Sejong, King, 117 Trump and, 241, 241n3, 246 Self-Defense Forces (SDFs), 179, Vietnamese claims, 239, 240, 184–185, 187, 206, 211, 228, 253, 255 248, 256 Southeast Asia See also Japan Maritime and Japan-China rivalry, Self-Defense Force 227–230, 252 Senkaku, see East China Sea maritime states, 313 September 11 terrorist attacks relations with China, 227, 313 (2001), 98 relations with Japan, Service, John S., 95 212, 252, 253n30 Shangri-La Dialogue, 54, 246, 247n18 relations with North Korea, 126 Sherman, Wendy, 271 See also ASEAN; Philippines; Shirk, Susan, 95 Vietnam Silk Road Fund, 24 South Korea Singapore currency crisis, 264, 290 economic success, 47, 47n13 domestic politics, 130, 267 trade with Japan, 218 economic relations with China, 273 Sino-Indian border war (1962), 244 economic success, 47, 47n13 Six-Party Talks, 5, 54, 99, 115, free trade agreements, 261, 270, 203, 207 279–281, 283, 284, Smith, Noah, 177 289–297, 300 Snowden, Edward, 87, 102 Korean language in, 123 Socotra Rock, 210 maritime disputes, 170–171, Sohn, Yul, 32 171n14, 289, 294 Solingen, Etel, 45, 48 national identity, 129, 130 Songbun caste system, 123 in North Korean narratives, 117 Songun (military first) policy, nuclear capabilities, 47 126–128, 126n87 perception of Japan, 265, 266, 313 South Asia, relations with North perception of Kim Jong-un, Korea, 126 129n109, 312 South China Sea perceptions of, 186 ASEAN and, 297 relations with China, 30, 270 China’s construction drive, 46, 239, relations with North Korea, 113, 241n3, 243, 247n18, 255 116n22, 120, 129–130, 136 China’s naval strategy, 100, 243, trade with China, 297–299 245, 306 trade with Japan, 217–218 332 INDEX

South Korea (cont.) Takeshima, see Dokdo (Takeshima) trade with United States, 299 Tenet, George, 90, 91 and TPP, 299, 300 Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense U.S. alliance, 74 system, see THAAD anti-missile and U.S.-China tensions, 313 system See also Comfort women; Territorial nationalism, 168–171, Japan-ROK relations; 171n14, 241–242, 306 THAAD anti-missile system; THAAD anti-missile system, 13, 29, U.S.-ROK-Japan cooperation 207, 287–288, 299, 300 South Sudan, 174, 185 Thailand, 51, 218 Soviet Union Thirty-eighth parallel, 46 and bipolarity in the Asia-Pacific, 39 Tiananmen Massacre, 86, 89, 202, collapse of, 86, 89, 125, 155 222–224 espionage, 104 Tibet, 99 global communist movement, Tillerson, Rex, 241n3 124–126 Tokyo Tribunal, 167, 168, 171, invasion of Afghanistan, 89 171n15 mistreatment of Japanese POWs, 160 Tourism, 5, 113, 264, 289 and North Korea, 119, 125 TPP, see Trans-Pacific Partnership and the regional order, 19, 51 TPP-11, see Trans-Pacific See also Russia Partnership-11 Spratly islands, 240n1 Trading with the Enemy Act, 199 Students Against State Secrets Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Protection Law, 156 China and, 232, 292, 294, 295, Students Emergency Action for Liberal 297–299 Democracy, 156 Japan and, 6, 196–198, 212–215, Subversion-repression dynamic, 229–233, 280, 292, 295–297 11, 86, 103 and Japan-ROK relations, 276 Suryong, 122, 123 and regional integration, 280, 292 Suzuki, Shogo, 26 South Korea and, 290, 297–299 U.S. overemphasis on security, 30–31 U.S. participation, 229, 292 T U.S. withdrawal, 14, 31, 41, 50, 58, Taiwan 198, 212, 215, 261, 281, 292, contested islands, 170, 239 294, 310–312 cross-strait relations, 46, 98 See also Trans-Pacific Partnership-11 economic relations with China, Trans-Pacific Partnership-11 208, 292 (TPP-11), 6, 14, 213, 233 economic success, 47, 47n13 Treaty of Peace and Friendship U.S. relations with, 47, 74 (China-Japan, 1978), 250 and U.S. subversion in China, 88, 95 Treaty of Peace with Japan (1952), in vicious circle, 8 see San Francisco Treaty INDEX 333

Tributary system, 68, 133 See also Belt and Road Initiative; Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat One Belt, One Road initiative (TCS), 52, 290, 311–314 Twining, Daniel, 185, 186 Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group, 268 Trilateral investment treaty, 279–281, U 290–292, 295–297, 311 UNESCO, 159–160 Trilateralism, 211, 283 United Arab Emirates, 218 Japan-China-ROK, 193–195, 275, United Nations 279–285, 294, 311–314 Commission of Inquiry, 118 U.S.-Japan-ROK, 263, 268–270 human rights bodies, 118 See also Free trade agreements, United Nations Convention Japan-China-ROK; Trilateral on the Law of the Sea investment treaty; Trilateral (UNCLOS), 240 Summit UN Security Council, 154, 159, Trilateral Summit, 211, 285, 287 181, 225 2008, 287–289 UNSCR 2094, 134 2009, 292 UN Transitional Authority in 2010, 292 Cambodia, 155 2012, 293 United States 2015, 195–196, 275, 280 alliance with South Korea, Trudeau, Justin, 233 74, 287, 313 Truman, Harry S., 51 Chinese views of, 102 Trump, Donald domestic politics, 229 “America First” doctrine, 13, 85, economy, 207–208 104, 151, 166, 246, 261 exports to, 49–50 and Japanese esteem for the United and Japan-China relations, 227–233 States, 151–152 perceptions of North Korea, maritime strategy, 246, 253 129n109, 131–133 and multilateralism, 50, 58 policy on North Korea, 47 and the regional order, 13–14, presidential elections of, 93 18–21, 40–42, 48, 58, 59, role in regional order, 33, 34, 79, 193–215, 233, 313 203–205, 215 relationship with Abe, 150, 151, trade with Japan, 218 213, 253–255, 256n38 trade with South Korea, 299 and U.S.-China relations, 104, 137, War on Terror, 99, 205 207, 241, 246 See also Espionage; Hub-and-spokes and U.S. neo-mercantilism, 34 alliance system; Japan-U.S. withdrawal from TPP, 30, 41, 50, alliance; Trump, Donald; 58, 197, 212, 214, 229–231, U.S.-China relations; 261, 280, 299 U.S.-ROK-Japan cooperation Twenty-First-Century Maritime Silk Universal Periodic Review Road, 66 of Human Rights, 118 334 INDEX

Urisik Ingwollon (our style of human U.S. Japan Security Treaty, 212 rights), 118 U.S. Marines, 153, 158, 207 Urisik Sohoejui U.S. Navy, 46, 47 (Our-Style Socialism), 126 U.S. ROK-Japan cooperation, U.S.-China relations 113, 114, 116, 131 and China’s “charm offensive,” 203 competition and cooperation, 3 espionage, 86, 307 V Japan and, 6, 85, 105 Vicious circles, 8, 18, 24–27 North Korea and, 134, 203 in Japan-China relations, 247 and the regional order, 10–11, 27, in Japan-ROK relations, 263 41–43, 304 North Korea and, 135 “strategic distrust,” 101 “Victor’s justice,” 168, 168n6, 264 subversion-repression dynamic, 86 Victory over Japan Day, 222 “tacit alliance,” 88, 88n3, 89 Vietnam Thucydides’s Trap, 66 claims in South China Sea, 239, under Trump, 13–14, 41 240, 249n23 See also Belgrade embassy bombing; and Japan-China relations, 212, Hegemony; South China Sea, 227, 253n30 spy plane incident; U.S.-China and TPP, 232, 233 rivalry; Wen Ho Lee trade with Japan, 217–218 U.S.-China rivalry, 3, 8, 14, 24–25, Vietnam War, 200 66, 71–77, 215, 241, 253–255 Virtuous cycle, 8–9, 22–24, 27, 33, U.S. Embassy (Beijing), 91, 93, 59, 135 101, 102 U.S.-Japan alliance as balancing act, 12 W China and, 74, 198–199 Wang Jisi, 100 and Japan-China relations, 196, Wang Lijun, 87, 101, 102 227–228, 252, 253, 309 Wang Wei, 96, 103 and regional institutions, Wang, Yuan-kang, 76 204–207, 210 War on Terror, 205 security and, 3, 131, 153–155, See also Islamic State, U.S. war on 180–183, 196–201, 211 Washington Post, 234 and South Korea, 270–272 Webb, Jim, 158 under Trump, 149, 196 Welch, David, 187, 187n36 U.S. bases, 155, 157, 200 Wen Ho Lee, 86, 89, 94, 104 U.S. Japan Defense Guidelines Wen Jiabao, 287, 292 1997, 155 Wendt, Alexander, 281, 287 2015, 149–151, 252 Wilson, Woodrow, 87 U.S. Japan Joint Declaration on WMD, 91 Security (1996), 132 women, 152 INDEX 335

Womenomics, 177 Xinhua news bureau, 103 World Bank, 71, 306 Xinjiang World Economic Forum, 104 joint listening post, 89 World Trade Organization (WTO), Muslim separatism, 99 55, 196, 203, 291 World War II and Japan-China relations, 221–223 Y Japan’s war criminality, 171 Yamashiro, Hiroji, 157 national narrative, 46, 310 Yan Xuetong, 69, 69n16, 69n17, Okinawa and, 157, 157n29, 157n30 69n19 Pacific War, 248 Yang Jiechi, 310 Yasukuni Shrine, 207, 262, 269, 280, 284, 285 X See also Abe, Shinzo; Koizumi, Xi Jinping, 270 Junichiro Asian security concept, 71, 71n24 Yen, value of, 154 champion of globalization, 104 Yeonpyeong island, 130, 134 “China Dream,” 10, 65, 68, 73, Yi Sun-sin, Admiral, 117 80–81, 85, 305, 306, 309 Yomiuri shimbun, 231, 231n12, foreign policy, 187 231n13 and free trade, 231 Yoon Sang-jick, 297 meetings with Abe, 270 Yoshida Doctrine, 154, 180–181 nationalism of, 166 Yoshida, Shigeru, public opinion poll rating, 186 see Yoshida Doctrine and regional diplomacy, 68, 69, 73 Yugoslavia, see Belgrade embassy regional infrastructure efforts, 208 bombing relationship with Park Geun-hye, 269, 312 repression of dissidents and rights Z defenders, 103 Zainichi, 147 Trump-Xi summit, 137, 148 Zhao Tingyang, 69 visit to South Korea Zheng He, 245 See also Asian Infrastructural Zhou Yongkang, 101 Investment Bank; Belt and Zhu Rongji, 290 Road Initiative; One Belt, One Zhu, Zhiqun, 311 Road initiative Zoelick, Robert, 203