A Philosophical Investigation Into Coercive Psychiatric Practices
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How to Philosophically Tackle Kinds Without Talking About 'Natural Kinds'
How to Philosophically Tackle Kinds without Talking About ‘Natural Kinds’ Ingo Brigandt Department of Philosophy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Email: [email protected] Abstract Recent rival attempts in the philosophy of science to put forward a general theory of the properties that all (and only) natural kinds across the sciences possess may have proven to be futile. Instead, I develop a general methodological framework for how to philosophically study kinds. Any kind has to be investigated and articulated together with the human aims that motivate referring to this kind, where different kinds in the same scientific domain can answer to different concrete aims. My core contention is that non-epistemic aims, including environmental, ethical, and political aims, matter as well. This is defended and illustrated based on several examples of kinds, with particular attention to the role of social-political aims: species, race, gender, as well as personality disorders and oppositional defiant disorder as psychiatric kinds. Such non-epistemic aims and values need not always be those personally favoured by scientists, but may have to reflect values that matter to relevant societal stakeholders. Despite the general agenda to study ‘kinds,’ I argue that philosophers should stop using the term ‘natural kinds,’ as this label obscures the relevance of humans interests and the way in which many kinds are based on contingent social processes subject to human responsibility. Keywords: natural kinds; science and values; non-epistemic aims; non-epistemic values; race; gender; psychiatric kinds HOW TO PHILOSOPHICALLY TACKLE KINDS WITHOUT TALKING ABOUT ‘NATURAL KINDS’ 2 1. Introduction Naturalistic approaches have recognized the existence of natural kinds in different scientific domains and the diversity of kinds across disciplines. -
Philosophy of Psychiatry
PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHIATRY Jonathan Y. Tsou Iowa State University This monograph is published in the Cambridge University Press Elements in Philosophy of Science Series. This preprint version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Jonathan Y. Tsou (2021). Tsou, J. Y. (2021). Philosophy of Psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Skepticism about Biological Psychiatry 3. Defining Mental Disorder 4. Natural Kinds in Psychiatry 5. Psychiatric Classification and the Pursuit of Diagnostic Validity 6. Conclusion References 2 1. Introduction This Element examines and defends positions on core issues in philosophy of psychiatry from the perspective of analytic philosophy of science.1 The positions defended assume a naturalistic and realist perspective and are framed against skeptical perspectives (e.g., anti-psychiatry) that contend that mental disorders are determined by social causes rather than biological ones. Philosophical issues addressed include the reality of mental disorders, the problem of defining mental disorder, disease explanations, natural kinds in psychiatry, feedback effects of psychiatric classifications, the projectability of psychiatric classifications, and the validity of psychiatric constructs.2 The central argument of this Element is that mental disorders are biological kinds with harmful effects. This argument implies that genuine mental disorders are natural kinds (i.e., real classes that are discovered by classifiers), rather than artificial kinds (socially constructed classes that are invented and reflect the values of classifiers). In terms of debates between naturalists and normativists in philosophy of medicine (Murphy, 2020a), I defend a hybrid account of mental disorder that incorporates naturalistic and normative considerations. -
Misrepresented Sources in the Rosenhan Hoax
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Global Humanities and Religions Faculty Publications Global Humanities and Religions 7-2021 Below the Line: Misrepresented Sources in the Rosenhan Hoax Stewart Justman University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Justman, Stewart, "Below the Line: Misrepresented Sources in the Rosenhan Hoax" (2021). Global Humanities and Religions Faculty Publications. 13. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Global Humanities and Religions at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Global Humanities and Religions Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Below the Line: Misrepresented Sources in the Rosenhan Hoax Abstract Though footnotes may seem like technicalities in the sciences, work in these disciplines is by no means independent of textual sources. How often are sources checked? In the unique case of D. L. Rosenhan’s celebrated—and as we now know, fabricated—study ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, a review of any of several listed sources (or even an ordinarily attentive reading of the text itself) would have suggested strongly that something was not right. Had readers examined Rosenhan’s sources with ordinary care, so many misrepresentations would have been uncovered that the credibility of the entire performance would have come into question. -
CAUSAL EXPLANATION in PSYCHIATRY Tuomas K. Pernu
CAUSAL EXPLANATION IN PSYCHIATRY Tuomas K. Pernu Department of Philosophy, King’s College London & Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki www.tuomaspernu.london Please cite as: Pernu, Tuomas K. (2019). “Causal explanation in psychiatry”. In Ş. Tekin & R. Bluhm eds, The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 1. Introduction The central aim of our scientific endeavour is to give us an accurate picture of the causal structure of the world. Having a valid and precise understanding of real causal relationships lends them to manipulation and control, which is something that is useful across the disciplines. This aspiration is particularly strong in the health sciences, which aim to give us understanding of the causes and mechanisms of diseases in order to enable us to make efficient clinical and preventative interventions. Among the most important questions of philosophy of medicine should therefore be these: what is “causation”, what is “causal explanation” and what is “causal efficacy”? Although causal explanation occupies a central place in all the health sciences, psychiatry is special in that it is affected by the mind-body problem and the issue of mental causation, the question of how, or whether, the mental and the physical can interact with each other. This chapter provides tools with which to analyse these issues in psychiatry and discusses some ways of tackling these problems in the light of some recent developments in the philosophy of science. Although these problems are not easy, and they are particularly grave in the context of psychiatry, recent discussion has brought about some significant advances which have the potential to enhance our understanding of the scientific identity of psychiatry. -
Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness
ABOLISHING THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS In Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness: Rethinking the Nature of Our Woes, Richard Hallam takes aim at the very concept of mental illness, and explores new ways of thinking about and responding to psychological distress. Though the concept of mental illness has infiltrated everyday language, academic research, and public policy-making, there is very little evidence that woes are caused by somatic dysfunction. This timely book rebuts arguments put forward to defend the illness myth and traces historical sources of the mind/body debate. The author presents a balanced overview of the past utility and current disadvantages of employing a medical illness metaphor against the backdrop of current UK clinical practice. Insightful and easy to read, Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness will appeal to all professionals and academics working in clinical psychology, as well as psychotherapists and other mental health practitioners. Richard Hallam worked as a clinical psychologist, researcher, and lecturer until 2006, mainly in the National Health Service and at University College London and the University of East London. Since then he has worked independently as a writer, researcher, and therapist. ABOLISHING THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS Rethinking the Nature of Our Woes Richard Hallam First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Richard Hallam The right of Richard Hallam to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences
History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Volume 15 Editors Charles T. Wolfe , Ghent University , Ghent , Oost-Vlaanderen Belgium Philippe Huneman , IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon , Leibniz Universität , Hannover , Germany Editorial Board Marshall Abrams (University of Alabama at Birmingham) Andre Ariew (Missouri) Minus van Baalen (UPMC, Paris) Domenico Bertoloni Meli (Indiana) Richard Burian (Virginia Tech) Pietro Corsi (EHESS, Paris) François Duchesneau (Université de Montréal) John Dupré (Exeter) Paul Farber (Oregon State) Lisa Gannett (Saint Mary’s University, Halifax) Andy Gardner (Oxford) Paul Griffi ths (Sydney) Jean Gayon (IHPST, Paris) Guido Giglioni (Warburg Institute, London) Thomas Heams (INRA, AgroParisTech, Paris) James Lennox (Pittsburgh) Annick Lesne (CNRS, UPMC, Paris) Tim Lewens (Cambridge) Edouard Machery (Pittsburgh) Alexandre Métraux (Archives Poincaré, Nancy) Hans Metz (Leiden) Roberta Millstein (Davis) Staffan Müller-Wille (Exeter) Dominic Murphy (Sydney) François Munoz (Université Montpellier 2) Stuart Newman (New York Medical College) Frederik Nijhout (Duke) Samir Okasha (Bristol) Susan Oyama (CUNY) Kevin Padian (Berkeley) David Queller (Washington University, St Louis) Stéphane Schmitt (SPHERE, CNRS, Paris) Phillip Sloan (Notre Dame) Jacqueline Sullivan (Western University, London, ON) Giuseppe Testa (IFOM-IEA, Milano) J. Scott Turner (Syracuse) Denis Walsh (Toronto) Marcel Weber (Geneva) More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8916 -
Constructing the Self, Constructing America: a Cultural History of Psychotherapy Pdf
FREE CONSTRUCTING THE SELF, CONSTRUCTING AMERICA: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY PDF Philip Cushman | 448 pages | 30 Sep 1996 | The Perseus Books Group | 9780201441925 | English | Cambridge, MA, United States Constructing The Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History Of Psychotherapy by Philip Cushman Rhetoric of therapy is a concept coined by American academic Dana L. Cloud to describe "a set of political and cultural discourses that have adopted psychotherapy's lexicon—the conservative language of healing, coping, adaptation, and restoration of previously existing order—but in contexts of social and political conflict". Constructing the Self argued that the rhetoric of therapy encourages people to focus on themselves and their private lives rather than attempt to reform flawed systems of social and political power. This form of persuasion is primarily used by politicians, managers, journalists and entertainers as a way to cope with the crisis of the American Dream. The rhetoric of therapy has two functions, according to Cloud: 1 to exhort conformity with the prevailing social order and 2 to encourage identification Constructing the Self therapeutic values: individualismfamilism, self-helpand self- absorption. The origins of therapeutic discourse, along with advertising and other consumerist cultural forms, emerged during the industrialization of the West during the 18th century. The new emphasis on the acquisition of wealth during this period produced discourse about the "democratic self- determination of individuals conceived as autonomous, self-expressive, self-reliant subjects" or, in short, the " self-made man ". Therefore, the language of personal responsibility, adaptation, and healing served not to liberate the working class, the poor, and the socially marginalized, but to persuade members of these classes that they are individually responsible for their plight. -
Random Jottings 8.5
Random Jottings 8.5 Watergate Redux Random Jottings 8.5, Watergate Redux is an irregularly published amateur magazine. It is available in printed form directly from Timespinner Press or through Amazon.com; a free PDF version is available at http://efanzines.com/RandomJottings/. It is also available for “the usual”: contributions of art or written material, letters of comment, attendance at Corflu 31, or editorial whim. Letters of comment or other inquiries to Michael Dobson, 8042 Park Overlook Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817-2724, [email protected]. Copyright © 2014 Timespinner Press on behalf of the individual contributors. This issue was originally contained in the print edition of Random Jottings 9. For reasons of file size, I’ve broken this section off as a separate issue. The print edition, perfect bound with wraparound color cover, was published by CreateSpace and is available on Amazon for $9.95 retail, though they’re discounting it to $8.96, at least at the time of writing. http://www.amazon.com/dp/ 1499134088/. This issue also contains the letter column on Random Jottings 8, which kind of works. Artwork is by Steve Stiles except for pages 3 and 26, which are by Alexis Gilliland. Photos and memorabilia are from Earl Kemp or Wikimedia Commons. What Would Nixon Do? Finally, my neighbor Mark Hill sent me a link RANDOM JOTTINGS 8 WAS the “Watergate to a Smithsonian Magazine story containing Considered as an Org Chart of Semi-Precious Richard Nixon’s FBI application, which I’ve Stones” issue, an anthology of various essays, reprinted here. The full story is at http:// comic book scripts, and other stuff about the tinyurl.com/NixonFBI. -
Radical Cognitive Science in Philosophical Psychopathology: the Case of Depression
RADICAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE IN PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE CASE OF DEPRESSION By ALEXANDER JAMES IBBS MILLER TATE A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Theology, and Religion College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham January 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Radical Cognitive Science in Philosophical Psychopathology: The Case of Depression Abstract The principle purpose of this collection of papers is to explore and apply ideas from various kinds of non‐traditional Cognitive Science, as well as comparing them with their more traditional counterparts, in order to reach a better understanding of the symptoms and features of depressive illness. By ‘non‐traditional’ I mean to refer to Cognitive Science that makes minimal use of the notion of abstract, post‐perceptual, and reconstructive mental representation, is computationally frugal, and treats the mind as fundamentally both embodied and environmentally embedded. This thesis in particular draws on insights from ecological psychology and action‐oriented perception, embodied and situated cognition, and predictive processing. -
A Philosophical Investigation Into Coercive Psychiatric Practices
MIC, University of Limerick A philosophical investigation into coercive psychiatric practices 2 Volumes Gerald Roche MSc, MPhil, BCL, BL. Volume 1 of 2 A thesis submitted to the University of Limerick for the degree of Ph.D. in Philosophy Doctoral Supervisor: Dr. Niall Keane, MIC, University of Limerick. External Examiner: Professor Joris Vandenberghe, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Internal Examiner: Dr. Stephen Thornton, MIC, University of Limerick. Submitted to the University of Limerick, February 2012. Abstract This dissertation seeks to examine the validity of the justification commonly offered for a coercive 1 psychiatric intervention, namely that the intervention was in the ‘best interests’ of the subject and/or that the subject posed a danger to others. As a first step, it was decided to analyse justifications based on ‘best interests’ [the ‘ Stage 1 ’ argument] separately from those based on dangerousness [the ‘Stage 2 ’ argument]. Justifications based on both were the focus of the ‘ Stage 3 ’ argument. Legal and philosophical analyses of coercive psychiatric interventions generally regard such interventions as embodying a benign paternalism occasioning slight, if any, ethical concern. Whilst there are some dissenting voices even at the very heart of academic and professional psychiatry, the majority of psychiatrists also appear to share such views. The aim of this dissertation is to show that such a perspective is mistaken and that such interventions raise philosophical and ethical questions of the profoundest importance. -
Radical Cognitive Science in Philosophical Psychopathology: the Case of Depression
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository RADICAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE IN PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE CASE OF DEPRESSION By ALEXANDER JAMES IBBS MILLER TATE A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Theology, and Religion College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham January 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Radical Cognitive Science in Philosophical Psychopathology: The Case of Depression Abstract The principle purpose of this collection of papers is to explore and apply ideas from various kinds of non‐traditional Cognitive Science, as well as comparing them with their more traditional counterparts, in order to reach a better understanding of the symptoms and features of depressive illness. By ‘non‐traditional’ I mean to refer to Cognitive Science that makes minimal use of the notion of abstract, post‐perceptual, and reconstructive mental representation, is computationally frugal, and treats the mind as fundamentally both embodied and environmentally embedded. -
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 00:23:04 UTC Contents Articles Anti-psychiatry 1 History of anti-psychiatry 11 Involuntary commitment 19 Involuntary treatment 30 Against Therapy 33 Dialectics of Liberation 34 Hearing Voices Movement 34 Icarus Project 45 Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry 47 MindFreedom International 47 Positive Disintegration 50 Radical Psychology Network 60 Rosenhan experiment 61 World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry 65 Loren Mosher 68 R. D. Laing 71 Thomas Szasz 77 Madness and Civilization 86 Psychiatric consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement 88 Mad Pride 96 Ted Chabasinski 98 Lyn Duff 102 Clifford Whittingham Beers 105 Social hygiene movement 106 Elizabeth Packard 107 Judi Chamberlin 110 Kate Millett 115 Leonard Roy Frank 118 Linda Andre 119 References Article Sources and Contributors 121 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 123 Article Licenses License 124 Anti-psychiatry 1 Anti-psychiatry Anti-psychiatry is a configuration of groups and theoretical constructs that emerged in the 1960s, and questioned the fundamental assumptions and practices of psychiatry, such as its claim that it achieves universal, scientific objectivity. Its igniting influences were Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz and, in Italy, Franco Basaglia. The term was first used by the psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967.[1] Two central contentions