History, and Theory of the Life

Volume 15

Editors Charles T. Wolfe , Ghent University , Ghent , Oost-Vlaanderen Belgium Philippe Huneman , IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon , Leibniz Universität , Hannover , Germany

Editorial Board Marshall Abrams (University of Alabama at Birmingham) Andre Ariew (Missouri) Minus van Baalen (UPMC, Paris) Domenico Bertoloni Meli (Indiana) Richard Burian (Virginia Tech) Pietro Corsi (EHESS, Paris) François Duchesneau (Université de Montréal) John Dupré (Exeter) Paul Farber (Oregon State) Lisa Gannett (Saint Mary’s University, Halifax) Andy Gardner (Oxford) Paul Griffi ths (Sydney) Jean Gayon (IHPST, Paris) Guido Giglioni (Warburg Institute, London) Thomas Heams (INRA, AgroParisTech, Paris) James Lennox (Pittsburgh) Annick Lesne (CNRS, UPMC, Paris) Tim Lewens (Cambridge) Edouard Machery (Pittsburgh) Alexandre Métraux (Archives Poincaré, Nancy) Hans Metz (Leiden) Roberta Millstein (Davis) Staffan Müller-Wille (Exeter) Dominic Murphy (Sydney) François Munoz (Université Montpellier 2) Stuart Newman (New York Medical College) Frederik Nijhout (Duke) Samir Okasha (Bristol) Susan Oyama (CUNY) Kevin Padian (Berkeley) David Queller (Washington University, St Louis) Stéphane Schmitt (SPHERE, CNRS, Paris) Phillip Sloan (Notre Dame) Jacqueline Sullivan (Western University, London, ON) Giuseppe Testa (IFOM-IEA, Milano) J. Scott Turner (Syracuse) Denis Walsh (Toronto) Marcel Weber (Geneva) More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8916 Jerome C. Wakefi eld • Steeves Demazeux Editors

Sadness or Depression? International Perspectives on the Depression Epidemic and Its Meaning Editors Jerome C. Wakefi eld Steeves Demazeux Silver School of Social Work Department of Philosophy, SPH Laboratory and Department of Université Bordeaux Montaigne New York University Pessac , France New York , NY , USA

ISSN 2211-1948 ISSN 2211-1956 (electronic) History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences ISBN 978-94-017-7421-5 ISBN 978-94-017-7423-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7423-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959694

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London © Springer +Business Media Dordrecht 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Contents

Introduction: Depression, One and Many ...... 1 Jerome C. Wakefi eld and Steeves Demazeux The Current Status of the Diagnosis of Depression ...... 17 David Goldberg The Continuum of Depressive States in the Population and the Differential Diagnosis Between “Normal” Sadness and Clinical Depression ...... 29 Mario Maj Beyond Depression: Personal Equation from the Guilty to the Capable Individual ...... 39 Alain Ehrenberg Depression as a Problem of Labor: Japanese Debates About Work, Stress, and a New Therapeutic Ethos ...... 55 Junko Kitanaka Darwinian Blues: Evolutionary Psychiatry and Depression ...... 69 Luc Faucher Is an Anatomy of Melancholia Possible? Brain Processes, Depression, and Mood Regulation ...... 95 Denis Forest Loss, Bereavement, Mourning, and Melancholia: A Conceptual Sketch, in Defence of Some Psychoanalytic Views ...... 109 Pierre-Henri Castel Suffering, Meaning and Hope: Shifting the Focus from Depression in Primary Care ...... 121 Christopher Dowrick

v vi Contents

An Insider View on the Making of the First French National Information Campaign About Depression ...... 137 Xavier Briffault Extrapolation from Animal Model of Depressive Disorders: What’s Lost in Translation? ...... 157 Maël Lemoine Psychiatry’s Continuing Expansion of Depressive Disorder...... 173 Jerome C. Wakefi eld and Allan V. Horwitz

Index ...... 205 Contributors

Xavier Briffault is a social scientist and epistemologist working on at the French National Centre for Scientifi c Research and in one of the main French social sciences research centre, Cermes3 (Centre de recherche, médecine, sciences, santé, santé mentale, société). His main research interests are depression, obsessive- compulsive disorders, and mental health prevention programmes, as well as public health interventions in those areas. He conducts on these issues a sociologically and epistemologically informed analysis of the effectiveness of inter- ventions, particularly in the context of the extension of the evidence-based medicine (EBM) to mental medicine. He also operates as an expert for several pub- lic health institutions.

Pierre-Henri Castel PhD in Philosophy, PhD in Psychology, 52, is French. He is a senior research fellow at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que (CNRS) at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris. He has worked as a clinician for 20 years in various psychiatric hospitals. He also is a psy- choanalyst in private practice. His scholarly specialty is the history and philosophy of mental medicine, from to psychiatric neuroscience. He has writ- ten nine books, on hysteria and neurology in Charcot’s circle, a detailed analysis of Freud’s Traumdeutung , a history of transsexualism focusing on personal identity, a collection of essays on contemporary psychiatry from the point of view of a neo- Wittgensteinian and, recently, a two-volume critical history of obsessions and compulsions from antiquity to present-day neuroscience and CBT: Âmes scrupuleuses, vies d’angoisse, tristes obsédés. Obsessions et compulsions de l’Antiquité à Freud (2011) and La Fin des coupables, suivi du cas Paramord. Obsessions et compulsions de la psychanalyse aux neurosciences (2012). His work can be seen as a form of philosophical anthropology based on the history of major mental disorders (along with their cures), but he has also worked extensively to try to bridge the gap between the main philosophical currents, the analytic and the ‘continental’, underlying many recent developments in the philosophy of psychopa- thology (personal website: http://pierrehenri.castel.free.fr ).

vii viii Contributors

Steeves Demazeux is an associate professor of philosophy at the Université Bordeaux Montaigne (France). He received his doctoral degree at Paris Sorbonne University (IHPST laboratory) and spent 2 years as a postdoctoral fellow at CERMES Institute (Paris Descartes University). His research interests include his- tory and philosophy of psychiatry, and philosophy of sci- ence. He is the author of Qu’est-ce que le DSM? Genèse et transformations de la bible américaine de la psychiatrie (Ithaque 2013); the co-author, with Françoise Parot and Lionel Fouré, of Psychothérapie, fondements et pratiques (Belin 2011); and the co-editor, with Patrick Singy, of the collective volume, The DSM-5 in Perspective. Philosophical Refl ections on the Psychiatric Babel (Springer 2015).

Christopher Dowrick , M.D., FRCGP is professor of primary medical care in the University of Liverpool and a general practitioner in north Liverpool, England. He is also board advisor for Mersey Care NHS Trust, senior investigator emeritus for the National Institute for Health Research in England and professorial research fel- low in the University of Melbourne in Australia. He is a member of the World Organization of Family Doctors’ working party on mental health and a technical expert for the World Health Organization’s mhGAP programme. His research portfolio covers common mental health problems in primary care, with a focus on depression and medically unexplained symptoms. He critiques con- temporary emphases on unitary diagnostic categories and medically oriented inter- ventions and highlights the need for socially oriented perspectives. He is currently exploring the role of placebo and contextual effects in antidepressant drug prescrib- ing and investigating ways to reduce inequity of access to primary mental health care for people from marginalised and disadvantaged communities. He has over 200 academic publications. The second edition of his book Beyond Depression was pub- lished by Oxford University Press in 2009. With Allen Frances, he has contributed to the British Medical Journal’s ‘Too Much Medicine’ series on the over- medicalisation of depression ( http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/bmj.f7140 ).

Alain Ehrenberg is a sociologist and director of research at the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que). He has developed research programmes and research units on mental health issues. His main books are about transformations of individualism and autonomy, mainly through the area of mental health: Le Culte de la performance (Calmann-Lévy 1991), L’Individu incertain (Calmann-Lévy 1995), La Fatigue d’être soi (Odile Jacob 1998, translated into six languages including in English: The Weariness of the Self. Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age , McGill UP, 2010, with an original foreword) and La Société du Malaise (translated in German and Italian).

Luc Faucher is full professor in philosophy at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM, Canada). After a PhD in Montréal, he has been postdoctoral fellow at Rutgers University under the direction of Stephen Stich. His research interests cover philosophy of cognitive sciences, philosophy of race, philosophy of emotions and philosophy of psychiatry. He is the co-editor (with Christine Tappolet) of The Contributors ix

Modularity of Emotions (2008) and the editor of Philosophie et (2006). He published papers in , Philosophy of the Social Sciences , Emotion Review , Journal of , Synthese and The Monist . A former student of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris.

Denis Forest is professor of philosophy at the University Paris Ouest Nanterre and an associate member of the Institut d’Histoire et de Philosophie des sciences et des techniques (IHPST, Paris). His main areas of research are philosophy of neurosci- ence and philosophy of mind. He has recently collaborated to the volume Brain Theory: Essays in Critical edited by Charles Wolfe (Palgrave Macmillan 2014). His second book, Neuroscepticisme: les sciences du cerveau sous le scalpel de l’épistémologue , has been published by Ithaque (Paris 2014).

David Goldberg has devoted his professional life to improving the teaching of psychological skills to doctors of all kinds and to improving the quality of services for those with severe mental illnesses. He has advised the Department of Health over the years about service developments and has been extensively used by the World Health Organization as a mental health consultant. He completed his psychi- atric training at the Maudsley Hospital. He went to Manchester, where for over 20 years he was head of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science. In 1993 he returned to Maudsley as professor of psychiatry and director of research and development. His interests are in vulnerability factors which predispose people to develop depression and in teaching general practitioners to give a better service to psychologically distressed patients. His research over many years has been con- centrated on the details of communication between GPs and their patients, and he has applied these principles to his teaching of mental health workers in developing countries. He has a major interest in the best way primary care and specialist mental health services should relate to one another. For the past 25 years, his interests have extended away from doctors to the people who are in states of distress with particu- lar attention to the factors that make people vulnerable to stressful life events. His fi rst book on this subject dealt with both GPs and their patients ( Mental Illness in the Community, the Pathway to Psychiatric Care with Peter Huxley), and his most recent book takes a thorough, developmental look at the determinants of this vulner- ability ( The Course and Origin of Common Mental Disorders with Ian Goodyer). He has been chairman of two NICE Guideline Development Groups, the fi rst for depression and more recently for the guideline for depression among those with physical illnesses. He is a fellow of Hertford College, Oxford; King’s College, London; and the Academy of Medical Sciences. He retired in 1999 and now works part time at the institute. He is currently chairman of the Psychiatry Research Trust at the Institute Of Psychiatry, London.

Allan V. Horwitz is board of governors professor in the Department of Sociology and interim director of the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research at Rutgers University. He has published over 100 articles and chapters about various aspects of mental health and illness and eight books including x Contributors

Creating Mental Illness (University of Chicago Press 2002), The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Misery into Depressive Disorder (Oxford University Press 2007 with Jerome Wakefi eld), All We Have to Fear (Oxford University Press 2012 with Jerome Wakefi eld) and A Short History of Anxiety (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013). He was also the co-editor, with Teresa Scheid, of A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems (Cambridge University Press 1999). He also served as dean of social and behavioral sciences at Rutgers. Since 1980 he has been the co-director (with David Mechanic) of the NIMH-funded Rutgers’ Postdoctoral Program in Mental Health. Professor Horwitz is the current chair of the Medical Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association and is a past chair of the Mental Health Section of the ASA. In 2006 he received the Leonard Pearlin Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to the Sociology of Mental Health. He has been a fellow-in- residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (2007–2008) and at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford (2012–2013).

Junko Kitanaka , Ph.D. is a medical anthropologist and associate professor in the Department of Human Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo. For her McGill University doctoral dissertation on depression, she received a number of awards including the 2007 Dissertation Award from the American Anthropological Association’s Society for Medical Anthropology. This has since been published by Princeton University Press as a book titled Depression in Japan: Psychiatric Cures for a Society in Distress, which won the American Anthropological Association’s Francis Hsu Prize for Best Book in East Asian Anthropology in 2013. The book has been translated by Dr. Pierre-Henri Castel at Paris Descartes University and published by Ithaque as De la mort volontaire au suicide au travail: Histoire et anthropologie de la depres- sion au Japon (2014). She is currently working on a new project on dementia, old age and the psychiatrisation of the life cycle.

Maël Lemoine is an associate professor in the philosophy of biomedical science in Tours (France) and at the Institut d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques (Paris). In 2011, he published a book on explanations in medicine. He has since been work- ing on the ‘naturalisation’ of mental disorders, on model organisms in biomedicine and on the of disease. He published half a dozen papers in English on these questions. He is currently preparing a book entitled The Naturalization of Depression .

Mario Maj is professor of psychiatry and chairman at the University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy, and director of the Italian WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Mental Health. He has been president of the World Psychiatric Association, the European Psychiatric Association and the Italian Psychiatric Association. He is editor of World Psychiatry , offi cial journal of the World Psychiatric Association (impact factor 2014: 12.896). He is member of the advisory board for the Chapter on Mental and Behavioural Disorders of the ICD-11 and chairperson of the Work Group on Mood and Anxiety Contributors xi

Disorders for that chapter. He has been member of the Work Group for Mood Disorders of the DSM-5. He is honorary fellow of the Royal College of , UK, and the American College of Psychiatrists and doctor honoris causa at the University of Craiova. He has been active as a researcher and an educator on behalf of the WHO in sub- Saharan Africa, South East Asia and Latin America. He has been chairman of the Section on of the Global Programme on AIDS at the WHO Headquarters in Geneva. He is member of the editorial board of several international journals. He has been author of more than 450 scientifi c papers indexed in Scopus, mostly in the area of mood, psychotic and eating disorders. His H-index is 50.

Jerome C. Wakefi eld is university professor, professor of social work and professor of the conceptual foundations of psychiatry at New York University. He is also an affi liate faculty in bioethics and an honorary faculty member of the Institute for Psychoanalytic Education at NYU. He holds a PhD in philosophy, a DSW in clini- cal social work and an MA in mathematics ( and methodology of science), all from the University of California, Berkeley. After post-doctoral fellowships in women’s studies (Brown University), cognitive science (University of California, Berkeley) and mental health services research (Rutgers University), he held faculty positions at the University of Chicago, Columbia University and Rutgers University, before coming to NYU in 2003. He has published over 250 scholarly articles on the conceptual foundations of diagnosis and clinical theory, with recent publications focusing on controversies over proposed changes to DSM-5, especially issues con- cerning the relationship between depression and grief and the boundary between normal distress and . He is the co-author (with Allan Horwitz) of The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder (Oxford 2007), named the best psychology book of 2007 by the Association of Professional and Scholarly Publishers, and All We Have to Fear: How Psychiatry Transforms Natural Fear into Mental Disorder (Oxford 2012), named best book of the year by the American Sociological Association, Section on Evolution, Biology, and Society. He is currently completing a book on Freud’s case history of Little Hans and its signifi cance in the history of psychoanalysis, to be published by Routledge.