Vol. 78 Friday, No. 226 November 22, 2013

Part II

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR period October 1, 2012, through to the notice of review. We also request September 30, 2013. information on additional species to Fish and Wildlife Service We request additional status consider including as candidates as we information that may be available for prepare future updates of this notice of 50 CFR Part 17 the 146 candidate species identified in review. this CNOR. [Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2013–0094; Candidate Notice of Review FF09E21000 FXES11190900000 134] DATES: We will accept information on any of the species in this Candidate Background Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Notice of Review at any time. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, and Plants; Review of Native Species ADDRESSES: This notice of review is as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) That are Candidates for Listing as available on the Internet at http:// (ESA), requires that we identify species Endangered or Threatened; Annual www.regulations.gov and http:// of wildlife and plants that are Notice of Findings on Resubmitted www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/ endangered or threatened, based on the Petitions; Annual Description of cnor.html. Species assessment forms best available scientific and commercial Progress on Listing Actions with information and references on a information. As defined in section 3 of particular candidate species’ range, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, the ESA, an endangered species is any status, habitat needs, and listing priority Interior. species that is in danger of extinction assignment are available for review at throughout all or a significant portion of ACTION: Notice of review. the appropriate Regional Office listed its range, and a threatened species is SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUMMARY: In this Candidate Notice of below in or any species that is likely to become an Review (CNOR), we, the U.S. Fish and at the Branch of Communications and endangered species within the Wildlife Service (Service), present an Candidate Conservation, Arlington, VA foreseeable future throughout all or a FOR FURTHER updated list of plant and animal species (see address under significant portion of its range. Through INFORMATION CONTACT), or on our Web the Federal rulemaking process, we add native to the United States that we _ regard as candidates for or have site (http://ecos.fws.gov/tess public/ species that meet these definitions to proposed for addition to the Lists of pub/candidateSpecies.jsp). Please the List of Endangered and Threatened Endangered and Threatened Wildlife submit any new information, materials, Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11 or the List of and Plants under the Endangered comments, or questions of a general Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 Species Act of 1973, as amended. nature on this notice of review to the CFR 17.12. As part of this program, we FOR Identification of candidate species can Arlington, VA, address listed under maintain a list of species that we regard FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. assist environmental planning efforts by Please as candidates for listing. A candidate providing advance notice of potential submit any new information, materials, species is one for which we have on file listings, allowing landowners and comments, or questions pertaining to a sufficient information on biological resource managers to alleviate threats particular species to the address of the vulnerability and threats to support a and thereby possibly remove the need to Endangered Species Coordinator in the proposal for listing as endangered or list species as endangered or threatened. appropriate Regional Office listed in threatened, but for which preparation Even if we subsequently list a candidate SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Species- and publication of a proposal is species, the early notice provided here specific information and materials we precluded by higher priority listing could result in more options for species receive will be available for public actions. We may identify a species as a management and recovery by prompting inspection by appointment, during candidate for listing after we have candidate conservation measures to normal business hours, at the conducted an evaluation of its status on alleviate threats to the species. appropriate Regional Office listed below our own initiative, or resulting from a The CNOR summarizes the status and under Request for Information in petition we have received. If we have threats that we evaluated in order to SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General made a positive finding on a petition to determine that species qualify as information we receive will be available list a species, but we have found that candidates and to assign a listing at the Branch of Communications and listing is warranted but precluded by priority number (LPN) to each species or Candidate Conservation, Arlington, VA other higher priority listing actions we to determine that species should be (see address under FOR FURTHER will add the species to our list of removed from candidate status. INFORMATION CONTACT). candidates. Additional material that we relied on is FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: We maintain this list of candidates for available in the Species Assessment and Chief, Branch of Communications and a variety of reasons: (1) To notify the Listing Priority Assignment Forms Candidate Conservation, U.S. Fish and public that these species are facing (species assessment forms) for each Wildlife Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, threats to their survival; (2) to provide candidate species. Room 420, Arlington, VA 22203 advance knowledge of potential listings Overall, this CNOR recognizes no new (telephone 703–358–2171). Persons who that could affect decisions of candidates, changes the LPN for three use a telecommunications device for the environmental planners and developers; candidates, and removes three species deaf (TDD) may call the Federal (3) to provide information that may from candidate status. Combined with Information Relay Service (FIRS) at stimulate and guide conservation efforts other decisions for individual species 800–877–8339. that will remove or reduce threats to that were published separately from this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We these species and possibly make listing CNOR in the past year, the current request additional status information unnecessary; to request input from number of species that are candidates that may be available for any of the interested parties to help us identify for listing is 146. candidate species identified in this those candidate species that may not This document also includes our CNOR. We will consider this require protection under the ESA as findings on resubmitted petitions and information to monitor changes in the well as additional species that may describes our progress in revising the status or LPN of candidate species and require the ESA’s protections; and (4) to Lists of Endangered and Threatened to manage candidates as we prepare request necessary information for setting Wildlife and Plants (Lists) during the listing documents and future revisions priorities for preparing listing proposals.

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We strongly encourage collaborative factors that contribute to the likelihood future throughout all or a significant conservation efforts for candidate and time scale for extinction. We portion of its range. species, and offer technical and therefore consider information such as: For more information on the process financial assistance to facilitate such (1) The number of populations or extent and standards used in assigning LPNs, efforts. For additional information of range of the species affected by the a copy of the 1983 guidance is available regarding such assistance, please threat(s), or both; (2) the biological on our Web site at: http://www.fws.gov/ contact the appropriate Regional Office significance of the affected endangered/esa-library/pdf/48fr43098- listed under Request for Information or population(s), taking into consideration 43105.pdf. For more information on the visit our Web site, http://www.fws.gov/ the life-history characteristics of the LPN assigned to a particular species, the endangered/what-we-do/cca.html. species and its current abundance and species assessment for each candidate distribution; (3) whether the threats contains the LPN chart and a rationale Previous Notices of Review affect the species in only a portion of its for the determination of the magnitude We have been publishing candidate range, and if so, the likelihood of and immediacy of threat(s) and notices of review (CNOR) since 1975. persistence of the species in the assignment of the LPN; that information The most recent CNOR (prior to this unaffected portions; (4) the severity of is summarized in this CNOR. CNOR) was published on November 21, the effects and the rapidity with which This revised notice of review 2012 (77 FR 69994). CNORs published they have caused or are likely to cause supersedes all previous animal, plant, since 1994 are available on our Web mortality to individuals and and combined candidate notices of site, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ accompanying declines in population review for native species. what-we-do/cnor.html. For copies of levels; (5) whether the effects are likely Summary of This CNOR CNORs published prior to 1994, please to be permanent; and (6) the extent to contact the Branch of Communications which any ongoing conservation efforts Since publication of the previous and Candidate Conservation (see FOR reduce the severity of the threat. CNOR on November 21, 2012 (77 FR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section As used in our priority-ranking 69994), we reviewed the available above). system, immediacy of threat is information on candidate species to On September 21, 1983, we published categorized as either ‘‘imminent’’ or ensure that a proposed listing is guidance for assigning an LPN for each ‘‘nonimminent,’’ and is based on when justified for each species, and candidate species (48 FR 43098). Using the threats will begin. If a threat is reevaluated the relative LPN assigned to this guidance, we assign each candidate currently occurring or likely to occur in each species. We also evaluated the an LPN of 1 to 12, depending on the the very near future, we classify the need to emergency-list any of these magnitude of threats, immediacy of threat as imminent. Determining the species, particularly species with higher threats, and taxonomic status; the lower immediacy of threats helps ensure that priorities (i.e., species with LPNs of 1, the LPN, the higher the listing priority species facing actual, identifiable threats 2, or 3). This review and reevaluation (that is, a species with an LPN of 1 are given priority for listing proposals ensures that we focus conservation would have the highest listing priority). over those for which threats are only efforts on those species at greatest risk Section 4(h)(3) of the ESA (16 U.S.C. potential or species that are intrinsically first. We also evaluated whether the 1533(h)(3)) requires the Secretary to vulnerable to certain types of threats but fish, plains topminnow (Fundulus establish guidelines for such a priority- are not known to be presently facing sciadicus), warranted candidate status; ranking guidance system. As explained such threats. we are announcing our decision that below, in using this system, we first Our priority ranking system has three this species does not meet the definition categorize based on the magnitude of categories for taxonomic status: Species of a candidate species at this time (See the threat(s), then by the immediacy of that are the sole members of a genus; Other Evaluations for Candidate Status). the threat(s), and finally by taxonomic full species (in genera that have more In addition to reviewing candidate status. than one species); and subspecies and species since publication of the last Under this priority-ranking system, distinct population segments of CNOR, we have worked on findings in magnitude of threat can be either ‘‘high’’ vertebrate species (DPS). response to petitions to list species, and or ‘‘moderate to low.’’ This criterion The result of the ranking system is on proposed and final determinations helps ensure that the species facing the that we assign each candidate a listing for rules to list species under the ESA. greatest threats to their continued priority number of 1 to 12. For example, Some of these findings and existence receive the highest listing if the threats are of high magnitude, determinations have been completed priority. It is important to recognize that with immediacy classified as imminent, and published in the Federal Register, all candidate species face threats to their the listable entity is assigned an LPN of while work on others is still under way continued existence, so the magnitude 1, 2, or 3 based on its taxonomic status (see Preclusion and Expeditious of threats is in relative terms. For all (i.e., a species that is the only member Progress, below, for details). candidate species, the threats are of of its genus would be assigned to the Based on our review of the best sufficiently high magnitude to put them LPN 1 category, a full species to LPN 2, available scientific and commercial in danger of extinction, or make them and a subspecies or DPS would be information, with this CNOR, we are likely to become in danger of extinction assigned to LPN 3). In summary, the identifying no new candidates, we in the foreseeable future. But for species LPN ranking system provides a basis for change the LPN for three candidates (see with higher magnitude threats, the making decisions about the relative Listing Priority Changes in Candidates, threats have a greater likelihood of priority for preparing a proposed rule to below), and determine that a listing bringing about extinction or are list a given species. No matter which proposal is not warranted for three expected to bring about extinction on a LPN we assign to a species, each species species and thus remove them from shorter timescale (once the threats are included in this notice of review as a candidate status (see Candidate imminent) than for species with lower candidate is one for which we have Removals, below). Combined with the magnitude threats. Because we do not sufficient information to prepare a other decisions published separately routinely quantify how likely or how proposed rule for listing because it is in from this CNOR, a total of 146 species soon extinction would be expected to danger of extinction or likely to become (including 52 plant and 94 animal occur absent listing, we must evaluate endangered within the foreseeable species) are now candidates awaiting

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preparation of rules proposing their annuals provide inconsistent forage extirpated from portions of its range. listing. These 146 species, along with quality for southern Idaho ground During these efforts, the species was the 45 species currently proposed for squirrels compared to native vegetation. observed at 60 of 101 historical streams listing (including 1 species proposed for A programmatic Candidate and 72 of 123 historical sites. listing due to similarity in appearance), Conservation Agreement with The species’ habitat and range have are included in Table 1. Assurances (CCAA) has been completed been degraded and limited by water Table 2 lists the changes from the for this species and contains pollution from surface coal mining and previous CNOR, and includes 93 species conservation measures that minimize gas-exploration activities; removal of identified in the previous CNOR as ground-disturbing activities, allow for riparian vegetation; stream either proposed for listing or classified the investigation of methods to restore channelization; increased siltation as candidates that are no longer in those currently degraded habitat, provide for associated with poor mining, logging, categories. This includes 81 species for additional protection to southern Idaho and agricultural practices; and which we published a final listing rule, ground squirrels from recreational deforestation of watersheds. The 8 candidate species for which we shooting and other direct killing on magnitude of these threats is most published a separate not-warranted enrolled lands, and allow for the severe in the eastern half of the range, finding and removed from candidate translocation of squirrels to or from where resource extraction activities are status, 1 species for which we published enrolled lands, if necessary. The acreage more common and public ownership is a withdrawal of a proposed listing rule, enrolled through the CCAA sparse. The threat magnitude is lower in and the 3 species in this notice of encompasses approximately 9 percent of the western half of the range where review that we have determined do not the known range of the species. While resource extraction activities are less meet the definition of an endangered or the ongoing conservation efforts have severe and a larger proportion of the threatened species and therefore do not helped to reduce the magnitude of range is in public ownership. Since the warrant listing. We have removed these threats, habitat degradation remains the species and its life cycle and habitat species from candidate status in this primary threat to the species throughout requirements are fairly evenly CNOR. most of its range. This threat is distributed across its range, overall, the imminent due to the ongoing and magnitude of the threats is moderate. New Candidates increasing prevalence of nonnative We also consider these threats to be We have not identified any new vegetation. imminent, because the threats are candidate species through this notice of The southern Idaho ground squirrel ongoing and will continue for the review, but we note that the rattlesnake- (formerly Spermophilus brunneus foreseeable future. Based on new master borer moth was identified as endemicus) was considered to be one of morphological and genetic analyses and candidate on August 14, 2013 (78 FR two subspecies (northern and southern) published species accounts and lists, 49422) as a result of a separate petition of the Idaho ground squirrel. However, the Cumberland arrow darter is now finding published in the Federal based on differences in their geographic recognized as E. sagitta, a full species. Register in which we described the distribution, morphology, habitat, and The elevation to species rank increases reasons and data for elevating the genetic characteristics, the two the LPN from a 9 (subspecies) to an 8 species to candidate status. subspecies are now considered distinct (species). species. Therefore, we changed the LPN Kentucky arrow darter (Etheostoma Listing Priority Changes in Candidates for the southern Idaho ground squirrel spilotum)—The following summary is We reviewed the LPN for all from a 9 to an 8 to reflect the change in based on information in our files. The candidate species and are changing the taxonomy from subspecies to species. Kentucky arrow darter is a rather large number for the following species (total length of approximately 4.6 inches Fishes discussed below. (116 millimeters)), brightly colored Cumberland arrow darter (Etheostoma darter that is restricted to the upper Mammals sagitta)—The following summary is Kentucky River basin in eastern Southern Idaho ground squirrel based on information in our files. The Kentucky. The species’ preferred habitat (Urocitellus endemicus)—The following Cumberland arrow darter is a brightly consists of pools or transitional areas summary is based on information colored darter with a total length of between riffles and pools (runs and contained in our files. No new approximately 116 millimeters (4.6 glides) in moderate-to-high-gradient information was provided in the inches). It is restricted to the upper streams with bedrock, boulder, and petition we received on May 11, 2004. Cumberland River basin in southeastern cobble substrates. In most recent The southern Idaho ground squirrel is Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee. surveys, the Kentucky arrow darter has endemic to four counties in southwest The Cumberland arrow darter typically been observed in streams ranging in size Idaho; its total known range is inhabits small headwater streams (first from first to third order, with most approximately 292,000 hectares to third order) but is sometimes individuals occurring in second order (722,000 acres). observed in larger streams or small streams in watersheds encompassing 7.7 Threats to southern Idaho ground rivers. Its preferred habitat consists of square miles (20 square kilometers) or squirrels include: Habitat degradation; pools or transitional areas between less. Kentucky arrow darters feed on a direct killing from shooting, trapping, or riffles and pools (runs and glides) in variety of aquatic invertebrates, but poisoning; predation; and competition moderate- to-high-gradient streams with adults feed predominantly on larval with other ground squirrel species. bedrock, boulder, and cobble substrates. mayflies (order Ephemeroptera), Habitat degradation appears to be the Cumberland arrow darters feed on a specifically the families Heptageniidae primary threat. Nonnative annuals such variety of aquatic invertebrates, but and Baetidae. Rangewide surveys from as Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and adults feed predominantly on larval 2007 to 2009 revealed that the Kentucky Taeniatherum caput-medusae mayflies (order Ephemeroptera), arrow darter has disappeared from (medusahead) now dominate much of specifically the families Heptageniidae portions of its range. During these this species’ range and have altered the and Baetidae. Rangewide surveys from surveys, the species was observed at fire regime by increasing the frequency 2010 to 2012 revealed that the only 33 of 68 historical streams and 45 of wildfire. Furthermore, nonnative Cumberland arrow darter has been of 100 historical sites.

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The subspecies’ habitat and range associated with coastal sage scrub the study and the unusual weather have been severely degraded and communities, and transitional areas conditions that occurred during that limited by water pollution from surface between coastal sage scrub and period likely made the findings with coal mining and gas-exploration chaparral. The species is found along respect to seed production and activities; removal of riparian the Pacific coastal area at elevations predation rates unrepresentative. In our vegetation; stream channelization; ranging from under 100 meters (m) (330 2012 CNOR, we also identified small increased siltation associated with poor feet (ft)) to 200 m (660 ft), but generally population size as a potential concern, mining, logging, and agricultural under 100 m (328 ft). The known due to the occurrence of a single practices; and deforestation of historical distribution spans 270 km population in the United States (77 FR watersheds. The threats are high in (170 mi) from northern coastal San 70041; November 21, 2012); however, magnitude, because they are widespread Diego County, California, United States, we now have a better understanding of across the subspecies’ range and south to Colonet Mesa, Baja California, the range and geographic distribution of because these activities, especially Mexico. In the United States, a single the 15 occurrences in Mexico, such that mining and gas-exploration, have the native population of H. orcuttii occurs any loss of populations due to random potential to alter stream water quality on a southwestern mesa above Lux catastrophic events and potential permanently throughout the range by Canyon, in the city of Encinitas. In reduction in fitness due to low genetic contributing sediment, dissolved metals, Mexico, 15 occurrences are known from variability is not a concern for this and other solids to streams supporting 30 herbarium records, some of which species. Kentucky arrow darters, resulting in indicate that the plant is locally The conservation provided for direct mortality or reduced reproductive common or abundant. Hazardia orcuttii Hazardia orcuttii and its habitat in the capacity. The threats are imminent is currently listed as threatened under United States has removed the threat of because the effects are manifested the California Endangered Species Act habitat loss known at the time we made immediately and will continue for the and as endangered in Mexico. this species a candidate. Furthermore, foreseeable future. We made Hazardia orcuttii a given the existing protections and the Based on new morphological and candidate in 2004. At that time, the low level of stressors currently affecting genetic analyses and published species primary threat affecting the species was the species, we conclude that H. orcuttii accounts and lists, the Kentucky arrow urban development, which primarily no longer meets the definition of an darter is now recognized as E. spilotum affected a portion of the historical U.S. endangered or threatened species under Gilbert, a full species. The elevation to population between 1981 and 1997. section 3 of the Endangered Species Act. species rank increases the LPN from a Additional disruptions to the remaining We do not have any information to 3 (subspecies) to a 2 (species). native population occurred after that indicate that these stressors are likely to time, including loss of some of the increase in the future; thus, the species Candidate Removals remaining plants due to development, is not likely to become an endangered As summarized below, we have seed collection, and mowing. The extant species in the foreseeable future. evaluated the threats to the following portion of the single native population Therefore, we find that listing of H. species and considered factors that, in the United States currently occupies orcuttii is not warranted, and we have individually and in combination, approximately 0.63 hectare (ha) (1.5 removed it from candidate status. currently or potentially could pose a acres (ac)) of the Manchester Habitat Phacelia stellaris (Brand’s Phacelia)— risk to these species and their habitats. Conservation Area. Both the single The following summary is based on After a review of the best available native population and four experimental information contained in our files, scientific and commercial data, we outplantings are found within managed including a detailed species report. conclude that listing these species conservation areas. In Mexico, urban Phacelia stellaris, an annual herb in the under the Endangered Species Act is not development has also affected historical Boraginaceae (borage) family, is warranted, because these species are not occurrences and still has the potential to associated with sparsely vegetated likely to become endangered species affect H. orcuttii and its habitat. habitats on loamy sand in coastal dunes, within the foreseeable future throughout However, in 2010, H. orcuttii was listed coastal strand, coastal scrub, or alluvial all or a significant portion of their as endangered under NOM–059– floodplains. Based on herbarium ranges. Therefore, we no longer consider SEMARNAT–2010, which provides records, we conclude that the historical them to be candidate species for listing. protections to the species from range of P. stellaris was from southern We will continue to monitor the status development activities in Mexico. California (San Bernardino, Los of these species and to accept additional We identified a number of other Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San information and comments concerning potential threats since 2004, such as Diego Counties) southward along the this finding. We will reconsider our climate change, predation, and impacts Pacific coast to near Socorro in northern determination in the event that new from small population size; however, Baja California, Mexico, at elevations information indicates that the threats to further investigation of these stressors ranging from 0 to 1100 ft (366 m). The the species are of a considerably greater indicates they are not substantial current geographic range of P. stellaris magnitude or imminence than identified threats. Climate change models predict encompasses 12 occurrences known or through assessments of information increased temperatures and decreased presumed to be extant (7 in the United contained in our files, as summarized precipitation for the southern California States and 5 in Mexico). Nine here. region; however, temperatures are occurrences in the United States (in Los predicted to be within the range used Angeles and Orange Counties) and one Flowering Plants for seed germination, and precipitation in Mexico (in the City of Ensenada) have Hazardia orcuttii (Orcutt’s hazardia or forecasts are too uncertain for areas been extirpated by development. Orcutt’s goldenbush)—The following occupied by H. orcuttii to determine We made Phacelia stellaris a summary is based on information how this might affect the species. One candidate in 2004. At that time, one of contained in our files, including a study suggested that high predation the primary threats affecting the species detailed species report. Hazardia rates for the seedbank had affected the was habitat degradation due to orcuttii, a flowering evergreen shrub in reproductive output of H. orcuttii; trampling from foot and vehicle traffic. the Asteraceae (sunflower) family, is however, the limited period covered by Today, four of the seven U.S.

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occurrences experience some level of occurrences are close to tidally of a single population that occurs in two habitat degradation from trampling. influenced areas. Although all coastal discrete locations along a 3.2 mile (5.0 However, on August 1, 2013, the U.S. occurrences could potentially be kilometer) stretch of the Yadkin River in Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, Department of affected by sea-level rise, the effects of North Carolina. It is associated with Homeland Security, and California sea-level rise on P. stellaris occurrences mafic rock outcrops along the river. Department of Parks and Recreation cannot be assessed with confidence We made Solidago plumosa a entered into a Candidate Conservation beyond 2050, as modeling and variables candidate in 2005. At that time, the Agreement (CCA). This CCA identifies affecting this species are increasingly primary threat affecting the species was actions that are or will be taken to uncertain after this date. Based on our encroachment by invasive nonnative further minimize effects to the plant and review of available predictive models vegetation. Historical loss of habitat by its habitat at the four remaining U.S. and habitat characteristics of P. stellaris, construction and operation of occurrences that still experience effects we do not anticipate that sea-level rise hydroelectric projects likely reduced the from trampling. Therefore, the amount will affect the occurrences in the United extent of the species, which exacerbated of P. stellaris habitat degradation due to States before 2050. All of the the effect nonnative vegetation was trampling has been reduced since the presumably extant occurrences in having on the species. The historical time the species became a candidate, or Mexico are thought to be located along loss of habitat occurred over 75 years will soon be reduced, as all seven U.S. the immediate coastline, although their ago when the Yadkin and Yadkin-Pee occurrences are either protected from exact locations relative to the tideline is Dee Hydroelectric Projects were trampling through fencing and other unknown; therefore, we lack sufficient constructed. Although the flow regime conservation measures, or will soon data to make reliable projections of the of the Yadkin River was altered by these receive management for habitat effects impact of sea-level rise on this species projects, the bedrock outcrop habitat is due to trampling. We do not have in Mexico. stable and flow regimes are now information regarding the issue of The conservation provided for regulated and predictable and reduce trampling for occurrences in Mexico; Phacelia stellaris and its habitat has high-velocity flood events that are however, based on information from significantly reduced the threat of capable of reaching areas of occupied botanists familiar with areas where the nonnative plant invasion in the United habitat; thus, any foreseeable adverse plant occurs, it is likely that four of the States. Although it is possible that impacts to the species have been five occurrences experience some nonnative plant invasion threatens the addressed through the regular operation degree of trampling. occurrences in Mexico, we have no of the projects. Additionally, the species The other primary threat affecting information suggesting that this is in has adjusted to the available habitat and U.S. occurrences of Phacelia stellaris at fact the case, and we must make listing flow regimes and has been present in the time of listing was nonnative plant determinations based on the best data the same areas since the projects were invasion. Nonnative plants are known to available, not speculation. Thus, we constructed and the flow regimes affect all seven U.S. occurrences of P. conclude that nonnative plants no stabilized. Reduction of high-velocity stellaris to some degree, but this threat longer pose a significant threat to the flood events, however, exacerbated the is actively managed at four occurrences, species. In addition, although trampling threat from invasive nonnative including the three most abundant still happens at some occurrences, the vegetation by allowing that vegetation to populations. With the signing of the effects have been reduced through grow and compete with Solidago CCA, management to control nonnative implementation of conservation plumosa. plants will continue at the four measures. The remaining impacts are Thus, the availability of suitable occurrences and will be initiated at one localized and do not rise to the level of habitat and the fate of the single known additional occurrence. Thus, five of the significantly affecting the species and its population of this species are primarily seven extant occurrences in the U.S. are habitat. We anticipate ongoing determined by the manner in which or will be managed for the benefit of P. protection and management provided by nonnative vegetation is managed in the stellaris by removing invasive, Federal, State, and local landowners at occupied locations. Alcoa Power nonnative plants. Successful removal of six of the seven U.S. occurrences Generating Inc. (APGI), the operator of nonnative plants has already resulted in through implementation of Habitat one of the hydroelectric projects, owns an increased presence of P. stellaris at Conservation Plans, Integrated Natural these locations. At the time the species the four currently managed sites. With Resource Management Plans, and the was made a candidate, APGI was not the active management that is currently CCA, all of which will continue into the managing these locations in a manner occurring at those four sites and the foreseeable future. In addition, we do consistent with the conservation of initiation of weed control at a fifth site, not have any information to indicate Solidago plumosa—in particular, it was the threat to P. stellaris in the U.S. from that stressors will increase in the not addressing the main threat from invasive, nonnative plants has been foreseeable future. Given the existing invasive nonnative vegetation. However, addressed. We have no information as to protections and the low level of in 2013, APGI and the Service signed a the degree nonnative plants are stressors affecting the species now and Candidate Conservation Agreement encroaching on P. stellaris occurrences in the foreseeable future, we conclude (CCA). This agreement addresses threats in Mexico. However, the management of that P. stellaris no longer meets the to the species in its entire range: It P. stellaris in the U.S. will provide for definition of an endangered or identifies specific measures to control the long-term conservation of the threatened species under section 3 of invasive-exotic-vegetation species. the Endangered Species Act. Therefore, encroachment, implements propagation We identified other potential threats we find that listing of P. stellaris is not and population expansion, and includes since 2004 including flood-control warranted, and we have removed it from a regular monitoring and reporting activities and impacts related to small candidate status. protocol. Although the agreement was population size; however, further Solidago plumosa (Yadkin River signed only this year, APGI has been investigation indicates they are not goldenrod)—No new information was implementing the conservation substantial threats. We also analyzed the provided in the petition we received on measures described in the agreement for potential for sea-level rise to affect P. April 20, 2010. The global distribution several years; in particular, APGI has stellaris, as four of seven U.S. of the plant Solidago plumosa consists been managing the habitat for Solidago

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plumosa as part of its Shoreline the extant habitat; any remaining current range. We also analyzed the Management Plan, which addresses a impacts are localized and temporary, effects of mosquitofish introduction, variety of issues around its reservoirs. and do not rise to the level of stocking of game fish, and drought. We The CCA contains a special subset of significantly affecting the taxon and its determined the stressors facing this actions, some of which are contained in habitat. We expect the conservation species are relatively minor, and do not the Shoreline Management Plan, but are measures to be implemented and rise to the level of threats to the species, specific to Solidago plumosa and its effective into the foreseeable future. given the number of different locations habitat. The Shoreline Management Given the existing protections and the where the species occurs, and the fact Plan also includes a regular monitoring low level of stressors affecting the that the species has shown it can and reporting protocol, and under the species now and in the foreseeable recolonize areas successfully. In plan APGI annually controls invasive- future, we conclude that Solidago addition, groundwater and surface water nonnative-vegetation encroachment. plumosa no longer meets the definition use is regulated in some portions of its Based on the results of APGI’s control of an endangered or threatened species range, and development, predation, and program over the last three years, we under section 3 of the Endangered diseases are not currently affecting the conclude that the program has been Species Act. Therefore, we find that species. Population data from across the highly effective at reducing listing of Solidago plumosa is no longer species’ range show that the species is encroachment of invasive exotic warranted, and we have removed it from stable in most of its range. In addition, vegetation into the habitat of Solidago candidate status. new surveys have identified new plumosa, and has significantly reduced populations, and conservation efforts Other Evaluations for Candidate Status this threat. are increasing populations in suitable APGI has also abated some potential As summarized below, we have habitat. Therefore, we find that the threats from recreational use of the river evaluated the threats to the plains plains topminnow does not meet the corridor since anglers and boaters can topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus) and definition of an endangered species no longer enter the immediate tailrace considered factors that, individually now, and we have no information to area because of changed water-discharge and in combination, currently or indicate that it will become so in the conditions and safety signage at the dam potentially could pose a risk to this future. Thus, this species does not powerhouse. species and its habitats. After a review warrant candidate status at this time. A The construction of the Yadkin and of the best available scientific and copy of the full candidate assessment Yadkin-Pee Dee Hydroelectric Projects commercial data, we conclude that form for the plains topminnow may be from 1917 to 1928 may have extirpated listing this species under the accessed at: http://ecos.fws.gov/ occurrences of Solidago plumosa. Any Endangered Species Act is not speciesProfile/profile/ detrimental effects of the construction warranted, because this species is not speciesProfile.action?spcode=E07X. and subsequent reservoir inundation likely to become endangered within the took place almost 100 years ago and are foreseeable future throughout all or a Petition Findings no longer directly affecting the species. significant portion of its range. The ESA provides two mechanisms Those projects may, however, have Therefore, we find that proposing a rule for considering species for listing. One reduced the range and genetic to list it is not warranted, and we do not method allows the Secretary, on the variability of the species. Therefore, we consider it to be a candidate species for Secretary’s own initiative, to identify considered the degree to which the size listing. We will continue to monitor the species for listing under the standards of of the population is so small and status of this species and to accept section 4(a)(1). We implement this geographically concentrated that it is additional information and comments authority through the candidate vulnerable to stochastic events or concerning this finding. program, discussed above. The second potential reduction in fitness due to low Plains topminnow (Fundulus method for listing a species provides a genetic variability. We have no sciadicus)—The following summary is mechanism for the public to petition us information to indicate that low genetic based on information contained in our to add a species to the Lists. The CNOR variability is an issue for this species, files. This endemic fish species of the serves several purposes as part of the and, as discussed above, the primary Great Plains occurs in Colorado, petition process: (1) In some instances stochastic event of concern, flooding, is Wyoming, South Dakota, Kansas, (in particular, for petitions to list now regulated consistent with the Missouri, Wyoming, Minnesota, Iowa, species that the Service has already conservation of Solidago plumosa. Nebraska, and Oklahoma. The species identified as candidates on its own Nonetheless, we note that the Service, most often inhabits clear water streams, initiative), it serves as the petition the North Carolina Plant Conservation isolated pools, backwater areas, sloughs, finding; (2) for candidate species for Program, the North Carolina Zoological and overflow pools of larger streams. which the Service has made a Park, and APGI plan to augment the The species is still present in most of its warranted-but-precluded petition population of this species at additional historical range, and its current finding, it serves as a ‘‘resubmitted’’ mafic rock outcrops near the base of the distribution includes eight of the nine petition finding that the ESA requires dams that are part of the hydroelectric States where it was historically the Service to make each year; and (3) projects. We are not relying on any recorded. it documents the Service’s compliance potential success of this effort in our We conducted a status assessment of with the statutory requirement to threats analysis. the plains topminnow to evaluate monitor the status of species for which Threats to Solidago plumosa from the whether it warrants listing under the listing is warranted but precluded to continued operation of these reservoirs Act and should be made a candidate ascertain if they need emergency listing. and the encroachment of nonnative species. As part of this process, we First, the CNOR serves as a petition invasive species have been addressed. analyzed several potential stressors that finding in some instances. Under Though impacts from trampling are still may affect the species. Surface and section 4(b)(3)(A), when we receive a possible at the sites of some groundwater use for irrigation, habitat listing petition, we must determine occurrences, the effects have been changes, predation, drought, and within 90 days, to the maximum extent reduced through implementation of climate change are some of the factors practicable, whether the petition conservation measures in a large part of potentially influencing the species in its presents substantial information

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indicating that listing may be warranted 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the ESA requires that species is both warranted and precluded (a ‘‘90-day finding’’). If we make a when we make a warranted-but- at this time. We make our positive 90-day finding, we must precluded finding on a petition, we are determinations of preclusion on a promptly commence a status review of to treat such a petition as one that is nationwide basis to ensure that the the species under section 4(b)(3)(A); we resubmitted on the date of such a species most in need of listing will be must then make and publish one of finding. Thus, we must make a 12- addressed first and also because we three possible findings within 12 month petition finding in compliance allocate our listing budget on a months of the receipt of the petition (a with section 4(b)(3)(B) of the ESA at nationwide basis (see below). Regional ‘‘12-month finding’’): least once a year, until we publish a priorities can also be discerned from (1) The petitioned action is not proposal to list the species or make a Table 1, below, which includes the lead warranted; (2) The petitioned action is final not-warranted finding. We make region and the LPN for each species. warranted (in which case we are these annual findings for petitioned Our preclusion determinations are required to promptly publish a candidate species through the CNOR. further based upon our budget for listing proposed regulation to implement the Third, through undertaking the activities for unlisted species only, and petitioned action; once we publish a analysis required to complete the we explain the priority system and why proposed rule for a species, sections CNOR, the Service determines if any the work we have accomplished does 4(b)(5) and 4(b)(6) of the ESA govern candidate species needs emergency preclude action on listing candidate further procedures, regardless of listing. Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the ESA species. whether we issued the proposal in requires us to ‘‘implement a system to In preparing this CNOR, we reviewed response to a petition); or (3) The monitor effectively the status of all the current status of, and threats to, the petitioned action is warranted, but (a) species’’ for which we have made a 130 candidates for which we have the immediate proposal of a regulation warranted-but-precluded 12-month received a petition to list and the 5 and final promulgation of a regulation finding, and to ‘‘make prompt use of the listed species and for which we have implementing the petitioned action is [emergency listing] authority [under received a petition to reclassify from precluded by pending proposals to section 4(b)(7)] to prevent a significant threatened to endangered, where we determine whether any species is risk to the well being of any such found the petitioned action to be endangered or threatened, and (b) species.’’ The CNOR plays a crucial role warranted but precluded. We find that expeditious progress is being made to in the monitoring system that we have the immediate issuance of a proposed add qualified species to the Lists. We implemented for all candidate species rule and timely promulgation of a final refer to this third option as a by providing notice that we are actively rule for each of these species has been, ‘‘warranted-but-precluded finding.’’ seeking information regarding the status for the preceding months, and continues We define ‘‘candidate species’’ to of those species. We review all new to be, precluded by higher priority mean those species for which the information on candidate species as it listing actions. Additional information Service has on file sufficient becomes available, prepare an annual that is the basis for this finding is found information on biological vulnerability species assessment form that reflects in the species assessments and our and threat(s) to support issuance of a monitoring results and other new administrative record for each species. proposed rule to list, but for which information, and identify any species Our review included updating the issuance of the proposed rule is for which emergency listing may be status of, and threats to, petitioned precluded (61 FR 64481; December 5, appropriate. If we determine that candidate or listed species for which we 1996). The standard for making a emergency listing is appropriate for any published findings, under section species a candidate through our own candidate, we will make prompt use of 4(b)(3)(B) of the ESA, in the previous initiative is identical to the standard for the emergency listing authority under CNOR. We have incorporated new making a warranted-but-precluded 12- section 4(b)(7). For example, on August information we gathered since the prior month petition finding on a petition to 10, 2011, we emergency listed the finding and, as a result of this review, list, and we add all petitioned species Miami blue butterfly (76 FR 49542). We we are making continued warranted- for which we have made a warranted- have been reviewing and will continue but-precluded 12-month findings on the but-precluded 12-month finding to the to review, at least annually, the status of petitions for these species. candidate list. every candidate, whether or not we have The immediate publication of Therefore, all candidate species received a petition to list it. Thus, the proposed rules to list these species was identified through our own initiative CNOR and accompanying species precluded by our work on higher already have received the equivalent of assessment forms constitute the priority listing actions, listed below, substantial 90-day and warranted-but- Service’s system for monitoring and during the period from October 1, 2012, precluded 12-month findings. making annual findings on the status of through September 30, 2013. Below we Nevertheless, we review the status of petitioned species under sections describe the actions that continue to the newly petitioned candidate species 4(b)(3)(C)(i) and 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the preclude the immediate proposal and and through this CNOR publish specific ESA. final promulgation of a regulation section 4(b)(3) findings (i.e., substantial A number of court decisions have implementing each of the petitioned 90-day and warranted-but-precluded 12- elaborated on the nature and specificity actions for which we have made a month findings) in response to the of information that we must consider in warranted-but-precluded finding, and petitions to list these candidate species. making and describing the petition we describe the expeditious progress we We publish these findings as part of the findings in the CNOR. The CNOR are making to add qualified species to, first CNOR following receipt of the published on November 9, 2009 (74 FR and remove species from, the Lists. We petition. We have identified the 57804), describes these court decisions will continue to monitor the status of all candidate species for which we received in further detail. As with previous candidate species, including petitioned petitions by the code ‘‘C*’’ in the CNORs, we continue to incorporate species, as new information becomes category column on the left side of information of the nature and specificity available to determine if a change in Table 1 below. required by the courts. For example, we status is warranted, including the need Second, the CNOR serves as a include a description of the reasons why to emergency-list a species under ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition finding. Section the listing of every petitioned candidate section 4(b)(7) of the ESA.

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In addition to identifying petitioned from the Lists), or for other Service findings. As with the critical habitat candidate species in Table 1 below, we programs (see House Report 105–163, subcap, if the Service does not need to also present brief summaries of why 105th Congress, 1st Session, July 1, use all of the funds within the subcap, each of these candidates warrants 1997). The funds within the spending we are able to use the remaining funds listing. More complete information, cap are available to support work for completing proposed or final listing including references, is found in the involving the following listing actions: determinations. In FY 2013, based on species assessment forms. You may Proposed and final listing rules; 90-day the Service’s workload, we were able to obtain a copy of these forms from the and 12-month findings on petitions to use some of the funds within the foreign Regional Office having the lead for the add species to the Lists or to change the species subcap and the petitions subcap species, or from the Fish and Wildlife status of a species from threatened to to fund proposed listing determinations. Service’s Internet Web site: http:// endangered; annual ‘‘resubmitted’’ We make our determinations of ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/ petition findings on prior warranted- preclusion on a nationwide basis to candidateSpecies.jsp. As described but-precluded petition findings as ensure that the species most in need of above, under section 4 of the ESA, we required under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of listing will be addressed first and also identify and propose species for listing the ESA; critical habitat petition because we allocate our listing budget based on the factors identified in section findings; proposed and final rules on a nationwide basis. Through the 4(a)(1), and section 4 also provides a designating critical habitat; and listing cap, the three subcaps, and the mechanism for the public to petition us litigation-related, administrative, and amount of funds needed to complete to add species to the Lists of program-management functions court-mandated actions within those Endangered or Threatened Wildlife and (including preparing and allocating subcaps, Congress and the courts have Plants under the ESA. budgets, responding to Congressional in effect determined the amount of and public inquiries, and conducting money available for other listing Preclusion and Expeditious Progress public outreach regarding listing and activities nationwide. Therefore, the To make a finding that a particular critical habitat). funds in the listing cap—other than action is warranted but precluded, the We cannot spend more for the Listing those within the subcaps needed to Service must make two determinations: Program than the amount of funds comply with court orders or court- (1) That the immediate proposal and within the spending cap without approved settlement agreements timely promulgation of a final violating the Anti-Deficiency Act (see 31 requiring critical habitat actions for regulation is precluded by pending U.S.C. 1341(a)(1)(A)). In addition, since already-listed species, listing actions for listing proposals and (2) that FY 2002, the Service’s budget has foreign species, and petition findings— expeditious progress is being made to included a critical habitat subcap to set the framework within which we add qualified species to either of the ensure that some funds are available for make our determinations of preclusion lists and to remove species from the completing Listing Program actions and expeditious progress. lists. 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(B)(iii). other than critical habitat designations For FY 2013, on March 26, 2013, (‘‘The critical habitat designation Congress passed a Full Year Continuing Preclusion subcap will ensure that some funding is Appropriations Act (Pub. L. No. 113–6), A listing proposal is precluded if the available to address other listing which provided funding through the Service does not have sufficient activities’’ (House Report No. 107–103, end of the FY 2013; this included a resources available to complete the 107th Congress, 1st Session. June 19, spending cap for the listing program. proposal, because there are competing 2001)). In FY 2002 and each year until With the spending cap combined with demands for those resources, and the FY 2006, the Service had to use a five percent reduction due to relative priority of those competing virtually the entire critical habitat sequestration, the Service had a total of demands is higher. Thus, in any given subcap to address court-mandated $20,997,000 for the listing program. In fiscal year (FY), multiple factors dictate designations of critical habitat, and addition, no more than $1,498,000 whether it will be possible to undertake consequently none of the critical habitat could be used for listing actions for work on a listing proposal regulation or subcap funds were available for other foreign species, and no more than whether promulgation of such a listing activities. In some FYs since $1,498,000 could be used to make 90- proposal is precluded by higher priority 2006, we have been able to use some of day or 12-month findings on petitions. listing actions—(1) The amount of the critical habitat subcap funds to fund The Service thus had $13,453,000 resources available for completing the proposed listing determinations for available to work on proposed and final listing function, (2) the estimated cost of high-priority candidate species. In other listing determinations for domestic completing the proposed listing, and (3) FYs, while we were unable to use any species. In addition, if the Service had the Service’s workload and of the critical habitat subcap funds to funding available within the critical prioritization of the proposed listing in fund proposed listing determinations, habitat, foreign species, or petition relation to other actions. we did use some of this money to fund subcaps after those workloads had been the critical habitat portion of some completed, it could use those funds to Available Resources proposed listing determinations so that work on listing actions other than The resources available for listing the proposed listing determination and critical habitat designations or foreign actions are determined through the proposed critical habitat designation species. annual Congressional appropriations could be combined into one rule, Costs of Listing Actions. The work process. In FY 1998 and for each fiscal thereby being more efficient in our involved in preparing various listing year since then, Congress has placed a work. In FY 2013, based on the Service’s documents can be extensive, and may statutory cap on funds that may be workload, we were able to use some of include, but is not limited to: Gathering expended for the Listing Program. This the critical habitat subcap funds to fund and assessing the best scientific and spending cap was designed to prevent proposed listing determinations. commercial data available and the listing function from depleting For FY 2012 Congress also put in conducting analyses used as the basis funds needed for other functions under place two additional subcaps within the for our decisions; writing and the ESA (for example, recovery listing cap: One for listing actions for publishing documents; and obtaining, functions, such as removing species foreign species and one for petition reviewing, and evaluating public

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comments and peer review comments we had further ranked the candidate cap, specifically which actions we will on proposed rules and incorporating species with an LPN of 2 by using the have the resources to work on in that relevant information into final rules. following extinction-risk type criteria: FY. We then prepare Allocation Tables The number of listing actions that we International Union for the that identify the actions that we are can undertake in a given year also is Conservation of Nature and Natural funding for that FY, and how much we influenced by the complexity of those Resources (IUCN) Red list status/rank, estimate it will cost to complete each listing actions; that is, more complex Heritage rank (provided by action; these Allocation Tables are part actions generally are more costly. The NatureServe), Heritage threat rank of our record for this notice of review median cost for preparing and (provided by NatureServe), and species and the listing program. Our Allocation publishing a 90-day finding is $39,276; currently with fewer than 50 Table for FY 2012, which incorporated for a 12-month finding, $100,690; for a individuals, or 4 or fewer populations. the Service’s approach to prioritizing its proposed rule with critical habitat, Those species with the highest IUCN workload, was adopted as part of a $345,000; and for a final listing rule rank (critically endangered), the highest settlement agreement in a case before with critical habitat, $305,000. Heritage rank (G1), the highest Heritage the U.S. District Court for the District of Prioritizing Listing Actions. The threat rank (substantial, imminent Columbia (Endangered Species Act Service’s Listing Program workload is threats), and currently with fewer than Section 4 Deadline Litigation, No. 10– broadly composed of four types of 50 individuals, or fewer than 4 377 (EGS), MDL Docket No. 2165 (‘‘MDL actions, which the Service prioritizes as populations, originally comprised a Litigation’’), Document 31–1 (D.D.C. follows: (1) Compliance with court group of approximately 40 candidate May 10, 2011) (‘‘MDL Settlement orders and court-approved settlement species (‘‘Top 40’’). These 40 candidate Agreement’’)). The requirements of agreements requiring that petition species had the highest priority to paragraphs 1 through 7 of that findings or listing or critical habitat receive funding to work on a proposed settlement agreement, combined with determinations be completed by a listing determination and we used this the work plan attached to the agreement specific date; (2) essential litigation- to formulate our work plan for FYs 2010 as Exhibit B, reflected the Service’s related, administrative, and listing and 2011 that was included in the MDL Allocation Tables for FY 2011 and FY program-management functions; (3) Settlement Agreement (see below), as 2012. In addition, paragraphs 2 through section 4 (of the Act) listing and critical well as for work on proposed and final 7 of the agreement require the Service habitat actions with absolute statutory listing rules for the remaining candidate to take numerous other actions through deadlines; and (4) section 4 listing species with LPNs of 2 and 3. FY 2017—in particular, complete either actions that do not have absolute Finally, proposed rules for a proposed listing rule or a not- statutory deadlines. In FY 2010, the reclassification of threatened species to warranted finding for all 251 species Service received many new petitions endangered species are lower priority, designated as ‘‘candidates’’ in the 2010 and a single petition to list 404 species, because as listed species, they are candidate notice of review (‘‘CNOR’’) significantly increasing the number of already afforded the protections of the before the end of FY 2016, and complete actions within the second category of Act and implementing regulations. final listing determinations for those our workload—actions that have However, for efficiency reasons, we may species proposed for listing within the absolute statutory deadlines. As a result choose to work on a proposed rule to statutory deadline (usually one year of the petitions to list hundreds of reclassify a species to endangered if we from the proposal). Paragraph 10 of that species, we currently have over 450 12- can combine this with work that is settlement agreement sets forth the month petition findings yet to be subject to a court ordered or court- Service’s conclusion that ‘‘fulfilling the initiated and completed. approved deadline. commitments set forth in this An additional way in which we Since before Congress first established prioritize work in the section 4 program the spending cap for the Listing Program Agreement, along with other is application of the listing priority in 1998, the Listing Program workload commitments required by court orders guidelines (48 FR 43098; September 21, has required considerably more or court-approved settlement 1983). Under those guidelines, we resources than the amount of funds agreements already in existence at the assign each candidate an LPN of 1 to 12, Congress has allowed for the Listing signing of this Settlement Agreement depending on the magnitude of threats Program. It is therefore important that (listed in Exhibit A), will require (high or moderate to low), immediacy of we be as efficient as possible in our substantially all of the resources in the threats (imminent or nonimminent), and listing process. Therefore, as we Listing Program.’’ As part of the same taxonomic status of the species (in order implement our listing work plan and lawsuit, the court also approved a of priority: Monotypic genus (a species work on proposed rules for the highest separate settlement agreement with the that is the sole member of a genus), priority species in the next several other plaintiff in the case; that species, or part of a species (subspecies years, we are preparing multi-species settlement agreement requires the or distinct population segment)). The proposals when appropriate, and these Service to complete additional actions lower the listing priority number, the may include species with lower priority in specific fiscal years—including 12- higher the listing priority (that is, a if they overlap geographically or have month petition findings for 11 species, species with an LPN of 1 would have the same threats as one of the highest 90-day petition findings for 477 species, the highest listing priority). A species priority species. In addition, we take and proposed listing determinations or with a higher LPN would generally be into consideration the availability of not-warranted findings for 39 species. precluded from listing by species with staff resources when we determine These settlement agreements have led lower LPNs, unless work on a proposed which high-priority species will receive to a number of results that affect our rule for the species with the higher LPN funding to minimize the amount of time preclusion analysis. First, the Service can be combined with work on a and resources required to complete each has been, and will continue to be, proposed rule for other high-priority listing action. limited in the extent to which it can species. In addition to prioritizing Listing Program Workload. Each FY undertake additional actions within the species with our 1983 guidance, because we determine, based on the amount of Listing Program through FY 2017, of the large number of high-priority funding Congress has made available beyond what is required by the MDL species we have had in the recent past, within the Listing Program spending Settlement Agreements. Second,

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because the settlement is court delisting rules for two species.) As listing. In FY 2013, we completed 90- approved, two broad categories of discussed below, given the limited day petition findings for 7 species and actions now fall within the Service’s resources available for listing, we find 12-month petition findings for 14 highest priority (compliance with a that we made expeditious progress in species. In FY 2013, we also worked on court order): (1) The actions required to FY 2013 in the Listing Program. evaluating the best available scientific be completed in FY 2013 by the MDL We provide below tables cataloguing information towards preparing 90-day Settlement Agreements; and (2) the work of the Service’s Listing findings for one additional. completion, before the end of FY 2016, Program in FY 2013. This work includes Our accomplishments this year of proposed listings or not-warranted all three of the steps necessary for should also be considered in the broader findings for most of the candidate adding species to the Lists: (1) species identified in this CNOR (in Identifying species that warrant listing; context of our commitment to reduce particular, for those candidate species (2) undertaking the evaluation of the the candidate list. On May 10, 2011, the that were included in the 2010 CNOR). best available scientific data about those Service filed in the MDL Litigation a Therefore, each year, one of the species and the threats they face, and settlement agreement that put in place Service’s highest priorities is to make preparing proposed and final listing an ambitious schedule for completing steady progress towards completing by rules; and (3) adding species to the Lists proposed and final listing the end of 2017 proposed and final by publishing proposed and final listing determinations at least through FY listing determinations for the 2010 rules that include a summary of the data 2016; the court approved that settlement candidate species—based on its LPN on which the rule is based and show the agreement on September 9, 2011. That prioritization system, preparing multi- relationship of that data to the rule. agreement required, among other things, species actions when appropriate, and After taking into consideration the that the Service complete proposed taking into consideration the availability limited resources available for listing, listing determinations or not-warranted of staff resources. the competing demands for those funds, findings for all 251 species that were on Based on these prioritization factors, and the completed work catalogued in the 2010 candidate list by the end of FY we continue to find that proposals to list the tables below, we find that we made 2016, and final listing determinations the petitioned candidate species expeditious progress to add qualified any proposed listing rules within the included in Table 1 are all precluded by species to the Lists in FY 2013. statutory time frame. Paragraph 6 of the higher priority listing actions including First, we made expeditious progress agreement provided indicators that the those with court-ordered and court- in the third and final step: Listing Service is making adequate progress approved settlement agreements and qualified species. In FY 2013, we towards meeting that requirement: listing actions with absolute statutory resolved the status of 93 species that we Completing proposed listing rules or deadlines. determined, or had previously not-warranted findings for at least 130 determined, qualified for listing. Expeditious Progress of the species by the end of FY 2013, at Moreover, for 81 of those 93 species, the least 160 species by the end of FY 2014, As explained above, a determination resolution was to add them to the Lists, and at least 200 species by the end of that listing is warranted but precluded most with concurrent designations of FY 2015. The Service has completed must also demonstrate that expeditious critical habitat. We also proposed to list proposed listing rules or not-warranted progress is being made to add and an additional 67 qualified species, most findings for 140 of the 2010 candidate remove qualified species to and from with concurrent critical habitat species, as well as final listing rules for the Lists. As with our ‘‘precluded’’ proposals. 69 of those proposed rules, and is finding, the evaluation of whether Second, we are making expeditious therefore is making adequate progress progress in adding qualified species to progress in the second step: Working towards meeting all of the requirements the Lists has been expeditious is a towards adding qualified species to the of the MDL settlement agreement. Both function of the resources available for Lists. In FY 2013, we worked on by entering into the settlement listing and the competing demands for developing proposed listing rules for agreement and by making adequate those funds. (Although we do not four species (most of them with progress towards making final listing discuss it in detail here, we are also concurrent critical habitat proposals). determinations for the 251 species on making expeditious progress in Although we have not yet completed the 2010 candidate, the Service is removing species from the list under the those actions, we are making Recovery program in light of the expeditious progress towards doing so. making expeditious progress to add resources available for delisting, which Third, we are making expeditious qualified species to the lists. is funded by a separate line item in the progress in the first step towards adding The Service’s progress in FY 2013 budget of the Endangered Species qualified species to the Lists: Identifying included completing and publishing the Program. During FY 2013, we completed additional species that qualify for following determinations:

FY 2013 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

10/2/2012 .... Proposed Threatened Status for Coral Pink Sand Dunes Tiger Bee- Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 77 FR 60207–60235. tle and Designation of Critical Habitat. 10/2/2012 .... 12-Month Petition Finding, Listing of the Spring Pygmy Sunfish as Notice of 12-month petition find- 77 FR 60179–60206. Threatened, and Designation of Critical Habitat. ing, Warranted Proposed List- ing Threatened. 10/3/2012 .... 12-month Finding for the Lemmon Fleabane; Endangered Status for Notice of 12-month petition find- 77 FR 60509–60579. the Acun˜a Cactus and the Fickeisen Plains Cactus and Designa- ing, Not warranted Proposed tion of Critical Habitat. Listing Endangered. 10/4/2012 .... Proposed Endangered Species Status for the Florida Bonneted Bat Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 77 FR 60749–60776.

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FY 2013 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

10/4/2012 .... Determination of Endangered Species Status for Coquı´ Llanero Final Listing Endangered ...... 77 FR 60777–60802. Throughout Its Range and Designation of Critical Habitat. 10/4/2012 .... Endangered Species Status for the Fluted Kidneyshell and Slabside Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 77 FR 60803–60882. Pearlymussel and Designation of Critical Habitat. 10/9/2012 .... 12-Month Finding on Petitions to List the Mexican Gray Wolf as an Notice of 12-month petition find- 77 FR 61375–61377. Endangered Subspecies or Distinct Population Segment with Crit- ing, Not warranted. ical Habitat. 10/10/2012 .. Determination of Endangered Species Status for the Alabama Final Listing Endangered and 77 FR 61663–61719. Pearlshell, Round Ebonyshell, Southern Kidneyshell, and Choc- Threatened. taw Bean, and Threatened Species Status for the Tapered Pigtoe, Narrow Pigtoe, Southern Sandshell, and Fuzzy Pigtoe, and Designation of Critical Habitat. 10/11/2012 .. Endangered Species Status for Cape Sable Thoroughwort, Florida Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 77 FR 61835–61894. Semaphore Cactus, and Aboriginal Prickly-apple, and Designa- tion of Critical Habitat for Cape Sable Thoroughwort. 10/11/2012 .. Listing Taylor’s Checkerspot Butterfly and Streaked Horned Lark Proposed Listing Endangered and 77 FR 61937–62058. and Designation of Critical Habitat. Threatened. 10/16/2012 .. Proposed Endangered Status for the Neosho Mucket, Threatened Proposed Listing Endangered and 77 FR 63439–63536. Status for the Rabbitsfoot, and Designation of Critical Habitat for Threatened. Both Species. 10/17/2012 .. Listing 15 Species on Hawaii Island as Endangered and Desig- Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 77 FR 63927–64018. nating Critical Habitat for 3 Species. 11/14/2012 .. 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Heller Cave Springtail as Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 77 FR 67784–67789. Endangered or Threatened. Substantial. 11/28/2012 .. Status Review for a Petition to List the Ashy Storm-petrel as En- Notice Status Review ...... 77 FR 70987–70988. dangered or Threatened. 12/04/2012 .. 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Phoenix dactylifera ‘Sphinx’ Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 77 FR 71757–71758. (Sphinx Date Palm). Not substantial. 12/04/2012 .. 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Prairie Gray Fox, the Plains Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 77 FR 71759–71771. Spotted Skunk, and a Distinct Population Segment of the Mearn’s Not substantial Substantial. Eastern Cottontail in East-central Illinois and Western Indiana as Endangered or Threatened Species. 12/11/2012 .. Listing the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as a Threatened Species ...... Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 77 FR 73827–73888. 12/11/2012 .. Listing Four Subspecies of Mazama Pocket Gopher and Designa- Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 77 FR 73769–73825. tion of Critical Habitat. 1/11/2013 .... Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-grouse ...... Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 2486–2538. 1/25/2013 .... Endangered Status for the Zuni Bluehead Sucker ...... Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 5369–5385. 2/4/2013 ...... Threatened Status for the Distinct Population Segment of the North Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 7863–7890. American Wolverine Occurring in the Contiguous United States. 3/19/2013 .... Status Review of the West Coast Distinct Population Segment of Notice of Status Review ...... 78 FR 16828–16829. the Fisher as Endangered or Threatened. 3/28/2013 .... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Rosemont Talussnail as Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 18936–18938. Endangered or Threatened. ing, Not warranted. 4/9/2013 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List Two Populations of Black- Notice of 90-day Petition Finding, 78 FR 21086–21097. Backed Woodpecker as Endangered or Threatened. Substantial. 4/23/2013 .... Threatened Status for Eriogonum codium (Umtanum Desert Buck- Final Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 23983–24005. wheat) and Physaria douglasii subsp. tuplashensis (White Bluffs Bladderpod). 4/25/2013 .... Endangered Status for the Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog and Proposed Listing Endangered and 78 FR 24471–24514. the Northern Distinct Population Segment of the Mountain Yellow- Threatened. legged Frog, and Threatened Status for the Yosemite Toad. 5/24/2013 .... Proposed Threatened Status for Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 31498–31511. (Kentucky Glade Cress). 5/28/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Status for 38 Species on Molokai, Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 32013–32065. Lanai, and Maui. 6/20/2013 .... Listing Determination for the New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 37363–37369. 7/9/2013 ...... Determination of Endangered Species Status for Six West Texas Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 41227–41258. Aquatic Invertebrates. 7/10/2013 .... Threatened Status for the Northern Mexican Gartersnake and Nar- Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 41499–41547. row-headed Gartersnake. 7/26/2013 .... Endangered Species Status for Diamond Darter ...... Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 45074–45095. 8/2/2013 ...... 12-Month Finding and Candidate Removal for Potentilla basaltica; Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 46889–46897. Proposed Threatened Species Status for Ivesia webberi. ing, Not warranted and Can- didate Removal; Proposed list- ing, Threatened. 8/2/2013 ...... Endangered Status for Physaria globosa (Short’s bladderpod), Heli- Proposed listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 47109–47134. anthus verticillatus (whorled sunflower), and Leavenworthia crassa (fleshy-fruit gladecress). 8/6/2013 ...... Endangered Species Status for the Sharpnose Shiner and Smalleye Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 47582–47590. Shiner.

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FY 2013 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

8/6/2013 ...... Threatened Species Status for Graham’s Beardtongue (Penstemon Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 47590–47611. grahamii) and White River Beardtongue (Penstemon scariosus var. albifluvis). 8/13/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Status for Sphaeralcea gierischii Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 49149–49165. (Gierisch Mallow) Throughout Its Range. 8/14/2013 .... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Rattlesnake-Master Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 49422–49440. Borer Moth (Papaipema eryngii) as an Endangered or Threat- ing Warranted but Precluded. ened Species. 8/15/2013 .... Endangered Status for the Florida Leafwing and Bartram’s Scrub- Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 49878–49901. Hairstreak Butterflies. 8/20/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Species Status for the Austin Blind Final Listing Endangered Threat- 78 FR 51277–51326. Salamander and Threatened Species Status for the Jollyville Pla- ened. teau Salamander Throughout Their Ranges. 8/29/2013 .... Threatened Status for Oregon Spotted Frog ...... Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 53581–53623. 9/3/2013 ...... Removing Five Subspecies of Mazama Pocket Gopher From the Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 54214–54218. Candidate List for Endangered and Threatened Species. ing Not warranted; removal from candidate list. 9/10/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Species Status for Jemez Mountains Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 55599–55627. Salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) Throughout Its Range. 9/11/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Status for Texas Golden Gladecress Final Listing Endangered and 78 FR 56025–56069. and Threatened Status for Neches River Rose-mallow. Threatened. 9/12/2013 .... Threatened Status for Arabis georgiana (Georgia rockcress) ...... Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 56192–56201. 9/17/2013 .... Endangered Status for the Neosho Mucket and Threatened Status Final Listing Endangered and 78 FR 57076–57097. for the Rabbitsfoot. Threatened. 9/19/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Species Status for Mount Charleston Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 57749–57775. Blue Butterfly. 9/25/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Species Status for the Grotto Sculpin Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 58938–58955. (Cottus specus) Throughout Its Range. 9/26/2013 .... Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for the Contiguous U.S. Dis- Proposed Revision of DPS 78 FR 59430–59474. tinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx and Revised Dis- Boundary (Proposed Listing in tinct Population Segment Boundary. New Mexico). 9/26/2013 .... Endangered Species Status for the Fluted Kidneyshell and Slabside Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 59269–59287. Pearlymussel. 9/30/2013 .... Proposed Threatened Status for the Rufa Red Knot (Calidris Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR. canutus rufa). 10/1/2013 .... Endangered Species Status for Echinomastus erectocentrus var. Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 60607–60652. acunensis (Acun˜a Cactus) and Pediocactus peeblesianus var. fickeiseniae (Fickeisen Plains Cactus) Throughout Their Ranges. 10/2/2013 .... Threatened Species Status for Spring Pygmy Sunfish ...... Final Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 60766–60783. 10/2/2013 .... Endangered Species Status for the Florida Bonneted Bat ...... Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 61003–61043. 10/2/2013 .... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Eastern Small-Footed Bat Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 61045–61080. and the Northern Long-Eared Bat as Endangered or Threatened ing, Not warranted Proposed Species; Listing the Northern Long-Eared Bat as an Endangered listing, Endangered. Species. 10/2/2013 .... Withdrawal of the Proposed Rule To List Coral Pink Sand Dunes Proposed Listing Withdrawal ...... 78 FR 61081–61112. Tiger Beetle and Designate Critical Habitat. 10/3/2013 .... Determination of Endangered Status for the Taylor’s Checkerspot Final Listing Endangered and 78 FR 61451–61503. Butterfly and Threatened Status for the Streaked Horned Lark. Threatened. 10/3/2013 .... Proposed Threatened Status for the Western Distinct Population Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 61621–61666. Segment of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). 10/3/2013 .... Proposed Endangered Status for Brickellia mosieri (Florida Brickell- Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 61273–61293. bush) and Linum carteri var. carteri (Carter’s Small-flowered Flax). 10/3/2013 .... 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Kittlitz’s Murrelet as an En- Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 61763–61801. dangered or Threatened Species. ing, Not warranted Removal from candidate list. 10/22/2013 .. 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Ashy Storm-Petrel as an En- Notice of 12-month petition find- 78 FR 62523–62529. dangered or Threatened Species. ing, Not warranted. 10/22/2013 .. Endangered Status for Agave eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor, Proposed Listing Endangered and 78 FR 62560–62579. and Threatened Status for Varronia rupicola. Threatened. 10/24/2013 .. Threatened Status for Dakota Skipper and Endangered Status for Proposed Listing Endangered and 78 FR 63573–63625. Poweshiek Skipperling. Threatened. 10/24/2013 .. Determination of Endangered Status for Chromolaena frustrata Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 63795–63821. (Cape Sable Thoroughwort), Consolea corallicola (Florida Sema- phore Cactus), and Harrisia aboriginum (Aboriginal Prickly-Apple). 10/28/2013 .. Threatened Status for the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment of Proposed Listing Threatened ...... 78 FR 64357–64384. Greater Sage-Grouse With Special Rule. 10/29/2013 .. Determination of Endangered Species Status for 15 Species on Ha- Final Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 64637–64690. waii Island. 10/29/2013 .. Endangered Status for Vandenberg Monkeyflower ...... Proposed Listing Endangered ...... 78 FR 64839–64871.

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Our expeditious progress also for the five candidate species for which In particular, the Candidate included work on listing actions that we we are preparing proposed listing Conservation Program, which is funded in previous fiscal years and in determinations. However, for both the separately budgeted, focuses on FY 2013 but have not yet been Columbia Basin DPS of the greater sage- providing technical expertise for completed to date. For these species, we grouse and for the other resubmitted developing conservation strategies and have completed the first step, and have petition findings, in the course of agreements to guide voluntary on-the- been working on the second step, preparing proposed listing ground conservation work for candidate necessary for adding species to the Lists. determinations, we continue to monitor and other at-risk species. The main goal These actions are listed below. Actions new information about their status so of this program is to address the threats in the top section of the table are being that we can make prompt use of our facing candidate species. Through this conducted under a deadline set by a authority under section 4(b)(7) in the program, we work with our partners court through a court order or case of an emergency posing a (other Federal agencies, State agencies, settlement agreement. The action in the significant risk to the well-being of any Tribes, local governments, private lower section of the table is being of these candidate species; see landowners, and private conservation conducted to meet statutory timelines, summaries below regarding publication organizations) to address the threats to that is, timelines required under the of these determinations (these species candidate species and other species at- Act. will remain on the candidate list until risk. We are currently working with our a proposed listing rule is published). We partners to implement voluntary ACTIONS FUNDED IN PREVIOUS FYS also funded revised 12-month petition conservation agreements for more than AND FY 2013 BUT NOT YET COM- findings for the candidate species that 110 species covering 3.2 million ac of PLETED we are removing from candidate status, habitat. In some instances, the sustained which are being published as part of implementation of strategically Species Action this CNOR (see Candidate Removals). designed conservation efforts Because the majority of these petitioned culminates in making listing Actions Subject to Court Order/Settlement species were already candidate species unnecessary for species that are Agreement prior to our receipt of a petition to list candidates for listing or for which them, we had already assessed their listing has been proposed. 2 Texas salamanders Final listing. status using funds from our Candidate (salado and Findings for Petitioned Candidate Conservation Program, so we continue Georgetown). Species 4 Puget trough spe- Final listing. to monitor the status of these species cies (4 subspecies through our Candidate Conservation Below are updated summaries for of pocket gopher Program. The cost of updating the petitioned candidates for which we (Thomomys species assessment forms and published findings under section mazama ssp.). publishing the joint publication of the 4(b)(3)(B). We are making continued 3 Sierra amphibians Final listing. CNOR and resubmitted petition findings warranted-but-precluded 12-month (Yosemite toad, is shared between the Listing Program findings on the petitions for these mountain yellow- and the Candidate Conservation species (for our revised 12-month legged frog—Sierra petition findings for species that we are Nevada DPSs). Program. Lesser prairie chicken Final listing. During FY 2013, we also funded work removing from candidate status, see Gunnison sage- Final listing. on resubmitted petition findings for summaries above under Candidate grouse. uplisting five listed species (three Removals). Washington ground Proposed listing. grizzly bear populations, Delta smelt, Mammals squirrel. and Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette Xantus’s murrelet ...... Proposed listing. cactus)), for which we had previously Pacific sheath-tailed bat, American Yellow-billed loon ...... Proposed listing. received a petition and made a Samoa DPS (Emballonura semicaudata Florida bristle fern ..... Proposed listing. warranted-but-precluded finding. semicaudata)—The following summary is based on information contained in Actions With Statutory Deadlines Another way that we have been expeditious in making progress to add our files. No new information was Alexander Archi- 90-day petition find- qualified species to the Lists is that we provided in the petition we received on pelago wolf. ing. have endeavored to make our listing May 11, 2004. This small insectivorous actions as efficient and timely as bat is a member of the Emballonuridae We also funded work on resubmitted possible, given the requirements of the family, an Old World bat family that has petitions findings for 130 candidate relevant law and regulations, and an extensive distribution, primarily in species (species petitioned prior to the constraints relating to workload and the tropics. Emballonura semicaudata last CNOR). In our resubmitted petition personnel. We are continually semicaudata was once common and finding for the Columbia Basin considering ways to streamline widespread in Polynesia and population of the greater sage-grouse in processes or achieve economies of scale, Micronesia. The species as a whole (E. this notice of review, although we such as by batching related actions semicaudata) occurred on several of the completed a new analysis of the threats together. Given our limited budget for Caroline Islands (Palau, Chuuk, and facing the species, we did not include implementing section 4 of the ESA, Pohnpei), Samoa (Independent and new information, as the significance of these efforts also contribute towards American), the Mariana Islands (Guam the Columbia Basin DPS of the greater finding that we are making expeditious and the Commonwealth of the Northern sage-grouse will require further review progress to add qualified species to the Mariana Islands (CNMI)), Tonga, Fiji, and we will update our finding when Lists. and Vanuatu. While populations appear we resolve the status of the greater sage- Although we have not been able to to be healthy in some locations, mainly grouse at a later date (see 75 FR 13910; resolve the listing status of many of the in the Caroline Islands, they have March 23, 2010). We also did not candidates, we continue to contribute to declined substantially in other areas, include an updated assessment form as the conservation of these species including Independent and American part of our resubmitted petition findings through several programs in the Service. Samoa, the Mariana Islands, Fiji, and

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possibly Tonga. Scientists recognize threats to Emballonura s. rotensis are 2000 to 2004. Similar surveys were four subspecies: E. s. rotensis, endemic ongoing habitat loss and degradation as conducted during the winter of 2010 to to the Mariana Islands (Guam and the a result of feral goat (Capra hircus) 2011 in Rhode Island. Rangewide, it is Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana activity on the island of Aguiguan and estimated that less than one-third of the Islands (CNMI)); E. s. sulcata, occurring the taxon’s small population size and occupied sites occur on lands in in Chuuk and Pohnpei; E. s. palauensis, limited distribution. Predation by conservation status, and fewer than 10 found in Palau; and E. s. semicaudata, nonnative species and human percent are being managed for early occurring in American and Independent disturbance are also potential threats to successional forest species. Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. The the subspecies. The subspecies is The primary threat to the NEC is loss candidate assessment form addresses believed to be near the point where of habitat through succession and the DPS of E. s. semicaudata that occurs stochastic events, such as typhoons, are alteration. Isolation of occupied patches in American Samoa. increasingly likely to affect its by areas of unsuitable habitat and high Emballonura semicaudata continued survival. The disappearance predation rates is resulting in local semicaudata historically occurred in of the remaining population on extirpation of NECs from small patches. American and Independent Samoa, Aguiguan would result in the extinction The range of the NEC has contracted by Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. It is extant in of the subspecies. Thus, the threats are 75 percent or more since 1960, and Fiji and Tonga, but may be extirpated high in magnitude. The LPN for E. s. current land use trends in the region from Vanuatu and Independent Samoa. rotensis remains at 3 because the indicate that the rate of change, about 2- There is some concern that it is also magnitude of the threats is high, the percent range loss per year, will extirpated from American Samoa, the threats are ongoing and therefore continue. Additional threats include location of this DPS, where surveys are imminent, and the taxon is a subspecies. competition for food and habitat with currently ongoing to ascertain its status. New England cottontail (Sylvilagus introduced eastern cottontails and large The factors that led to the decline of this transitionalis)—The following summary numbers of native white-tailed deer; and subspecies and the DPS are poorly is based on information contained in mortality from predation. The understood; however, current threats to our files and information received in magnitude of the threats continues to be this subspecies and the DPS include response to our document published on high because they occur rangewide and habitat loss, predation by introduced June 30, 2004, when we announced our have an effect on the survival of the species, and its small population size 90-day petition finding and initiation of species across its range. The threats are and distribution, which make the taxon a status review (69 FR 39395). We imminent because they are ongoing. extremely vulnerable to extinction due received the petition on August 30, Thus, we retained a listing priority to typhoons and similar natural 2000. number of 2 for this species. catastrophes. Thus, the threats are high The New England cottontail (NEC) is Conservation measures that address the in magnitude. The subspecies may also a medium-to-large-sized cottontail threats to the species are being be susceptible to disturbance in its rabbit that may reach 1,000 grams in developed. roosting caves. The LPN for E. s. weight, and is one of two species within Fisher, West Coast DPS (Martes semicaudata is 3, because the the genus Sylvilagus occurring in New pennanti)—We continue to find that magnitude of the threats is high, the England. The NEC is considered a listing this species is warranted but threats are ongoing and therefore habitat specialist, as it is dependent precluded as of the date of publication imminent, and the taxon is a DPS. upon early successional habitats of this notice of review. However, we Pacific sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura typically described as thickets. The are working on a proposed listing rule semicaudata rotensis), Guam and the species is the only endemic cottontail in that we expect to publish prior to Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana New England. Historically, the NEC making the next annual resubmitted Islands (CNMI)—The following occurred in seven States and ranged petition 12-month finding. In the course summary is based on information from southeastern New York (east of the of preparing the proposed listing rule, contained in our files. No new Hudson River) north through the we are continuing to monitor new information was provided in the Champlain Valley, southern Vermont, information about this species’ status so petition we received on May 11, 2004. the southern half of New Hampshire, that we can make prompt use of our This small insectivorous bat, and southern Maine, and south authority under section 4(b)(7) in the Emballonura semicaudata rotensis, is a throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, case of an emergency posing a member of the Emballonuridae family, and Rhode Island. The range of the NEC significant risk to the species. an Old World bat family that has an has declined substantially, and Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys extensive distribution, primarily in the occurrences have become increasingly gunnisoni)—We continue to find that tropics. The Pacific sheath-tailed bat separated. The species’ distribution is listing this species is warranted but was once common and widespread in fragmented into five apparently isolated precluded as of the date of publication Polynesia and Micronesia. Emballonura metapopulations. The area occupied by of this notice of review. However, we s. rotensis is historically known from the cottontail has contracted from are working on a revised 12-month the Mariana Islands and formerly approximately 90,000 square kilometers finding and proposed listing occurred on Guam and in the CNMI on (km2) (34,750 square miles (mi2)) to determination that we expect to publish the islands of Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian 12,180 km2 (4,700 mi2). Surveys prior to making the next annual (known from prehistoric records only), indicate that the long-term decline in resubmitted petition 12-month finding. Saipan, and possibly Anatahan and NEC continues. For example, surveys In the course of preparing the revised Maug. Currently, E. semicaudata for the species in 2009 documented the finding and proposed listing rotensis appears to be extirpated from presence of NEC in 7 of the 23 New determination, we are continuing to all but one island in the Mariana Hampshire locations that were known to monitor new information about this archipelago. The single remaining be occupied in 2002 and 2003. species’ status so that we can make population of this subspecies occurs on Similarly, surveys in Maine did not prompt use of our authority under Aguiguan, CNMI. detect the species in 9 of the 19 towns section 4(b)(7) in the case of an Threats to this subspecies have not where the species was present, in an emergency posing a significant risk to changed over the past year. The primary extensive survey that spanned the years the species.

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Southern Idaho ground squirrel to prevent continued harvest of forest shelf for 1 to 5 months every year in the (Urocitellus endemicus)—See above in stands at a scale and extent that would foreseeable future. ‘‘Listing Priority Changes in be meaningful for conserving red tree When the ice melts beyond the limits Candidates.’’ The above summary is voles. Biological characteristics of red of the continental shelf (and the ability based on information contained in our tree voles, such as small home ranges, of the walrus to obtain food), thousands files. limited dispersal distances, and low of walrus congregate at coastal haulouts. Washington ground squirrel reproductive potential, limit their Although coastal haulouts have (Urocitellus washingtoni)—We continue ability to respond to and persist in areas historically provided a place to rest, the to find that listing this species is of extensive habitat loss and alteration. aggregation of so many animals, in warranted but precluded as of the date These biological characteristics also particular females and calves, at this of publication of this notice of review. make it difficult for the tree voles to time of year has increased in the last 5 However, we are working on a proposed recolonize isolated habitat patches. Due years. Not only are the number of listing rule that we expect to publish to its reduced distribution, the red tree animals more concentrated at coastal prior to making the next annual vole is now vulnerable to random haulouts than on widely dispersed sea resubmitted petition 12-month finding. environmental disturbances that may ice, but also the probability of In the course of preparing the proposed remove or further isolate large blocks of disturbance from humans and terrestrial listing rule, we are continuing to already limited habitat, and to animals is much higher. Disturbances at monitor new information about this extirpation within the DPS from such coastal haulouts can cause stampedes, species’ status so that we can make factors as lack of genetic variability, leading to mortalities and injuries. In prompt use of our authority under inbreeding depression, and addition, there is also concern that the Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an demographic stochasticity. Although the concentration of animals will cause emergency posing a significant risk to entire population is experiencing local prey depletion, leading to longer the species. threats, the impact is less pronounced foraging trips, increased energy costs, Red tree vole, north Oregon coast DPS on Federal lands, where much of the red and potential effects on female (Arborimus longicaudus)—The tree vole habitat remains. Hence, the condition and calf survival. We expect following summary is based on magnitude of threats is moderate to low. these effects to lead to a population information contained in our files and The threats are imminent because they decline. in our initial warranted-but-precluded are currently occurring within the DPS. finding, published in the Federal We recognize that Pacific walrus face Therefore, we have retained an LPN of additional stressors from ocean Register on October 13, 2011 (76 FR 9 for this species. 63720). Red tree voles are small, mouse- warming, ocean acidification, disease, Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus sized rodents that live in conifer forests oil and gas exploration and and spend almost all of their time in the divergens)—The following information development, increased shipping, tree canopy. They are one of the few is based on information in our files and commercial fishing, and subsistence animals that can persist on a diet of our warranted-but-precluded 12-month harvest, but none rise to the level of a conifer needles, which is their principal petition finding published on February threat except subsistence harvest. We food. Red tree voles are endemic to the 10, 2011 (76 FR 7634). The Pacific found that subsistence harvest will rise humid, coniferous forests of western walrus is an ice-dependent species to the level of a threat if the population Oregon (generally west of the crest of found across the continental shelf declines but harvest levels remain the the Cascade Range) and northwestern waters of the northern Bering and same. Because the threat of sea ice loss California (north of the Klamath River). Chukchi Seas. Unlike seals, which can is not having significant population- The north Oregon coast DPS of the red remain in the water for extended level effects currently, but is projected tree vole comprises that portion of the periods, walrus must haul out onto ice to, we determined that the magnitude of Oregon Coast Range from the Columbia or land periodically. Pacific walrus is a this threat is moderate, not high. River south to the Siuslaw River. Red traditional and important source of food Because both the loss of sea ice habitat tree voles demonstrate strong selection and products to native Alaskans, and the ongoing practice of subsistence for nesting in older conifer forests, especially those living on Saint harvest are presently occurring, these which are now relatively rare across the Lawrence Island, and to native threats are imminent. Thus, we assigned DPS; they avoid nesting in younger Russians. an LPN of 9 to this subspecies. Annually, walrus migrate up to 1,500 forests. Birds Although data are not available to km (932 mi) between winter breeding rigorously assess population trends, areas in the sub-Arctic (northern Bering Spotless crake, American Samoa DPS information from retrospective surveys Sea) and summer foraging areas in the (Porzana tabuensis)—The following indicates red tree voles have declined in Arctic. Historically, the females and summary is based on information the DPS and no longer occur, or are now calves remained on pack ice over the contained in our files. No new scarce, in areas where they were once continental shelf of the Chukchi Sea information was provided in the relatively abundant. Older forests that throughout the summer, using it as a petition we received on May 11, 2004. provide habitat for red tree voles are platform for resting after making The spotless crake is a small, dark, limited and highly fragmented, while shallow foraging dives for invertebrates cryptic bird found in wetlands and rank ongoing forest practices in much of the on the sea floor. Sea ice also provides scrublands or forests in the Philippines, DPS maintain the remaining patches of isolation from disturbance and Australia, Fiji, Tonga, Society Islands, older forest in a highly fragmented and terrestrial predators such as polar bears. Marquesas, Independent Samoa, and isolated condition. Modeling indicates Since 1979, the extent of summer Arctic American Samoa (Ofu, Tau). The genus only 11 percent of the DPS currently sea ice has declined. The five lowest Porzana is widespread in the Pacific, contains tree vole habitat, largely records of minimum sea ice extent where it is represented by numerous restricted to the 22 percent of the DPS occurred from 2007 to 2012. Based on island-endemic and flightless species that is under Federal ownership. the best scientific information available, (many of which are extinct as a result Existing regulatory mechanisms on we anticipate that sea ice will retreat of anthropogenic disturbances), as well State and private lands are inadequate northward off the Chukchi continental as several more cosmopolitan species,

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including P. tabuensis. No subspecies of Friendly ground-dove, American friendly ground-dove is limited to steep, P. tabuensis are recognized. Samoa DPS (Gallicolumba stairi)—The forested slopes with an open understory The American Samoa population is following summary is based on and a substrate of fine scree or exposed the only population of spotless crakes information contained in our files. No earth; this habitat is not common in under U.S. jurisdiction. The available new information was provided in the American Samoa. The threats are information indicates that distinct petition we received on May 11, 2004. ongoing and therefore imminent, and populations of the spotless crake, a The genus Gallicolumba is distributed the magnitude is moderate because species not noted for long-distance throughout the Pacific and Southeast relative abundance has remained dispersal, are definable. The population Asia. The genus is represented in the unchanged for several years. Thus, we of spotless crakes in American Samoa is oceanic Pacific by six species: Three are have retained an LPN of 9 for this DPS. discrete in relation to the remainder of endemic to Micronesian islands or Yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii)— the species as a whole, which is archipelagos, two are endemic to island We continue to find that listing this distributed in widely separated groups in French Polynesia, and G. species is warranted but precluded as of locations. Although the spotless crake stairi is endemic to Samoa, Tonga, and the date of publication of this notice of (and other rails) have dispersed widely Fiji. Some authors recognize two review. However, we are working on a in the Pacific, flight in island rails has subspecies of the friendly ground-dove, proposed listing rule that we expect to atrophied or been completely lost over one, slightly smaller, in the Samoan publish prior to making the next annual evolutionary time, causing populations archipelago (G. s. stairi), and one in resubmitted petition 12-month finding. to become isolated (and vulnerable to Tonga and Fiji (G. s. vitiensis), but In the course of preparing the proposed terrestrial predators such as rats). The because morphological differences listing rule, we are continuing to population of this species in American between the two are minimal, we are monitor new information about this Samoa is therefore distinct based on not recognizing separate subspecies at species’ status so that we can make geographic and distributional isolation this time. prompt use of our authority under from spotless crake populations on In American Samoa, the friendly Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an other islands in the oceanic Pacific, the ground-dove has been found on the emergency posing a significant risk to Philippines, and Australia. The islands of Ofu and Olosega (Manua the species. American Samoa population of the Group). Threats to this subspecies have Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus spotless crake links the Central and not changed over the past year. hypoleucus)—We continue to find that Eastern Pacific portions of the species’ Predation by nonnative species and listing this species is warranted but range. The loss of this population would natural catastrophes such as hurricanes precluded as of the date of publication result in an increase of roughly 500 are the primary threats to the of this notice of review. However, we miles (805 kilometers) in the distance subspecies. Of these, predation by are working on a proposed listing rule between the central and eastern nonnative species is thought to be that we expect to publish prior to Polynesian portions of the spotless occurring now and likely has been making the next annual resubmitted crake’s range, and could result in the occurring for several decades. This petition 12-month finding. In the course isolation of the Marquesas and Society predation may be an important of preparing the proposed listing rule, Islands populations by further limiting impediment to population growth. we are continuing to monitor new the potential for even rare genetic Predation by introduced species has information about this species’ status so exchange. Based on the discreteness and played a significant role in reducing, that we can make prompt use of our significance of the American Samoa limiting, and extirpating populations of authority under Section 4(b)(7) in the population of the spotless crake, we island birds, especially ground-nesters case of an emergency posing a consider this population to be a distinct like the friendly ground-dove, in the significant risk to the species. vertebrate population segment. Pacific and other locations worldwide. Red-crowned parrot (Amazona Threats to this population have not Nonnative predators known or thought viridigenalis)—The following summary changed over the past year. The to occur in the range of the friendly is based in part on information population in American Samoa is ground-dove in American Samoa contained in the Notice of 12-month threatened by small population size, include feral cats (Felis catus), finding (FR 76 62016), but largely on limited distribution, predation by Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black communication with the U.S. Fish and nonnative and native animals, rats (R. rattus), and Norway rats (R. Wildlife Service (Service), Gulf Coast continued development of wetland norvegicus). Prairie Landscape Conservation habitat, and natural catastrophes such as In January 2004 and February of 2005, Cooperative, Texas Parks and Wildlife hurricanes. The co-occurrence of a hurricanes virtually destroyed the Department, The Nature Conservancy, known predator of ground-nesting birds, habitat of G Gallicolumba stairi in the Rio Grande Joint Venture, World the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and area on Olosega Island where the Birding Center, and Rio Grande Birding native predators, the Pacific boa species had been most frequently Festival biologists. (Candoia bibroni) and the Purple recorded. Although this species has Currently, there are no changes to the Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), along evolved on islands subject to severe range and/or distribution of the red- with the extremely restricted observed storms, this example illustrates the crowned parrot. The red-crowned parrot distribution and low numbers, indicates potential for natural disturbance to is non-migratory, and occurs in that the magnitude of the threats to the exacerbate the effect of anthropogenic fragmented isolated habitat in the American Samoa DPS of the spotless disturbance on small populations. Mexican states of Veracruz, San Luis crake continues to be high because the Consistent monitoring using a variety of Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and threats significantly affect the species’ methods over the last 5 years yielded northeast Queretaro and in Texas, in likelihood of survival. The threats are few observations and no change in the Mission, McAllen, Pharr, and Edinburg ongoing and therefore imminent. Based relative abundance of this taxon in (Hidalgo County) and in Brownsville, on this assessment of existing American Samoa. The total population Los Fresnos, San Benito, and Harlingen information about the imminence and size remains poorly known, but is (Cameron County). Feral populations high magnitude of these threats, we unlikely to number more than a few may also exist in southern California, have retained an LPN of 3 for this DPS. hundred pairs. The distribution of the Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Florida and

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escaped birds have been reported in in the petition we received on October is based on information in our files and central Texas. The species is nomadic 15, 2008. The Sprague’s pipit is a small in the petition we received on January during the winter (non-breeding) season grassland bird characterized by its high 30, 2002. Currently, greater sage-grouse when large flocks range widely to flight display and otherwise very occur in 11 States (Washington, Oregon, forage, moving tens of kilometers during secretive behavior. Sprague’s pipits are California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, a single flight in Mexico. As of 2004, strongly tied to native prairie (land that Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, South half of the native population is believed has never been plowed) throughout Dakota, and North Dakota), and 2 to be found in the United States. The their life cycle. Its current breeding Canadian provinces (Alberta and species within Texas is thought to move range includes portions of Montana, Saskatchewan), occupying between urban areas in search for food North Dakota, South Dakota, and approximately 56 percent of their and other available resources. Canada. The Sprague’s pipit’s wintering historical range. Greater sage-grouse Two projects, one in Weslaco and one range includes south-central and depend on a variety of shrub-steppe in Harlingen, Texas, were initiated in southeast Arizona, southern New habitats throughout their life cycle, and 2011 to provide nest boxes in palms for Mexico, Texas, southern Oklahoma, are obligate users of several species of the red-crowned parrot. As of March southern Arkansas, northwest sagebrush. 2013, these nest sites had not been used Mississippi, southern Louisiana, and The primary threat to greater sage- although red-crowned parrots had been northern Mexico; the vast majority of grouse is ongoing fragmentation and actively traveling within the area the U.S. winter sightings have been in loss of shrub-steppe habitats through a throughout the prior spring, summer, Texas. During migration, the species has variety of mechanisms. Most and fall months. Annual monitoring of been sighted outside of the areas linking importantly, increasing fire cycles and red-crowned parrot populations in the its breeding and wintering sites, invasive plants (and the interaction Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), including Michigan, western Ontario, between them) in more westerly parts of Texas, has not been undertaken except Ohio, Massachusetts, and Gulf and the range, along with energy to record anecdotal observations of the Atlantic States from Mississippi east development and related infrastructure bird and its’ behavior, abundance, and north to South Carolina. Sprague’s in more easterly areas, are negatively nesting, or threats. Monitoring efforts for pipits also have been sighted in affecting species. In addition, direct loss the red-crowned parrot in Mexico are California during fall migration. of habitat and fragmentation is unknown. Threats to this species include: occurring due to agriculture, The primary threats to red-crowned Habitat loss and conversion, habitat urbanization, and infrastructure such as parrots within Mexico and Texas remain fragmentation on the breeding grounds, roads and power lines built in support habitat destruction and modification energy development, roads, and of several activities. We also have from logging, deforestation, conversion inadequacy of existing regulatory determined that currently existing of suitable habitat, and urbanization. mechanisms. Due to prairie habitat loss regulatory mechanisms are inadequate The species is also collected for the pet and fragmentation, only 15 to 18 percent to protect the species from these trade; multiple laws and regulations of the historical breeding habitat in the ongoing threats. However, many of these have been passed to control illegal United States remains in patches of habitat impacts are being actively trade, but they are not adequately sufficient size for males to establish addressed through conservation actions enforced. In addition, existing territories. The Breeding Bird Survey taken by local working groups, and State regulations do not adequately address and Christmas Bird Count both show a and Federal agencies. Notably, the the habitat threats to the species. Thus, 40-year decline of 73 to 79 percent (3.23 National Resource Conservation Service the inadequacy of existing regulations to 4.1 percent annually), although the has committed significant financial and and their enforcement continue to population seems to have stabilized in technical resources to address threats to threaten the red-crowned parrot. recent years. We anticipate that prairie this species on private lands through However, at least two city ordinances habitat will continue to be converted their Sage-grouse Initiative. These have been put in place in South Texas and fragmented. Most of the breeding efforts, when fully implemented, will prohibiting malicious acts (injury, range, including those areas where potentially provide important mortality) to birds and their habitat. grassland habitat still remains, has been conservation benefits to the greater sage- Disease and predation still do not identified as a prime area for wind grouse and its habitats. We consider the threaten the species. Pesticide exposure energy development, and an oil and gas threats to the greater sage-grouse to be is not known to affect the red-crowned boom is occurring in the central part of of moderate magnitude, because the parrot. Conservation efforts include a the breeding range in the United States threats are not occurring with uniform project that was initiated by the Service and Canada. On the wintering range, intensity or distribution across the wide and the Rio Grande Joint Venture in the conversion of grassland to agriculture range of the species at this time, and LRGV to understand and compare how and other uses appears to be substantial habitat still remains to birds are using revegetated tracts of land accelerating. While habitat loss has support the species in many areas. The that were previously affected by occurred and will likely to continue to threats are imminent because the flooding. The project is in its infancy, occur, as noted above, approximately 15 species is currently facing them in many and research sites are only currently to18 percent of the breeding range portions of its range. Therefore, we being identified. Threats to the red- remains in suitable habitat cover and in assigned the greater sage-grouse an LPN crowned parrot are extensive and large enough patch sizes to support of 8. currently affecting populations and are nesting, and population decline seems Greater sage-grouse, Columbia Basin expected to continue to occur in the to have slowed in recent years. Thus, DPS (Centrocercus urophasianus)—The future. Therefore, threats to the red- the threats are moderate in magnitude. following summary is based on crowned parrot are high magnitude and The threats are imminent because the information in our files and a petition, imminent. As a result, we assigned an species is currently facing them in many dated May 14, 1999, requesting the LPN of 2 for the red-crowned parrot. locations. Therefore, we have assigned listing of the Washington population of Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii)— the Sprague’s pipit an LPN of 8. the western sage-grouse (C. u. phaios). The following summary is based on Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus On May 7, 2001, we concluded that information contained in our files and urophasianus)—The following summary listing the Columbia Basin DPS of the

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western sage-grouse was warranted, but Hawaiian birds represent a small, communication towers and utility lines, precluded by higher priority listing remnant population of possibly only a are also threats. Erosion of nest sites actions (66 FR 22984); this population few hundred pairs. Band-rumped storm- caused by the actions of nonnative was historically found in northern petrels are most commonly found in ungulates is a potential threat in some Oregon and central Washington. close proximity to breeding islands. The locations. Efforts are under way in some Following our May 7, 2001, finding, the three populations in the Pacific are areas to reduce light pollution and Service received additional petitions separated by long distances across the mitigate the threat of collisions, as well requesting listing actions for various ocean where birds are not found. as to control some of the nonnative other greater sage-grouse populations, Extensive at-sea surveys of the Pacific predators in the Hawaiian Islands; including one for the nominal western have revealed a broad gap in however, the threats are ongoing and are subspecies, dated January 24, 2002, and distribution of the band-rumped storm- therefore imminent. They are of a high three for the entire species, dated June petrel to the east and west of the magnitude because they can severely 18, 2002, and March 19 and December Hawaiian Islands, indicating that the affect the survival of this DPS leading to 22, 2003. The Service subsequently distribution of birds in the central a relatively high likelihood of found that the petition for the western Pacific around Hawaii is disjunct from extinction. Therefore, we have retained subspecies did not present substantial other nesting areas. The available an LPN of 3 for this DPS. information (68 FR 6500; February 7, information indicates that distinct Elfin-woods warbler (Dendroica 2003), and that listing the greater sage- populations of band-rumped storm- angelae)—The following summary is grouse was not warranted (70 FR 2244; petrels are definable and that the based on information contained in our January 12, 2005). These latter findings Hawaiian population is distinct based files. No new information was provided were remanded to the Service for further on geographic and distributional in the petition we received on May 11, consideration. In response, we initiated isolation from other band-rumped 2004. Dendroica angelae, or elfin-woods a new rangewide status review for the storm-petrel populations in Japan, the warbler, is a small songbird endemic to entire species (73 FR 10218; February Galapagos, and the Atlantic Ocean. Loss Puerto Rico . The elfin-woods warbler 26, 2008). On March 5, 2010, we found of the Hawaiian population would cause was at first thought to occur only in that listing of the greater sage-grouse a significant gap in the distribution of high elevations at dwarf or elfin forests, was warranted but precluded by higher the band-rumped storm-petrel in the but it has since been found at lower priority listing actions (75 FR 13909; Pacific, and could result in the complete elevations including shade coffee March 23, 2010), and it was added to isolation of the Galapagos and Japan plantations and secondary forests, the list of candidates. We also found populations without even occasional indicating that it migrates between that the western subspecies of the genetic exchange. Therefore, the elevations. The species has been greater sage-grouse, the taxonomic population is both discrete and documented from four locations: the entity we relied on in our DPS analysis significant, and constitutes a DPS. Luquillo Mountains (El Yunque National Forest), the Sierra de Cayey, for the Columbia Basin population, was The band-rumped storm-petrel no longer considered a valid subspecies. and the Commonwealth forests of probably was common on all of the Maricao and Toro Negro. However, it In light of our conclusions regarding the main Hawaiian Islands when taxonomic invalidity of the western has not been recorded again in Toro Polynesians arrived about 1,500 years Negro and Cayey, following the passing sage-grouse subspecies, the significance ago, based on storm-petrel bones found of Hurricane Hugo in 1989. In 2003 and of the Columbia Basin DPS to the greater in middens on the island of Hawaii and 2004, surveys were conducted for the sage-grouse will require further review. in excavation sites on Oahu and elfin-woods warbler in forests where the The Service intends to complete an Molokai, Hawaii. Nesting colonies of species was not previously recorded analysis to determine if this population this species in the Hawaiian Islands (the Carite Commonwealth Forest, continues to warrant recognition as a currently are restricted to remote cliffs Guilarte Forest, and Bosque del Pueblo) DPS in accordance with our Policy on Kauai and Lehua Island and high- as well as in forests where it had been Regarding the Recognition of Distinct elevation lava fields on Hawaii. recorded (Toro Negro Forest, Maricao Vertebrate Population Segments (61 FR Vocalizations of the species were heard Forest, and the El Yunque National 4722; February 7, 1996) at the time we in Haleakala Crater on Maui as recently Forest). These surveys only reported make a listing decision on the status of as 2006; however, no nesting sites have sightings at Maricao Commonwealth the greater sage-grouse. Until that time, been located on the island to date. The Forest (778 individuals) and El Yunque the Columbia Basin DPS will remain a significant reduction in numbers and National Forest (196 individuals). candidate for listing. range of the band-rumped storm-petrel The elfin-woods warbler is currently Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hawaii is due primarily to predation by threatened by habitat modification. DPS (Oceanodroma castro)—The nonnative species introduced by Elfin-woods warblers have been following summary is based on humans, including the domestic cat historically common in the elfin information contained in our files and (Felis catus), small Indian mongoose woodland of El Yunque National Forest the petition we received on May 8, (Herpestes auropunctatus), common and the Podocarpus forest type of 1989. No new information was provided barn owl (Tyto alba), black rat (Rattus Maricao Commonwealth Forest. in the second petition received on May rattus), Polynesian rat (R. exulans), and Removal and replacement of this forest 11, 2004. The band-rumped storm-petrel Norway rat (R. norvegicus). These vegetation with infrastructure (e.g., is a small seabird that is found in nonnative predators occur throughout telecommunication towers and several areas of the subtropical Pacific the main Hawaiian Islands, with the recreational facilities) may have affected and Atlantic Oceans. In the Pacific, exception of the mongoose, which is not the species. Although this loss of habitat there are three widely separated established on Kauai. Attraction of has been permanent and restoration breeding populations—one in Japan, fledglings to artificial lights, which would take a few decades, the present one in Hawaii, and one in the disrupt their night-time navigation, regulatory process, at both the Galapagos. Populations in Japan and the resulting in collisions with buildings Commonwealth and Federal levels, have Galapagos are comparatively large and and other objects, and collisions with curtailed this threat. Unrestricted number in the thousands, while the artificial structures such as development within the El Yunque

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buffer zone needs to be addressed to and Canadian province across the range Mississippi. Moreover, the distribution determine the impact on the migratory of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake of remaining populations has become behavior of the species. Conversion of has lost more than 30 percent, and for highly restricted due to the destruction elfin-woods warbler habitat (e.g., mature the majority more than 50 percent, of its and fragmentation of the remaining secondary forests, young secondary historical populations. Furthermore, longleaf pine habitat within the range of forests, and shade-coffee plantations) less than 35 percent of the remaining the subspecies. Most of the known along the periphery of the Maricao populations are considered secure. Mississippi populations are Commonwealth Forest to marginal Approximately 59 percent of the concentrated on the DeSoto National habitat (e.g., pastures, dry slope forests, remaining eastern massasauga Forest. In Alabama, populations residential rural forests, gallery forests, rattlesnake populations occur wholly or occurring on properties managed by and sun coffee plantations,) has affected in part on public land, and Statewide or State and other governmental agencies potential dispersal corridors for the site-specific Candidate Conservation as gopher tortoise mitigation banks or elfin-woods warbler, reduceding the Agreements (CCAs) or Candidate wildlife sanctuaries represent the best dispersal and expansion capability of Conservation Agreements with opportunities for long-term survival of the species. These threats are not Assurances (CCAAs) have been the subspecies there. Other factors imminent because most of the range of developed for many of these areas: (1) affecting the black pine snake include the species is within protected lands. A CCA with the Lake County Forest vehicular mortality and low The magnitude of threat to the elfin- Preserve District in Illinois (2004); (2) reproductive rates, which magnify the woods warbler is low to moderate CCA with the Forest Preserve District of threats from destruction and because there is no indication that the Cook County in Illinois (2005); (3) fragmentation of longleaf pine habitat two populations of the elfin-woods CCAA with the Ohio Department of and increase the likelihood of local warbler are declining in numbers. The Natural Resources Division of Natural extinctions. Due to the imminent threats species can thrive in disturbed and Areas and Preserves for Rome State of high magnitude caused by the past plantation habitats, although abundance Nature Preserve in Ashtabula County destruction of most of the longleaf pine of the species on these habitats is lower (2006); and (4) CCAA with the habitat of the black pine snake, and the than in primary habitats. Moreover, Wisconsin Department of Natural continuing persistent degradation of elfin-woods warblers appear to recover Resources for the Lower Chippewa what remains, we assigned an LPN of 3 well, and in a relatively short time, from River Bottoms (2011). to this subspecies. damaging effects of hurricanes to the Due to these conservation agreements, Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis forest structure. Therefore, we assign a the magnitude of threats is moderate at ruthveni)—The following summary is listing priority number of 11 to the elfin- this time. Thus, we do not believe based on information contained in our woods warbler. emergency listing is warranted. files and the petition we received on However, a recently completed July 20, 2000, and updated through Reptiles extinction-risk model, along with April 30, 2011. The Louisiana pine Eastern massasauga rattlesnake information provided by species experts snake historically occurred in the fire- (Sistrurus catenatus)—The following indicates that some populations are maintained longleaf pine ecosystem summary is based on information likely to suffer additional losses in within west-central Louisiana and contained in our files. The Service abundance and genetic diversity and extreme east-central Texas. Most of the received a petition containing no new others will likely be extirpated unless historical longleaf pine habitat of the information on May 11, 2004. The threats are removed in the near future. Louisiana pine snake has been species has been a candidate since May Declines have continued or may be destroyed or degraded due to logging, 11, 2005. Until 2011, the eastern accelerating in several states. Thus we fire suppression, roadways, short massasauga was considered one of three are monitoring the status of this species rotation silviculture, and grazing. The recognized subspecies of massasauga. to determine if a change in listing loss, degradation, and fragmentation of Based on recent information, we priority is warranted. Threats of habitat the longleaf pine ecosystem have recognized the eastern massasauga modification, habitat succession, resulted in extant Louisiana pine snake rattlesnake as a distinct species incompatible land management populations that are isolated and small. beginning in 2011. It is a small, thick- practices, illegal collection for the pet The Louisiana pine snake is currently bodied rattlesnake that occupies trade, and human persecution are restricted to seven disjunct populations; shallow wetlands and adjacent upland ongoing and imminent threats to many five of the populations occur on Federal habitat in portions of Illinois, Indiana, remaining populations, particularly lands, and two occur mainly on private Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, those inhabiting private lands. Based on industrial timberlands. Currently Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and imminent threats of moderate occupied habitat in Louisiana and Texas Ontario. magnitude, we assigned this species an is estimated to be approximately Although the current range of eastern LPN of 8. 163,000 ac. All remnant Louisiana pine massasauga rattlesnake resembles the Black pine snake (Pituophis snake habitats require active species’ historical range, the geographic melanoleucus lodingi)—The following management to remain suitable. A distribution has been restricted by the summary is based on information Candidate Conservation Agreement loss of the species from much of the area contained in our files. No new (CCA) was completed in 2003 to within the boundaries of that range. information was provided in the maintain and enhance occupied and Approximately 40 percent of the petition we received on May 11, 2004. potential habitat on public lands, and to counties that were historically occupied There are historical records for the black protect known Louisiana pine snake by eastern massasauga rattlesnake no pine snake from one parish in populations. This proactive habitat longer support the species. The eastern Louisiana, 14 counties in Mississippi, management has likely slowed or massasauga rattlesnake is currently and 3 counties in Alabama west of the reversed the rate of Louisiana pine listed as endangered in every State and Mobile River Delta. Black pine snake snake habitat degradation on many province in which it occurs, except for surveys and trapping indicate that this portions of federal lands. The 2003 CCA Michigan, where it is designated as a species has been extirpated from is being updated and should be species of special concern. Each State Louisiana and from 3 counties in completed in 2013. The 2013 Updated

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CCA will directly link the specific snake through direct mortality. because of the large amount of habitat conservation actions performed by the Additionally, demand for and that is likely to be affected and the Cooperators to the specific threats development of solar-energy facilities irreversible nature of the effect of these affecting the species. Because all extant and transmission corridors throughout threats in sensitive habitats that are populations are currently isolated and the State will likely increase. Wildfires slow to rebound. While some threats are fragmented by habitat loss in the matrix due to infestations of nonnative grasses ongoing, the more significant ones are between populations, there is little in the snake’s habitat, dominated by not. Thus, overall, the threats are potential for dispersal among remnant native plants not adapted to survive nonimminent. Recent phylogenetic populations or for the natural re- wildfires, are likely to increase in research confirmed what has been colonization of vacant habitat patches. frequency and magnitude in the future suspected for decades within the While the extent of Louisiana pine as these invasive grasses continue to scientific community that the Sonoran snake habitat loss has been great in the spread rapidly. Regulations are not in desert tortoise is a distinct species. In past and much of the remaining habitat place to minimize or mitigate these 2012 we changed the LPN from a 6 to has been degraded, habitat loss does not threats to the Tucson shovel-nosed a 5, reflecting that this entity is now a represent an imminent threat, primarily snake and its habitat, and, therefore, full species and no longer a DPS. We because the rate of habitat loss has they are likely to put the snake at risk maintain the LPN of 5 for the Sonoran declined on public lands. However, all of local extirpation or extinction. These desert tortoise. populations require active habitat threats, particularly those that lead to a Gopher tortoise, eastern population management, and the lack of adequate loss of habitat, are likely to reduce the (Gopherus polyphemus)—The following habitat remains a threat for several population of the Tucson shovel-nosed summary is based on information in our populations. The potential threats to a snake across its entire range. Given the files. The gopher tortoise is a large, large percentage of extant Louisiana limited geographic distribution of this terrestrial, herbivorous turtle that pine snake populations, coupled with snake and the fact that its entire range reaches a total length up to 15 in (38 the likely permanence of these effects lies within the path of development in cm), and typically inhabits the and the species’ low fecundity and low the foreseeable future, these threats are sandhills, pine/scrub oak uplands, and population sizes (based on capture rates of high magnitude. Because pine flatwoods associated with the and occurrence data), lead us to development, wildfires, and spread of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) conclude that the threats have nonnative grasses are ongoing, and are ecosystem. A fossorial animal, the significant effect on the survival of the likely to increase in the future, the gopher tortoise is usually found in areas species and therefore remain high in threats are imminent. Accordingly, we with well-drained, deep, sandy soils; an magnitude. The threats are not have retained an LPN of 3 for the open tree canopy; and a diverse, imminent, because the rate of habitat Tucson shovel-nosed snake. abundant, herbaceous groundcover. The loss appears to be declining due to Desert tortoise, Sonoran (Gopherus gopher tortoise ranges from extreme proactive habitat management and morafkai)—The following summary is southern South Carolina south through susceptibility to stochastic based on information in our files. peninsular Florida, and west through environmental factors from small Sonoran desert tortoises are most southern Georgia, Florida, southern populations is not imminently closely associated with Sonoran and Alabama, and Mississippi, into extreme threatening this species. Thus, based on Mojave Desert scrub vegetation types, southeastern Louisiana. The eastern nonimminent, high-magnitude threats, but may also be found in other habitat population of the gopher tortoise in we assign a listing priority number of 5 types within their distribution and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, and to this species. elevation range. They occur most Alabama (east of the Mobile and Tucson shovel-nosed snake commonly on rocky, steep slopes and Tombigbee Rivers) is a candidate (Chionactis occipitalis klauberi)—The bajadas in paloverde-mixed cacti species; the gopher tortoise is federally Tucson shovel-nosed snake is a small, associations. Washes and valley bottoms listed as threatened in the western burrowing snake in the Colubridae may be used in dispersal and, in some portion of its range, which includes family that occupied a roughly 35-mile- areas, as all or part of home ranges. Most Alabama (west of the Mobile and wide swath running along the Phoenix- Sonoran desert tortoises in Arizona Tombigbee Rivers), Mississippi, and Tucson corridor in northeastern Pima, occur between 904 and 4,198 feet (275 Louisiana. southwestern Pinal, and eastern and 1280 meters) in elevation. The The primary threat to the gopher Maricopa Counties, Arizona. No Sonoran desert tortoise is distributed tortoise is habitat fragmentation, systematic surveys have been conducted south and east of the Colorado River in destruction, and modification (either to assess the status of the subspecies Arizona in all counties except for deliberately or from inattention), throughout its range, but it has Navajo, Apache, Coconino, and including conversion of longleaf pine apparently disappeared from some Greenlee Counties, south to the Rio forests to other silvicultural or areas. Yaqui in southern Sonora, Mexico. agricultural habitats, urbanization, Threats to the Tucson shovel-nosed The major threats to the Sonoran shrub/hardwood encroachment (mainly snake include urban and rural desert tortoise include nonnative plant from fire exclusion or insufficient fire development; road construction, use, species invasions and altered fire management), and establishment and and maintenance; construction of solar- regimes, urban and agricultural spread of invasive species. Other threats power facilities and transmission development, and factors associated include disease, predation (mainly on corridors; agriculture; wildfires; and with human population growth which nests and young tortoises), and lack of adequate management and collectively and cumulatively affect core inadequate regulatory mechanisms, regulation. Comprehensive plans tortoise population areas and create specifically those needed to protect and encompassing the entire range of the barriers to dispersal and genetic enhance relocated tortoise populations snake encourage large growth areas in exchange. Threats to the Sonoran desert in perpetuity. The magnitude of threats the next 20 years and beyond. These tortoise differ geographically in type to the eastern range of the gopher plans also call for an increase in roads and scope, and are highly synergistic in tortoise is moderate to low, as and transportation corridors, which their effects. However, in their totality, populations extend over a broad have been documented to affect the these threats are high in magnitude geographic area and conservation

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measures are in place in some areas. them susceptible to extinction along the Colorado River in Nevada and However, because the species is processes. Arizona, from its confluence with the currently being affected by a number of Historical and to some extent current Virgin River downstream to Black threats, including destruction and management of Columbia spotted frog Canyon below Lake Mead. modification of its habitat, disease, habitat, including water development, Factors contributing to the decline of predation, exotics, and inadequate improper grazing, mining activities, the species include alteration, loss, and regulatory mechanisms, the threat is beaver management, and nonnative degradation of aquatic habitat due to imminent. Thus, we have assigned a species have degraded and fragmented water developments and listing priority number of 8 for this habitat and continue to do so. Emerging impoundments, and scouring and species. viral and fungal diseases such as erosion; changes in plant communities Sonoyta mud turtle (Kinosternon Ranavirus and chytridiomycosis, as well that result in dense growth and the sonoriense longifemorale)—The as parasites, are not currently known to prevalence of vegetation; introduced following summary is based on be a threat to Columbia spotted frog predators; climate change; and information contained in our files. No populations within the Great Basin DPS. stochastic events. The presence of new information was provided in the Effects of climate change and stochastic chytrid fungus in relict leopard frogs at petition we received on May 11, 2004. events such as drought and wildfire can Lower Blue Point Spring is a concern The Sonoyta mud turtle occurs in a have detrimental effects to small and warrants further evaluation of the spring and pond at Quitobaquito isolated populations and exacerbate threat of disease to the relict leopard Springs on Organ Pipe Cactus National existing threats. A 10-year Conservation frog. The size of natural and Monument in Arizona, and in the Rio Agreement and Strategy for populations translocated populations is small and, Sonoyta and Quitovac Spring of Sonora, of Columbia spotted frogs in Nevada therefore, these populations are Mexico. Loss and degradation of stream was signed in September 2003. The vulnerable to stochastic events, such as habitat from water diversion and goals of this conservation agreement are floods and wildfire. Climate change that to reduce threats to Columbia spotted results in reduced spring flow, habitat groundwater pumping, along with its frogs and their habitat to the extent loss, and increased prevalence of very limited distribution, are the necessary to prevent populations from wildfire would adversely affect relict primary threats to the Sonoyta mud becoming extirpated throughout all or a leopard frog populations. turtle. Sonoyta mud turtles are highly portion of their historical range and to In 2005, the National Park Service, in aquatic and depend on permanent water maintain, enhance, and restore a cooperation with the Fish and Wildlife for survival. The area of southwest sufficient number of populations of Service and other Federal, State, and Arizona and northern Sonora where the Columbia spotted frogs and their habitat local partners, developed a conservation Sonoyta mud turtle occurs is one of the to ensure their continued existence agreement and strategy, which is driest regions in the Southwest. While throughout their historical range in intended to improve the status of the currently there is sufficient water for the Nevada. This Conservation Agreement species through prescribed management turtles, due to continued drought and and Strategy is currently being revised. actions and protection. Conservation irrigated agriculture in the region, we Additionally, a Candidate Conservation actions identified in the agreement and expect surface water in the Rio Sonoyta Agreement with Assurances was strategy include captive rearing of and Quitobaquito Springs to further completed in 2006 for the Owyhee tadpoles for translocation and refugium dwindle in the foreseeable future and subpopulation at Sam Noble Springs, populations, habitat and natural history negatively affect this species. National Idaho. Several habitat enhancement studies, habitat enhancement, Park Service staff continue to projects that have benefitted population and habitat monitoring, and implement actions to stabilize the water populations of Columbia spotted frogs translocation. New sites within the levels in the pond at Quitobaquito have been conducted throughout the historical range of the species have been Springs. However, surface water use in DPS’s range. successfully established with captive- the Rio Sonoyta, in Sonora Mexico, will Because the DPS is widely distributed reared frogs. Conservation is proceeding have a significant impact on the survival and there are management actions in under the agreement and strategy; of this subspecies. We retained an LPN place working to reduce the scope of however, additional time is needed to of 6 for Sonoyta mud turtle due to high- threats to the DPS, we conclude that the determine whether or not the agreement magnitude, nonimminent threats. threats are moderate. The threats are and strategy will be effective in Amphibians imminent, because development and eliminating or reducing the threats to poor management of its habitat are the point that the relict leopard frog can Columbia spotted frog, Great Basin already present. Based on imminent be removed from candidate status. In DPS (Rana luteiventris)—The following threats of moderate magnitude, we consideration of these conservation summary is based on information assigned an LPN of 9 to this DPS of the efforts and the overall threat level to the contained in our files and the petition Columbia spotted frog. species, we determined the magnitude received on May 1, 1989. Extensive Relict leopard frog (Lithobates of existing threats is moderate to low. surveys and monitoring since 1993 have onca)—The following summary is based Potential water development and other revealed that Columbia spotted frog on information contained in our files. habitat effects, presence of introduced populations within the Great Basin DPS Natural relict leopard frog populations predators, chytrid fungus, limited are more widespread and common than occur in two general areas in Nevada: distribution, small population size, and previously known. While some sites and Near the Overton Arm area of Lake climate change are ongoing, and thus, watersheds are no longer occupied, Mead and Black Canyon below Lake imminent threats. Therefore, we Columbia spotted frogs are widely Mead. These two areas include a small continue to assign a listing priority distributed throughout southwestern fraction of the historical distribution of number (LPN) of 8 to this species. Idaho and northeastern Nevada, with the species. Its historical range included Striped newt (Notophthalmus isolated and disjunct populations in springs, streams, and wetlands within perstriatus)—The following summary is southeastern Oregon and central the Virgin River drainage downstream based on information contained in our Nevada. Most populations, however, are from the vicinity of Hurricane, Utah; files. The striped newt (Notophthalmus small and fragmented, which makes along the Muddy River in Nevada; and perstriatus) is a small salamander that

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inhabits ephemeral ponds surrounded Puddle and local cavers also reported generates pollution through by upland habitats of high pine, scrubby sighting one individual in August 2012. acidification, increased mineralization, flatwoods, and scrub. Longleaf pine- Surveys for new populations are and sediment loading. The North River, turkey oak stands with intact ground planned along the Valley and Ridge Locust Fork, and Mulberry Fork, all cover containing wiregrass are the Province between Knoxville and streams that this species inhabits, are on preferred upland habitat for striped Chattanooga. the Environmental Protection Agency’s newts, followed by scrub, then Ongoing threats to this species are in list of impaired waters. An additional flatwoods. Life-history stages of the the form of lye leaching in the Meades threat to the Black Warrior waterdog is striped newt are complex, and include Quarry Cave as a result of past quarrying the creation of large impoundments that the use of both aquatic and terrestrial activities, a proposed roadway with have flooded thousands of square habitats throughout its life cycle. potential to affect the recharge area for hectares of its habitat. These Striped newts are opportunistic feeders the Meades Quarry Cave system, urban impoundments are likely marginal or that prey on a variety of items such as development in Knox County, water unsuitable habitat for the salamander. frog eggs, worms, snails, fairy shrimp, quality impacts despite existing State Suitable habitat for the Black Warrior spiders, and insects (adult and larvae) and Federal laws, and hybridization waterdog is limited and available data that are of appropriate size. They occur between spring salamanders and Berry indicate extant populations are small in appropriate habitats from the Atlantic Cave salamanders in Meades Quarry and their viability is questionable. This Coastal Plain of southeastern Georgia to Cave. These threats, coupled with situation is pervasive and problematic; the north-central peninsula of Florida, confined distribution of the species and water quality issues are persistent and and through the Florida panhandle into apparent low population densities, are regulatory mechanisms are not portions of southwest Georgia. There is all factors that leave the Berry Cave ameliorating these threats. The most a 125-km (78-mi) separation between salamander vulnerable to extirpation. current survey information indicates the western and eastern portions of the We have determined that the Berry Cave that all populations except one may striped newt’s range. salamander faces imminent threats of have decreased below detectable limits. The historical range of the striped moderate magnitude. Based on Therefore, the overall magnitude of the newt was likely similar to the current moderate-magnitude, imminent threats, threat is high. Water quality degradation range. However, loss of native longleaf we continue to assign this species a in the Black Warrior basin is ongoing; habitat, fire suppression, and the natural listing priority number of 8. therefore, the threats are imminent and patchy distribution of upland habitats Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus the LPN of this species remains 2. used by striped newts have resulted in alabamensis)—The following summary fragmentation of existing populations. is based on information contained in Fishes Other threats to the species include our files. No new information was Headwater chub (Gila nigra)—The disease, drought, and inadequate provided in the petition we received on following summary is based on regulatory mechanisms. Overall, we May 11, 2004. The Black Warrior information contained in our files since conclude that the magnitude of the waterdog is a salamander that inhabits 2006 and in the 12-month finding threats to be moderate and the threats streams above the Fall Line within the published in the Federal Register on are ongoing, and therefore imminent. Black Warrior River Basin in Alabama. May 3, 2006 (71 FR 26007). The Therefore, we assigned a listing priority There is very little specific locality headwater chub is a moderate-sized number of 8 to the newt. information available on the historical cyprinid fish. The range of the Berry Cave salamander (Gyrinophilus distribution of the Black Warrior headwater chub has been reduced by gulolineatus)—The following summary waterdog, since little attention was approximately 60 percent. Twenty-two is based on information in our files. The given to this species between its streams (125 mi (200 km) of stream) are Berry Cave salamander is recorded from description in 1937 and the 1980s. At thought to be occupied out of 25 streams Berry Cave in Roane County; from Mud that time, there were a total of only 11 (312 mi (500 km) of stream) formerly Flats, Aycock Spring, Christian, Meades known historical records from 4 occupied in the Gila River Basin in Quarry, Meades River, and Fifth Caves Alabama counties. Two of these sites Arizona and New Mexico. We have in Knox County; from Blythe Ferry Cave have now been inundated by removed Dinner Creek, a tributary to in Meigs County; and from an unknown impoundments. Extensive survey work Spring Creek, from the list of occupied cave in Athens, McMinn County, was conducted in the 1990s to look for streams. Based on new survey data, Tennessee. In May of 2012, the species additional populations. As a result of Dinner Creek is ephemeral and only was also discovered in an additional that work, the species was documented usable by headwater chub from Spring cave, The Lost Puddle Cave, in Knox at 14 sites in 5 counties. Creek when water is present. All County. These cave systems are all Water-quality degradation is the remaining populations are rare, located within the Upper Tennessee biggest threat to the continued existence fragmented and isolated, and face River and Clinch River drainages. A of the Black Warrior waterdog. Most threats from a combination of factors. total of 113 caves in Middle and East streams that have been surveyed for the Headwater chubs face threats from Tennessee were surveyed from the time waterdog showed evidence of pollution, introduced, nonnative fish that prey on period of April 2004 through June 2007, and many lacked biological diversity. them and compete with them for food. resulting in observations of 63 Berry Sources of point and nonpoint pollution Habitat destruction and modification Cave salamanders. These surveys in the Black Warrior River Basin have have occurred and continue to occur as concluded that Berry Cave salamander been numerous and widespread. a result of dewatering, impoundment, populations are robust at Berry and Pollution is generated from channelization, and channel changes Mudflats Caves where population inadequately treated effluent from caused by alteration of riparian declines had been previously reported industrial plants, sanitary landfills, vegetation and watershed degradation and documented two new populations sewage treatment plants, poultry from mining, grazing, roads, water of Berry Cave salamanders at Aycock operations, and cattle feedlots. Surface pollution, urban and suburban Spring and Christian Caves. Three Berry mining represents another threat to the development, groundwater pumping, Cave salamanders were spotted during biological integrity of waterdog habitat. and other human actions. Existing the May, 2012, survey in The Lost Runoff from old, abandoned coal mines regulatory mechanisms do not appear to

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be adequate for addressing the impact of to spawn in the spring, and retreat to species are moderate magnitude threats, nonnative fish and also have not spring heads to overwinter as the water as the number and degree of the threats removed or eliminated the threats that recedes in the late summer and fall. vary among populations; for some continue to be posed through habitat Historically, many least chub populations the threats are of high degradation. The fragmented nature and occurrences were reported across the magnitude, while in others they are of rarity of existing populations makes State of Utah, but the current low magnitude or nonexistent, such that them vulnerable to other natural or distribution of the species is highly when considering the overall species’ manmade factors, such as drought and reduced from its historical range. range, the threats are of moderate wildfire. Climate change is predicted to Currently, only six known wild magnitude on average. The threats are worsen these threats through increased populations remain, with one imminent because the species is aridity of the region, thus reducing considered functionally extirpated. In currently facing a combination of the stream flows and warming aquatic addition to the wild populations, least threats throughout many portions of its habitats, which makes the habitat more chub occur in eight introduced genetic range. Therefore, we have assigned the suitable to nonnative species. refuge populations. least chub an LPN of 7. The Arizona Game and Fish The species faces threats from the Roundtail chub (Gila robusta), Lower Department’s Arizona Statewide effects of livestock grazing, as impacts Colorado River DPS—The following Conservation Agreement for Roundtail are still observed at most least chub summary is based on information chub (G. robusta), Headwater chub, sites, despite efforts to protect least contained in our files and the 12-month Flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus chub habitat with grazing management finding published in the Federal latipinnis), Little Colorado River sucker plans and grazing exclosures at several Register on July 7, 2009 (74 FR 32352). (Catostomus spp.), Bluehead sucker (C. locations. Least chub habitat also is The roundtail chub is a moderate-to- discobolus), and Zuni Bluehead sucker affected by current and future large cyprinid fish. The range of the (C. discobolus yarrowi) was finalized in groundwater withdrawals, especially roundtail chub has been reduced by 2006. The New Mexico Department of when combined with the threat of approximately 68 to 82 percent. Forty- Game and Fish has listed the headwater drought. The cumulative effects of seven streams or sections of larger rivers chub as endangered and in 2006 drought, current and future groundwater are currently occupied, representing finalized a recovery plan for the species: withdrawal, and climate change put the approximately 18 to 32 percent of the Colorado River Basin Chubs (Roundtail remaining least chub populations at species’ former range, or 800 km (500 chub, Gila chub (G. intermedia), and further risk. Existing regulatory mi) to 1,350 km (840 mi) of 3,050 km Headwater chub) Recovery Plan. mechanisms are currently inadequate to (1,895 mi) of formerly occupied streams Arizona’s agreement and New Mexico’s regulate groundwater withdrawals and in the Gila River Basin in Arizona and recovery plan both recommend ameliorate their effects on least chub New Mexico. Most of the remaining preservation and enhancement of extant habitat. Nonnative species, particularly populations are rare, fragmented and populations and restoration of historical mosquitofish, also are a continuing isolated, and all face threats from a headwater-chub populations. The threat to least chub. Several significant combination of factors. recovery and conservation actions efforts to remove mosquitofish from Roundtail chub face threats from prescribed by Arizona’s and New least chub habitats have proven introduced nonnative fish that prey on Mexico’s plans, which we predict will unsuccessful. One least chub population them and compete with them for food. reduce and remove threats to this is functionally extirpated due to Habitat destruction and modification species, will require further discussions mosquitofish, and nonnative fish are have occurred and continue to occur as and authorizations as they are being present at two of the five remaining a result of dewatering, impoundment, implemented. The recently completed viable, extant population sites. channelization, and channel changes Arizona Game and Fish Department In 1998, several State and Federal caused by alteration of riparian Sportfish Stocking Program’s agencies, including the Service and the vegetation and watershed degradation Conservation and Mitigation Program Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, from mining, grazing, roads, water contains significant conservation developed a Least Chub Conservation pollution, urban and suburban actions for the headwater chub that will Agreement and Strategy and formed the development, groundwater pumping, be implemented over the next 10 years. Least Chub Conservation Team. Its and other human actions. Existing Several surveys of existing populations objectives are to eliminate or regulatory mechanisms do not appear to have been completed under this significantly reduce threats to the least be adequate for addressing the impact of program, increasing our information on chub and its habitat, and to ensure the nonnative fish, and also have not the status of the species in those areas. continued existence of the species by removed or eliminated the threats that Existing information indicates that restoring and maintaining a minimum continue to be posed through habitat existing populations are stable and number of least chub populations destruction or modification. The persisting in the long term; 10 of the 22 throughout its historical range. Recent fragmented nature and rarity of existing extant stream populations are currently State-led least chub conservation populations make roundtail chub considered stable based on abundance actions have included restoration of vulnerable to other natural or manmade and evidence of recruitment. Therefore, habitat affected by grazing, factors, such as drought and wildfire. although threats are ongoing, the threats reintroduction and range expansion, Climate change is predicted to worsen are moderate in magnitude. We retain nonnative removal, population these threats through increased aridity an LPN of 8 for the headwater chub. monitoring, and working cooperatively of the region, thus reducing stream Least chub (Iotichthys with landowners to conserve water and flows and warming aquatic habitats, phlegethontis)—The following summary aquatic habitat. This group also has which makes the habitat more suitable is based on information contained in recently begun a structured-decision- to nonnative species. our files and in the petition received on making modeling process that will The Arizona Game and Fish June 25, 2007. The least chub is a small, provide additional guidance for Department’s Arizona Statewide colorful fish species in Utah that prefers conservation activities. Conservation Agreement for Roundtail warm water habitats. Least chub use Overall, grazing, groundwater chub, Headwater chub (G. nigra), flooded, warmer, vegetated marsh areas withdrawal, and predation by nonnative Flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus

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latipinnis), Little Colorado River sucker throughout its range, but has been Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve (Catostomus spp.), Bluehead sucker (C. relegated to isolated areas separated by project and a proposed dam on the discobolus), and Zuni Bluehead sucker unsuitable habitat that prevents Bouie River. Additional threats are (C. discobolus yarrowi) was finalized in dispersal. posed by the apparent lack of adequate 2006. The New Mexico Department of Factors influencing the current State and Federal water quality Game and Fish lists the roundtail chub distribution include: Surface and regulations due to the continuing as endangered and in 2006 finalized a groundwater irrigation resulting in degradation of water quality within the recovery plan for the species: Colorado decreased flows or stream dewatering; species’ habitat. The Pearl darter’s River Basin Chubs (Roundtail chub, Gila the dewatering of long reaches of localized distribution and apparent low chub (G. intermedia), and Headwater riverine habitat necessary for species population numbers may indicate a chub) Recovery Plan. Both the Arizona movement when surface flows do occur; species with lower genetic diversity Agreement and the New Mexico conversion of prairie to cropland, which which would also make this species Recovery Plan recommend preservation influences groundwater recharge and more vulnerable to catastrophic events. and enhancement of extant populations spring flows; water quality degradation Threats affecting the Pearl darter are and restoration of historical roundtail from a variety of sources; and the localized in nature, affecting portions of chub populations. The recovery and construction of dams, which act as the population within the drainage, conservation actions prescribed by the barriers preventing emigration upstream thus, we conclude that the threats to Arizona and New Mexico plans, which and downstream through the reservoir this species are moderate to low in we predict will reduce and remove pool. A currently occurring drought in magnitude. In addition, the threats are threats to this species, will require the western portions of the species’ imminent since the identified threats further discussions and authorizations range is also a threat. If these conditions are currently impacting this species in as they are being implemented. The become protracted, this threat is likely some portions of its range. Therefore, recently completed Arizona Game and to affect many of these isolated we have assigned a listing priority Fish Department Sportfish Stocking populations. However, at present, the number of 8 for this species. Program’s Conservation and Mitigation magnitude of threats facing this species Arctic grayling, Upper Missouri River Program contains significant is still moderate to low, given the DPS (Thymallus arcticus)—The conservation actions for the roundtail number of different locations where the following summary is based on chub that will be implemented over the species occurs and the fact that no information contained in our files. This next 10 years. single threat or combination of threats fish species has a broad, nearly Although threats are ongoing, existing affects more than a portion of the circumpolar distribution, occurring in a information indicates long-term widespread population occurrences. variety of cold-water habitats, including persistence and stability of most The immediacy of threats varies across small streams, large rivers, lakes, and existing populations. To better reflect the species range; groundwater pumping even bogs. We determined in our status in the Salt and Verde Rivers, for is an ongoing concern in the western September 8, 2010, status review (75 FR this assessment we divided these rivers portion of the species range, although it 54708) that the upper Missouri River into five separate reaches that better has declined in some portions. In the population of arctic grayling in Montana reflected the status of roundtail chub in eastern portion of the range it is not an and Wyoming represents a DPS, because those systems. Currently, 13 of the 38 imminent threat but could become more it is discrete due to geographic extant populations are considered pervasive in the future. Development, separation and genetic differences, and stable, based on abundance and spills, and runoff are not currently it is significant to the taxon as a whole. evidence of recruitment. Two new affecting the species rangewide. Overall, The historical range of Arctic grayling in conservation populations (Gap Creek the threats are nonimment. Thus, we are the upper Missouri River basin has and Blue River) were initially stocked in retaining an LPN of 11 for the Arkansas declined dramatically in the past 2012, raising the number of introduced darter. century. The five remaining indigenous stream populations to four. Based on Pearl darter (Percina aurora)—The populations are isolated from one our assessment, threats (primarily following summary is based on another by dams or other factors. nonnative species and habitat loss from information contained in our files. Little All populations face potential threats land uses) remain imminent, because is known about the specific habitat from competition with and predation by they are ongoing, and are of moderate requirements or natural history of the nonnative trout, and most populations magnitude because there is evidence of Pearl darter. Pearl darters have been face threats resulting from the alteration long-term persistence and stability of collected from a variety of river/or tream of their habitats, such as habitat the existing populations. Thus, we have attributes, mainly over gravel substrate. fragmentation from dams or irrigation retained an LPN of 9 for this distinct This species is historically known only diversion structures, stream dewatering, population segment of the roundtail from localized sites within the high summer water temperatures, loss of chub. Pascagoula and Pearl River drainages in riparian habitats, and entrainment in Arkansas darter (Etheostoma Mississippi and Louisiana. Currently, irrigation ditches. Severe drought likely cragini)—The following summary is the Pearl darter is considered extirpated also affects all populations by reducing based on information contained in our from the Pearl River drainage and rare water availability and reducing the files. No new information was provided in the Pascagoula River drainage. Since extent of thermally suitable habitat. in the petition we received on May 11, 1983, the range of the Pearl darter has Projected climate changes will likely 2004. This fish species occurs in decreased by 55 percent. influence the severity and scope of these Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, The Pearl darter is vulnerable to threats in the future. As applied, and Oklahoma. The species is found nonpoint source pollution caused by existing regulatory mechanisms do not most often in sand- or pebble-bottomed urbanization and other land use appear to be adequate to address the pools of small, spring-fed streams and activities; gravel mining and resultant primary threats to arctic grayling. In marshes, with cool water and changes in river geomorphology, addition, four of five populations are at broadleaved aquatic vegetation. Its especially head cutting; and the risk from random environmental current distribution is indicative of a possibility of water quantity decline fluctuations and genetic drift due to species that once was widely dispersed from the proposed Department of their low abundance and isolation. The

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magnitude of these threats is high contaminants. Additionally, these distribution of freshwater mussels. In because one or more of these threats threats may be exacerbated by the addition, the Texas fawnsfoot is occurs in each known population in the current and projected effects of climate threatened by sedimentation, Missouri River basin. The threats are change, population fragmentation and dewatering, sand and gravel mining, imminent because they are currently isolation, and the anticipated threat of and chemical contaminants. These occurring and are expected to continue nonnative species. Threats to the Texas threats may be exacerbated by the in the foreseeable future. Therefore, we fatmucket and its habitat are not being current and projected effects of climate have assigned the upper Missouri River adequately addressed through existing change, population fragmentation and DPS of arctic grayling an LPN of 3. regulatory mechanisms. Because of the isolation, and the anticipated threat of Sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp.)— limited distribution of this endemic nonnative species. Threats to the Texas We continue to find that listing this species and its lack of mobility, these fawnsfoot and its habitat are not being species is warranted but precluded as of threats are likely to result in the adequately addressed through existing the date of publication of this notice of extinction of the Texas fatmucket in the regulatory mechanisms. Because of the review. However, we are working on a foreseeable future. limited distribution of this endemic proposed listing rule that we expect to The threats are such that the Texas species and its lack of mobility, these publish prior to making the next annual fatmucket warrants listing; the threats threats are likely to result in the resubmitted petition 12-month finding. are high in magnitude because habitat extinction of the Texas fawnsfoot in the In the course of preparing the proposed loss and degradation from foreseeable future. listing rule, we are continuing to impoundments, sedimentation, sand The threats are such that the Texas monitor new information about this and gravel mining, and chemical fawnsfoot warrants listing; the threats species’ status so that we can make contaminants are widespread are high in magnitude. Habitat loss and prompt use of our authority under throughout the range of the Texas degradation from impoundments, Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an fatmucket and profoundly affect its sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, emergency posing a significant risk to survival and recruitment. These threats and chemical contaminants are the species. are exacerbated by climate change, widespread throughout the range of the Rio Grande cutthroat trout which will increase the frequency and Texas fawnsfoot and profoundly affect (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis)—We magnitude of droughts. Remaining its habitat. These threats are exacerbated continue to find that listing this species populations are small, isolated, and by climate change, which will increase is warranted but precluded as of the highly vulnerable to stochastic events, the frequency and magnitude of date of publication of this notice of which could lead to extirpation or droughts. Remaining populations are review. However, we are working on a extinction. These threats are imminent small, isolated, and highly vulnerable to proposed listing rule that we expect to because they are ongoing and will stochastic events. These threats are publish prior to making the next annual continue in the foreseeable future. imminent because they are ongoing and resubmitted petition 12-month finding. Habitat loss and degradation have will continue in the foreseeable future. In the course of preparing the proposed already occurred and will continue as Habitat loss and degradation has already listing rule, we are continuing to the human population continues to occurred and will continue as the monitor new information about this grow in central Texas. Texas fatmucket human population continues to grow in species’ status so that we can make populations may already be below the central Texas. The Texas fawnsfoot prompt use of our authority under minimum viable population populations may already be below the Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an requirement, which causes a reduction minimum viable population emergency posing a significant risk to in the number of populations and an requirement, which causes a reduction the species. increase in the species’ vulnerability to in the number of populations and an extinction. Based on imminent, high- increase in the species’ vulnerability to Clams magnitude threats, we retain an LPN of extinction. Based on imminent, high- Texas fatmucket (Lampsilis 2 for the Texas fatmucket. magnitude threats, we retain an LPN of bracteata)—The following summary is Texas fawnsfoot (Truncilla 2 for the Texas fawnsfoot. based on information contained in our macrodon)—The following summary is Texas hornshell (Popenaias popei)— files. The Texas fatmucket is a large, based on information contained in our The following summary is based on elongated freshwater mussel that is files. The Texas fawnsfoot is a small, information contained in our files and endemic to central Texas. This species relatively thin-shelled freshwater information provided by the New historically occurred throughout the mussel that is endemic to central Texas. Mexico Department of Game and Fish Colorado and Guadalupe-San Antonio This species historically occurred and Texas Parks and Wildlife River basins but is now known to occur throughout the Colorado and Brazos Department. The Texas hornshell is a only in nine streams within these basins River Basins and is now known from freshwater mussel found in the Black in very limited numbers. All existing only five locations. The Texas fawnsfoot River in New Mexico and in the Rio populations are represented by only one has been extirpated from nearly all of Grande and the Devils River in Texas. or two individuals and are not likely to the Colorado River Basin and from Until March 2008, the only known be stable or recruiting. much of the Brazos River Basin. Of the extant populations were in New The Texas fatmucket is primarily populations that remain, only three are Mexico’s Black River and one locality in threatened by habitat destruction and likely to be stable and recruiting; the the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas. In modification from impoundments, remaining populations are disjunct and March 2008, two new localities were which scour river beds, thereby restricted to short stream reaches. confirmed in Texas: One in the Devils removing mussel habitat; decrease water The Texas fawnsfoot is primarily River, and one in the mainstem Rio quality; modify stream flows; and threatened by habitat destruction and Grande in the Rio Grande Wild and prevent fish host migration and modification from impoundments, Scenic River segment downstream of distribution of freshwater mussels. This which scour riverbeds, thereby Big Bend National Park. In 2011, the Rio species is also threatened by removing mussel habitat, decreasing Grande population near Laredo was sedimentation, dewatering, sand and water quality, modifying stream flows, resurveyed and found to be large and gravel mining, and chemical and preventing fish host migration and robust.

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The primary threats to the Texas nonnative species. Threats to the golden sedimentation, dewatering, sand and hornshell are habitat alterations such as orb and its habitat are not being gravel mining, and chemical streambank channelization, adequately addressed through existing contaminants. Additionally, these impoundments, and diversions for regulatory mechanisms. Because of the threats may be exacerbated by the agriculture and flood control (including limited distribution of this endemic current and projected effects of climate a proposed low-water diversion dam species and its lack of mobility, these change, population fragmentation and just downstream of the Rio Grande threats may result in the extinction of isolation, and the anticipated threat of population near Laredo); contamination the golden orb in the foreseeable future. nonnative species. Threats to the of water by oil and gas activity; The threats are such that the golden smooth pimpleback and its habitat are alterations in the natural riverine orb warrants listing; the threats are not being adequately addressed through hydrology; and increased sedimentation moderate in magnitude. Habitat loss and existing regulatory mechanisms. and flood pulses from prolonged degradation from impoundments, Because of the limited distribution of overgrazing and loss of native sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, this endemic species and its lack of vegetation. Although riverine habitats and chemical contaminants are mobility, these threats may result in the throughout the species’ known occupied widespread throughout the range of the extinction of the smooth pimpleback in range are under constant threat from golden orb, but several large the foreseeable future. these ongoing or potential activities, populations remain, including one that The threats are such that the smooth numerous conservation actions to was recently discovered, suggesting that pimpleback warrants listing; the threats benefit the species are under way in the threats are not high in magnitude. are moderate in magnitude. Habitat loss New Mexico, including the These threats are exacerbated by climate and degradation from impoundments, reintroduction of the species to the change, which will increase the sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, Delaware River in New Mexico, and are frequency and magnitude of droughts. and chemical contaminants are beginning in Texas on the Big Bend These threats are imminent because widespread throughout the range of the reach of the Rio Grande. Due to these they are ongoing and will continue in smooth pimpleback, but several large ongoing conservation efforts, and the foreseeable future. Habitat loss and populations remain, including one that because at least one of the populations degradation have already occurred and was recently discovered, suggesting that appears to be robust, the magnitude of will continue as the human population the threats are not high in magnitude. the threats is moderate. However, the continues to grow in central Texas. These threats are exacerbated by climate threats to the species are ongoing and Several golden orb populations may change, which will increase the remain imminent. Thus, we retain a already be below the minimum viable frequency and magnitude of droughts. LPN of 8 for the Texas hornshell. population requirement, which causes a These threats are imminent because Golden orb (Quadrula aurea)—The reduction in the number of populations they are ongoing and will continue in following summary is based on and an increase in the species’ the foreseeable future. Habitat loss and information contained in our files. The vulnerability to extinction. Based on degradation have already occurred and golden orb is a small, round-shaped imminent, moderate threats, we retain a will continue as the human population freshwater mussel that is endemic to LPN of 8 for the golden orb. continues to grow in central Texas. central Texas. This species historically Smooth pimpleback (Quadrula Several smooth pimpleback populations occurred throughout the Nueces-Frio houstonensis)—The following summary may already be below the minimum and Guadalupe-San Antonio River is based on information contained in viable population requirement, which Basins and is now known from only our files. The smooth pimpleback is a causes a reduction in the number of nine locations in four rivers. The golden small, round-shaped freshwater mussel populations and an increase in the orb has been eliminated from nearly the that is endemic to central Texas. Based species’ vulnerability to extinction. entire Nueces-Frio River Basin. Four of on historical and current data, the Based on imminent, moderate threats, these nine populations appear to be smooth pimpleback has declined we maintain an LPN of 8 for the smooth stable and reproducing, and the rangewide and is now known from only pimpleback. remaining five populations are small nine counties throughout the Colorado Texas pimpleback (Quadrula and isolated and show no evidence of River basin and it occurs in 14 counties petrina)—The following summary is recruitment. The populations in the throughout the Brazos River basin. The based on information contained in our middle Guadalupe and lower San species has been eliminated from nearly files. The Texas pimpleback is a large, Marcos Rivers are likely connected. The the entire Colorado River and all but freshwater mussel that is endemic to remaining extant populations are highly one of its tributaries, and has been central Texas. This species historically fragmented and restricted to short eliminated from the upper Brazos River occurred throughout the Colorado and reaches. and several tributaries as well. The Guadalupe-San Antonio River Basins, The golden orb is primarily lower Colorado River, San Saba River, but is now known to only occur in four threatened by habitat destruction and lower Brazos River, Navasota River, streams within these basins. Only two modification from impoundments, Leon River, and Yegua Creek populations appear large enough to be which scour river beds, thereby populations appear to be stable and stable, the Concho River population and removing mussel habitat, decreasing reproducing, but the remaining in the San Saba River population, but water quality, modifying stream flows, populations are small, isolated, and evidence of recruitment is limited in and preventing fish host migration and represented by only a few individuals. even in these populations. The distribution of freshwater mussels. The The smooth pimpleback is primarily remaining two populations are species is also threatened by threatened by habitat destruction and represented by one or two individuals sedimentation, dewatering, sand and modification from impoundments, and are highly disjunct, with no gravel mining, and chemical which scour river beds, thereby evidence of recruitment. contaminants. Additionally, these removing mussel habitat, decreasing The Texas pimpleback is primarily threats may be exacerbated by the water quality, modifying stream flows, threatened by habitat destruction and current and projected effects of climate and preventing fish host migration and modification from impoundments, change, population fragmentation and distribution of freshwater mussels. The which scour riverbeds, thereby isolation, and the anticipated threat of species is also threatened by removing mussel habitat, decreasing

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water quality, modifying stream flows, Black Warrior River and another dam on residence, and at a lab at NC State and preventing fish host migration and the lower Sipsey Fork. Other historical University’s Veterinary School; another distribution of freshwater mussels. This causes of range curtailment in the un- small population is in the process of species is also threatened by dammed river and stream channels of being established at the NC Wildlife sedimentation, dewatering, sand and the upper Black Warrior River drainage Resources Commission’s Watha State gravel mining, and chemical include coal mine drainage, industrial Fish Hatchery. contaminants. Additionally, these and municipal pollution events, and Salinity and pH apparently were threats may be exacerbated by the agricultural runoff. After being major factors limiting the distribution of current and projected effects of climate rediscovered in a small portion of its the magnificent ramshorn, as the snail change, population fragmentation and historical range in the Black Warrior prefers freshwater bodies with isolation, and the anticipated threat of drainage, further survey work has circumneutral pH (i.e., pH within the nonnative species. Threats to the Texas recorded the mudalia from 10 shoal range of 6.8–7.5). While members of the pimpleback and its habitat are not being populations in 5 streams. family Planorbidae are hermaphroditic, adequately addressed through existing Water quality and habitat degradation it is currently unknown whether regulatory mechanisms. Because of the are the biggest threats to the continued magnificent ramshorns self-fertilize limited distribution of this endemic existence of the black mudalia. Sources their eggs, mate with other individuals species and its lack of mobility, these of point and nonpoint pollution in the of the species, or both. Like other threats may result in the extinction of Black Warrior River Basin have been members of the Planorbidae family, the the Texas pimpleback in the foreseeable numerous and widespread. Pollution is magnificent ramshorn is believed to be future. generated from inadequately treated primarily a vegetarian, feeding on The threats are such that the Texas effluent from industrial plants, sanitary submerged aquatic plants, algae, and pimpleback warrants listing; the threats landfills, sewage treatment plants, detritus. While several factors have are high in magnitude because habitat poultry operations, and cattle feedlots. likely contributed to the possible loss and degradation from Surface mining represents another extirpation of the magnificent ramshorn impoundments, sedimentation, sand threat to the biological integrity of in the wild, the primary factors include and gravel mining, and chemical stream habitats. Runoff from old, loss of habitat associated with the contaminants are widespread abandoned coal mines generates extirpation of beavers (and their throughout the range of the Texas pollution through acidification, impoundments) in the early 20th pimpleback and profoundly affect its increased mineralization, and sediment century, increased salinity and survival and recruitment. Remaining loading. Most of the stream segments alteration of flow patterns, as well as populations are small, isolated, and draining into black mudalia habitat increased input of nutrients and other highly vulnerable to stochastic events, currently support their water quality pollutants. While efforts have been which could lead to extirpation or classification standards; however, the made to restore habitat for the extinction. These threats are reach of the Locust Fork where the magnificent ramshorn at one of the sites exacerbated by climate change, which species is found is identified on the known to have previously supported the will increase the frequency and Alabama 303(d) List (a list of water species, all of the sites continue to be magnitude of droughts. These threats bodies failing to meet their designated affected and/or threatened by the same are imminent because they are ongoing water-use classifications) as impaired by factors (i.e., salt water intrusion and and will continue in the foreseeable siltation, nutrients, and/or other habitat other water quality degradation, future. Habitat loss and degradation alterations. Additional surveys that are nuisance aquatic plant control, storms, have already occurred and will continue currently underway will clarify the sea-level rise, etc.) believed to have as the human population continues to extent and status of black mudalia resulted in extirpation of the species grow in central Texas. Texas populations. The threats are of moderate from the wild. Currently, only two pimpleback populations may already be magnitude as they affect the 10 captive populations exist; a single below the minimum viable population populations to varying degrees. The robust captive population of the species requirement, which causes a reduction threats are ongoing and thus, are comprised of approximately 200+ in the number of populations and an imminent. Therefore, we assigned an adults, and a second small population of increase in the species’ vulnerability to LPN of 8 to this species. 50+ individuals. Although the robust extinction. Based on imminent, high- Magnificent ramshorn (Planorbella captive population of the species has magnitude threats, we retain a LPN of 2 magnifica)—Magnificent ramshorn, is been maintained since 1993, a single for the Texas pimpleback. the largest North American air-breathing catastrophic event, such as a severe freshwater snail in the family storm, disease, or predator infestation Snails Planorbidae. The shell is brown colored affecting this captive population, could Black mudalia (Elimia melanoides)— (often with leopard like spots) and result in the near extinction of the The following summary is based on fragile, thus indicating it is adapted to species. Therefore, we assigned this information contained in our files. No still or slow flowing aquatic habitats. species an LPN of 2. new information was provided in the The magnificent ramshorn is believed to Sisi snail (Ostodes strigatus)—The petition we received on April 20, 2010. be a southeastern North Carolina following summary is based on The black mudalia is a small snail that endemic; it was known from only four information contained in our files. No is found clinging to clean gravel, cobble, sites in the lower Cape Fear River Basin new information was provided in the boulders, and/or logs in flowing water in North Carolina. Although the petition we received on May 11, 2004. on shoals and riffles. The historical complete historic range of the species is The sisi snail is a ground-dwelling distribution of the black mudalia unknown, given the size of the species species in the Potaridae family, and is encompassed over 250 miles of stream and the fact that it was not reported endemic to American Samoa. The channel in the upper Black Warrior until 1903 is an indication that the species is now known from a single River drainage in Alabama. The species species may have always been rare and population on the island of Tutuila, has been extirpated from more than 80 localized. The only known surviving American Samoa. percent of that range by the construction individuals of the species are presently This species is currently threatened of two major dams on the main stem being held and propagated at a private by habitat loss and modification and by

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predation from nonnative predatory islands of Guam and Rota (Mariana On Guam, open agricultural fields and snails. The decline of the sisi snail in Islands). Requiring cool and shaded other areas prone to erosion were American Samoa has resulted, in part, native forest habitat, the species is now seeded with tangantangan (Leucaena from loss of habitat to logging and known from one population on Guam leucocephala) by the U.S. Military. agriculture and loss of forest structure to and from one population on Rota. Leucaena leucocephala grows as a hurricanes and nonnative weeds that The fragile tree snail is currently single species stand with no substantial become established after these storms. threatened by habitat loss and understory. The microclimatic All live sisi snails have been found in modification and by predation from condition within these stands is dry the leaf litter beneath remaining intact nonnative predatory snails and with little accumulation of leaf litter forest canopy. No snails were found in flatworms. Large numbers of Philippine humus and is unsuitable as Guam tree areas bordering agricultural plots or in deer (Cervus mariannus) (Guam and snail habitat. In addition, native forests forested areas that were severely Rota), pigs (Sus scrofa) (Guam), water cannot reestablish and grow where this damaged by three hurricanes. Under buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (Guam), and nonnative weed has become established. natural historical conditions, loss of cattle (Bos taurus) (Rota) directly alter Because all of the threats occur forest canopy to storms did not pose a the understory plant community and rangewide and have a significant effect great threat to the long-term survival of overall forest microclimate, making it on the survival of this snail species, these snails; enough intact forest with unsuitable for tree snails. Predation by they are high in magnitude, and the healthy populations of snails would the nonnative rosy carnivore snail species has a relatively high likelihood support dispersal back into newly (Euglandina rosea) and the Manokwar of extinction. The threats are also regrown forest canopy. However, the flatworm (Platydemus manokwari) is a ongoing and thus are imminent. presence of nonnative weeds such as serious threat to the survival of the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of mile-a-minute vine (Mikania micrantha) fragile tree snail. Field observations 2 for this species. may reduce the likelihood that native have established that the rosy carnivore Humped tree snail (Partula gibba)— forests will re-establish in areas snail and the Manokwar flatworm will The following summary is based on damaged by hurricanes. This loss of readily feed on native Pacific Island tree information contained in our files. No habitat to storms is greatly exacerbated snails, including the Partulidae. The new information was provided in the by expanding agriculture. Agricultural rosy carnivore snail has caused the petition we received on May 11, 2004. plots on Tutuila have spread from low extirpation of many populations and A tree-dwelling species, the humped elevation up to middle and some high species of native snails throughout the tree snail is a member of the Partulidae elevations, greatly reducing the forested Pacific islands. The Manokwar flatworm family of snails and was originally area and thus reducing the resilience of has also contributed to the decline of known from the island of Guam and the native forests and populations of native native tree snails, in part due to its Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana snails. These reductions also increase ability to ascend into trees and bushes Islands (CNMI), including the islands of the likelihood that future storms will that support native snails. Areas with Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, Saipan, lead to the extinction of populations or populations of the flatworm usually lack Anatahan, Sarigan, Alamagan, and species that rely on the remaining forest partulid tree snails or have declining Pagan. Until recently, the species was canopy. In an effort to eradicate the numbers of snails. Because all of the known from a total of 14 populations on nonnative giant African snail (Achatina threats occur rangewide and have a the islands of Guam, Rota, Aguiguan, significant effect on the survival of the Sarigan, Saipan, Alamagan, and Pagan. fulica), the nonnative rosy carnivore fragile tree snail, they are high in However, new (2011) information snail (Euglandia rosea) was introduced magnitude, and the species has a indicates that the humped tree snail in 1980. The rosy carnivore snail has relatively high likelihood of extinction. may be found only on the islands of spread throughout the main island of The threats are also ongoing and thus Guam, Saipan, Sarigan, and Pagan. This Tutuila. Numerous studies show that are imminent. Therefore, we have information also suggests that the the rosy carnivore snail feeds on retained an LPN of 2 for this species. individuals identified as humped tree endemic island snails, including the sisi Guam tree snail (Partula radiolata)— snails on Rota may be a different snail, and is a major agent in their The following summary is based on species. Although still the most widely declines and extirpations. At present, information contained in our files. No distributed tree snail endemic in the the major threat to long-term survival of new information was provided in the Mariana Islands, remaining population the native snail fauna in American petition we received on May 11, 2004. sizes are often small. Samoa, including the sisi snail, is A tree-dwelling species, the Guam tree This species is currently threatened predation by nonnative predatory snails. snail is a member of the Partulidae by habitat loss and modification and by These threats are ongoing and are family of snails and is endemic to the predation from several species. therefore imminent. Since the threats island of Guam. Requiring cool and Throughout the Mariana Islands, feral occur throughout the entire range of the shaded native forest habitat, the species ungulates (pigs (Sus scrofa), Philippine species, have a severe effect on the is now known from 22 populations on deer (Cervus mariannus), cattle (Bos survival of the snails, and lead to a Guam. taurus), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), relatively high likelihood of extinction, This species is primarily threatened and goats (Capra hircus)) have caused they are of a high magnitude. Therefore by predation from several species, as severe damage to native forest we have retained an LPN of 2 for this well as by habitat loss and degradation. vegetation by browsing directly on species. Predation by the nonnative rosy plants, causing erosion, and retarding Fragile tree snail (Samoana fragilis)— carnivore snail (Euglandina rosea) and forest growth and regeneration. This in The following summary is based on the nonnative Manokwar flatworm turn reduces the quantity and quality of information contained in our files. No (Platydemus manokwari) is a serious forested habitat for the humped tree new information was provided in the threat to the survival of the Guam tree snail. Currently, populations of feral petition we received on May 11, 2004. snail (see summary for the fragile tree ungulates are found on the islands of A tree-dwelling species, the fragile tree snail, above). In addition, predation by Guam (deer, pigs, and water buffalo), snail is a member of the Partulidae rats (Rattus spp.) is a serious and Rota (deer and cattle), Aguiguan (goats), family of snails, and is endemic to the ongoing threat to the Guam tree snail. Saipan (deer, pigs, and cattle),

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Alamagan (goats, pigs, and cattle), and Langford’s tree snail. All of the threats the species uniformly and not all Pagan (cattle, goats, and pigs). Goats are occurring rangewide and efforts to populations would likely be affected were eradicated from Sarigan in 1998 control or eradicate the nonnative simultaneously by the known threats. and the humped tree snail subsequently predatory species or to reduce habitat We have no site-specific information increased in abundance on that island, loss have not occurred. The magnitude indicating that grazing is currently likely in response to the goat removal. of threats is high because they result in ongoing in or adjacent to occupied However, the population of humped direct mortality or significant habitats, and catastrophic wildfire is not tree snails on Anatahan is likely population declines to Langford’s tree known to be an imminent threat. extirpated due to the massive volcanic snail rangewide. These threats are also Accordingly, threats are nonimminent. explosions of the island beginning in ongoing and thus are imminent. Therefore, we retain an LPN of 11 for 2003 and still continuing, and the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of this Huachuca springsnail. resulting loss of up to 95 percent of the 2 for this species. Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis vegetation on the island. Predation by Tutuila tree snail (Eua zebrina)—The morrisoni)—The following summary is the nonnative rosy carnivore snail following summary is based on based on information contained in our (Euglandina rosea) and the nonnative information contained in our files. No files. The Page springsnail is known Manokwar flatworm (Platydemus new information was provided in the from a complex of springs located manokwari) is a serious threat to the petition we received on May 11, 2004. within an approximately 0.93-mi (1.5- survival of the humped tree snail (see A tree-dwelling species, the Tutuila tree km) stretch along the west side of Oak summary for the fragile tree snail, snail is a member of the Partulidae Creek around the community of Page above). In addition, predation by rats family of snails and is endemic to Springs, and within springs located (Rattus spp.) is a serious and ongoing American Samoa. The species is known along Spring Creek, tributary to Oak threat to the humped tree snail. The from 32 populations on the islands of Creek, Yavapai County, Arizona. magnitude of threats is high because Tutuila, Manua, and Ofu. The primary threat to the Page these nonnative predators have caused This species is currently threatened springsnail has been modification of significant population declines to the by habitat loss and modification and by habitat by domestic use, agriculture, humped tree snail range-wide. These predation from nonnative predatory ranching, fish hatchery operations, threats are ongoing and thus are snails and rats (Rattus spp.). All live recreation, and groundwater imminent. Therefore, we have retained Tutuila tree snails were found on withdrawal. Many of the springs where an LPN of 2 for this species. understory vegetation beneath the species occurs have been subjected Langford’s tree snail (Partula remaining intact forest canopy. No to some level of modification. However, langfordi)—The following summary is snails were found in areas bordering the immediacy of the threat of based on information contained in our agricultural plots or in forested areas groundwater withdrawal is uncertain, files. No new information was provided that were severely damaged by three due to conflicting information regarding in the petition we received on May 11, hurricanes (1987, 1990, and 1991). (See immediacy. Based on recent survey 2004. A tree-dwelling species, summary for the sisi snail, above, data, it appears that the Page springsnail Langford’s tree snail is a member of the regarding impacts of nonnative weeds is abundant within natural habitats and Partulidae family of snails and is known and of the rosy carnivore snail.) Rats persists in modified habitats, albeit at from one population on the island of have also been shown to devastate snail reduced densities. In 2009, the Arizona Aguiguan. A survey of Aguiguan in populations, and rat-damaged snail Game and Fish Department (AGFD) and November 2006 failed to find any live shells have been found at sites where the Service entered into a 5-year Langford’s tree snails. the Tutuila snail occurs. At present, the Candidate Conservation Agreement with This species is currently threatened major threat to the long-term survival of Assurances (CCAA) to alleviate threats by habitat loss and modification and by the native snail fauna in American and improve the conservation status of predation from nonnative predatory Samoa is predation by nonnative the Page springsnail; the majority of snails. In the 1930s, the island of predatory snails and rats. The Page springsnail sites are located on Aguiguan was mostly cleared of native magnitude of threats is high because State fish hatchery system land and are forests to support sugar cane and they result in direct mortality or managed by AGFD. Management plans pineapple production. The abandoned significant population declines to the for the Bubbling Ponds and Page fields and airstrip are now overgrown Tutuila tree snail rangewide. The threats Springs fish hatcheries include with nonnative weeds. The remaining are also ongoing and thus are imminent. commitments to replace lost habitat and native forest understory has suffered Therefore, we have retained an LPN of to monitor remaining populations of greatly from large and uncontrolled 2 for this species. invertebrates such as the Page populations of alien goats (Capra Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis springsnail. The CCAA for the Page hircus) and the invasion of weeds. Goats thompsoni)—The following is based on springsnail has resulted in the have caused severe damage to native information contained in our files. No implementation of conservation forest vegetation by browsing directly new information was provided in the measures such as restoration and on plants, causing erosion, and petition received on May 11, 2004. The creation of spring ecosystems, including retarding forest growth and Huachuca springsnail inhabits at least springs on AGFD properties. The regeneration. This, in turn, reduces the 21 spring sites in southeastern Arizona implementation of the CCAA has quantity and quality of forested habitat and northern Sonora, Mexico. The resulted in measurable benefits to the for Langford’s tree snail. Predation by springsnail is typically found in shallow species and its habitats. Additionally, the nonnative rosy carnivore snail water habitats, often in rocky seeps at the National Park Service has expressed (Euglandina rosea) and by the the spring source. Potential threats an interest in restoring natural Manokwar flatworm (Platydemus include habitat modification and springhead integrity to Shea Springs, a manokwari) (see summary for the fragile destruction through catastrophic site historically occupied by Page tree snail, above) is also a serious threat wildfire and unmanaged grazing at the springsnail. to the survival of Langford’s tree snail. landscape scale. Overall, the threats are Accordingly, we find that ongoing In addition, predation by rats (Rattus low in magnitude, because threats are implementation of the CCAA continues spp.) is a serious and ongoing threat to not occurring throughout the range of to substantially reduce the magnitude

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and immediacy of threats to, and to modification due to the effects of feral impacts to habitat, and predation upon appreciably improve the conservation ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, the species is not currently managed status of, the species. Therefore, we and climate change. H. assimulans is within either population site. The retain a LPN of 11 for Page springsnail. directly threatened by predation from threats to H. facilis are high in yellow jacket wasps (Vespula magnitude because their severity Insects pensylvanica) and several species of endangers the species with a high Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus nonnative ants. Additional indirect likelihood of extinction throughout its anthracinus)—The following summary threats to the species include the entire range. The threats to H. facilis are is based on information contained in limited number and small size of imminent, since they are ongoing. our files and in the petition that we populations, competition from Therefore, we have retained an LPN of received for this species on March 23, European honey bees (Apis mellifera), 2 for this species. 2009. Hylaeus anthracinus is a species the possibility of habitat destruction Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus of Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family from stochastic and catastrophic events, hilaris)—The following summary is Colletidae) found in certain coastal and a lack of regulatory mechanisms based on information contained in our areas and dry lowland forests containing affording protection to the species. files and in the petition that we received native plant communities on the islands Some Hylaeus assimulans for this species on March 23, 2009. of Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, populations occur in areas that are Hylaeus hilaris is a cleptoparasitic Molokai, and Oahu, Hawaii. H. managed for one or more of the threats species of Hawaiian yellow-faced bee anthracinus is currently known from 16 affecting habitat; however, no (family Colletidae) with a historical populations containing an unknown population is entirely protected from range in coastal habitat on the islands of number of individuals. This species is impacts to habitat, and predation on the Lanai, Maui, and Molokai, Hawaii. Now threatened by ongoing habitat loss and species is not currently managed at any extirpated from the islands of Lanai and modification due to the effects of feral population site. The threats to H. Maui, H. hilaris is currently known from ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, assimulans are high in magnitude a single population on Molokai and climate change. H. anthracinus is because their severity endangers the containing an unknown number of directly threatened by predation from species with a high likelihood of individuals. This species is threatened yellow jacket wasps (Vespula extinction throughout its entire range. by ongoing habitat loss and pensylvanica) and several species of The threats to H. assimulans are modification due to the effects of feral nonnative ants. Additional indirect imminent, since they are ongoing. ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, threats to the species include the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of and climate change. H. hilaris is directly limited number and small size of 2 for this species. threatened by predation from yellow populations, competition from Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) European honey bees (Apis mellifera), facilis)—The following summary is and several species of nonnative ants. the possibility of habitat destruction based on information contained in our Additional indirect threats to the from stochastic and catastrophic events, files and in the petition that we received species include the small size of its and a lack of regulatory mechanisms for this species on March 23, 2009. remaining population, lack of additional affording protection to the species. Hylaeus facilis is a species of Hawaiian populations, competition from Some Hylaeus anthracinus yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) European honey bees (Apis mellifera), populations occur in areas that are with a wide historical range of native possibility of habitat destruction from managed for one or more of the threats plant community habitat including stochastic and catastrophic events, and affecting habitat; however, no coastal areas, lowland dry and wet a lack of regulatory mechanisms population is entirely protected from forests, and montane mesic forests on affording protection to the species. impacts to habitat, and predation on the the islands of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and The Hylaeus hilaris population occurs species is not currently managed at any Oahu, Hawaii. Now extirpated from the within a private preserve that is population site. The threats to H. islands of Lanai and Maui, H. facilis is managed for some of the threats anthracinus are high in magnitude currently known from two populations affecting habitat; however, the because their severity endangers the containing an unknown number of population is not entirely protected species with a high likelihood of individuals. This species is threatened from impacts to habitat, and predation extinction throughout its entire range. by ongoing habitat loss and upon the species is not currently The threats to H. anthracinus are modification due to the effects of feral managed at all. The threats to H. hilaris imminent, since they are ongoing. ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, are high in magnitude because their Therefore, we have retained an LPN of and climate change. H. facilis is directly severity endangers the species with a 2 for this species. threatened by predation from yellow high likelihood of extinction throughout Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) its entire range. The threats to H. hilaris assimulans)—The following summary is and several species of nonnative ants. are imminent, since they are ongoing. based on information contained in our Additional indirect threats to the Therefore, we have retained an LPN of files and in the petition that we received species include the limited number and 2 for this species. for this species on March 23, 2009. small size of populations, competition Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus Hylaeus assimulans is a species of from European honey bees (Apis kuakea)—The following summary is Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family mellifera), the possibility of habitat based on information contained in our Colletidae) found in certain coastal destruction from stochastic and files and in the petition that we received areas and dry lowland forests containing catastrophic events, and a lack of for this species on March 23, 2009. native plant communities on the islands regulatory mechanisms affording Hylaeus kuakea is a species of Hawaiian of Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, protection to the species. yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) Molokai, and Oahu, Hawaii. H. Both of the Hylaeus facilis found in lowland mesic forests on the assimulans is currently known from five populations occur in areas that are island of Oahu, Hawaii. H. kuakea is populations containing an unknown managed for one or more of the threats currently known from two populations number of individuals. This species is affecting habitat; however, neither containing an unknown number of threatened by ongoing habitat loss and population is entirely protected from individuals. This species is threatened

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by ongoing habitat loss and magnitude because their severity historical populations throughout the modification due to the effects of feral endangers the species with a high species’ range since the species was first ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, likelihood of extinction throughout its described. Of the 59 known Hermes and climate change. H. kuakea is entire range. The threats to H. longiceps copper butterfly populations, 21 are directly threatened by predation from are imminent, since they are ongoing. extant, 27 are believed to have been yellow jacket wasps (Vespula Therefore, we have retained an LPN of extirpated, and 11 are of unknown pensylvanica) and several species of 2 for this species. status. nonnative ants. Additional indirect Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus Primary threats to Hermes copper threats to the species include the mana)—The following summary is butterfly are megafires (large wildfires), limited number and small size of based on information contained in our and small and isolated populations. populations, competition from files and in the petition that we received Secondary threats include increased European honey bees (Apis mellifera), for this species on March 23, 2009. wildfire frequency that results in habitat the possibility of habitat destruction Hylaeus mana is a species of Hawaiian loss, and combined impacts of existing from stochastic and catastrophic events, yellow-faced bee (family Colletidae) development, possible future (limited) and a lack of regulatory mechanisms found in lowland mesic forests on the development, existing dispersal barriers, affording protection to the species. island of Oahu, Hawaii. H. mana is and fires that fragment habitat. Hermes Both Hylaeus kuakea populations currently known from four populations copper butterfly occupies scattered occur in areas that are managed for one containing an unknown number of areas of sage scrub and chaparral habitat or more of the threats affecting habitat; individuals. This species is threatened in an arid region susceptible to wildfires however, neither population is entirely by ongoing habitat loss and of increasing frequency and size. The protected from impacts to habitat, and modification due to the effects of feral likelihood that individuals of the predation on the species is not currently ungulates, nonnative plants, wildfire, species will be burned as a result of managed within either population site. and climate change. H. mana is directly catastrophic wildfires, combined with The threats to H. kuakea are high in threatened by predation from yellow the isolation and small size of extant magnitude because their severity jacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) populations makes Hermes copper endangers the species with a high and several species of nonnative ants. butterfly particularly vulnerable to likelihood of extinction throughout its Additional indirect threats to the population extirpation rangewide. entire range. The threats to H. kuakea species include the limited number and Overall, the threats that Hermes copper are imminent, since they are ongoing. small size of populations, competition butterfly faces are high in magnitude Therefore, we have retained an LPN of from European honey bees (Apis because the major threats (particularly 2 for this species. mellifera), the possibility of habitat mortality due to wildfire and increased Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus destruction from stochastic and wildfire frequency) occur throughout all longiceps)—The following summary is catastrophic events, and a lack of of the species’ range and are likely to based on information contained in our regulatory mechanisms affording result in significant adverse impacts to files and in the petition that we received protection to the species. for this species on March 23, 2009. The Hylaeus mana populations occur the status of the species. The threats are Hylaeus longiceps is a species of in areas that are managed for one or nonimminent overall because the Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (family more of the threats affecting habitat; impact of wildfire to Hermes copper Colletidae) found in certain coastal however, the population is not entirely butterfly and its habitat occurs on a areas and dry lowland forest containing protected from impacts to habitat, and sporadic basis and we do not have the native plant communities on the islands predation on the species is not currently ability to predict when wildfires will of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu, managed at all. The threats to H. mana occur. This species faces high- Hawaii. H. longiceps is currently known are high in magnitude because their magnitude nonimminent threats; from six populations containing an severity endangers the species with a therefore, we assigned this species a unknown number of individuals. This high likelihood of extinction throughout listing priority number of 5. species is threatened by ongoing habitat its entire range. The threats to H. mana Mariana eight spot butterfly loss and modification due to the effects are imminent, since they are ongoing. (Hypolimnas octucula mariannensis)— of feral ungulates, nonnative plants, Therefore, we have retained an LPN of The following summary is based on wildfire, and climate change. H. 2 for this species. information contained in our files. No longiceps is directly threatened by Hermes copper butterfly new information was provided in the predation from yellow jacket wasps (Hermelycaena [Lycaena] hermes) — petition we received on May 11, 2004. (Vespula pensylvanica) and several Hermes copper butterfly primarily The Mariana eight-spot butterfly is a species of nonnative ants. Additional occurs in San Diego County, California, nymphalid butterfly species that feeds indirect threats to the species include and a few records of the species have upon two host plants, Procris the limited number and small size of been documented in Baja California, pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum. populations, competition from Mexico. The species inhabits coastal Endemic to the islands of Guam and European honey bees (Apis mellifera), sage scrub and southern mixed Saipan, the species is now known from the possibility of habitat destruction chaparral and is dependent on its larval only 10 populations on Guam. This from stochastic and catastrophic events, host plant, Rhamnus crocea (spiny species is currently threatened by and a lack of regulatory mechanisms redberry), to complete its lifecycle. predation and parasitism. The Mariana affording protection to the species. Adult Hermes copper butterflies lay eight-spot butterfly has extremely high Some Hylaeus longiceps populations single eggs on spiny redberry stems mortality of eggs and larvae due to occur in areas that are managed for one where they hatch and feed until predation by nonnative ants and wasps. or more of the threats affecting habitat; pupation occurs at the base of the plant. Because the threats of parasitism and however, no population is entirely Hermes copper butterflies have one predation by nonnative insects occur protected from impacts to habitat, and flight period occurring in mid-May to rangewide and can cause significant predation on the species is not currently early-July, depending on weather population declines to this species, they managed within any population site. conditions and elevation. We estimate are high in magnitude. The threats are The threats to H. longiceps high in there were at least 59 known separate imminent because they are ongoing.

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Therefore, we retained an LPN of 3 for consider these threats to be high and location or if it has been extirpated from this subspecies. imminent, because known populations the site by the closure of the cave Mariana wandering butterfly (Vagrans occur in areas that are subject to entrance. A 2008 attempt to re-open the egistina)—The following summary is development, increased traffic, and cave was unsuccessful. Other caves in based on information contained in our increased road maintenance and the vicinity were surveyed for the files. No new information was provided construction. Such threats directly affect species during 1995 and 1996, and only in the petition we received on May 11, populations during all life stages. These one additional site was found to support 2004. The Mariana wandering butterfly threats are expected to continue and the Clifton Cave beetle. is a nymphalid butterfly species that potentially increase in the foreseeable The limestone caves in which the feeds upon a single host plant species, future. Therefore, a listing priority Clifton Cave beetle is found provide a Maytenus thompsonii. Historically, the number of 2 is assigned to the Puerto unique and fragile environment that species was known from and endemic to Rican harlequin butterfly. supports a variety of species that have the islands of Guam and the Sequatchie caddisfly (Glyphopsyche evolved to survive and reproduce under Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana sequatchie)—The following summary is the demanding conditions found in cave Islands on the island of Rota. based on information in our files. No ecosystems. The limited distribution of Apparently extirpated from Guam, the new information was provided in the the species makes it vulnerable to species is now restricted to Rota within petition we received on May 11, 2004. isolated events that would only have a a single population located in an The Sequatchie caddisfly is known from minimal effect on more wide-ranging officially conserved area, but threats to two spring runs that emerge from caves insects. Events such as toxic chemical the species or its host plant are not in Marion County, Tennessee—Owen spills, discharges of large amounts of managed. This species is currently Spring Branch and Martin Spring run in polluted water or indirect impacts from threatened by nonnative predation and the Battle Creek system. Based on an off-site construction activities, closure parasitism. The Mariana wandering effort to census all Sequatchie caddisfly of entrances, alteration of entrances, or butterfly is likely affected by predation larvae between 2010 and 2013, Dr. the creation of new entrances could from nonnative ants and by nonnative Moulton and Dr. Floyd were unable to have serious adverse impacts on this parasitoid wasps. Because the threats of arrive at population estimates at Martin species. Therefore, the magnitude of parasitism and predation by nonnative and Clear Springs due to low numbers threat is high for this species. The insects occur rangewide and can cause observed. Dr. Moulton and Dr. Floyd threats are nonimminent because there significant population declines to this estimated a population size of 1,500 to are no known projects that would affect species leading to a relatively high 3,000 individuals at Owen Spring. the species in the near future. We likelihood of extinction, they are high in Threats to the Sequatchie caddisfly therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to magnitude. These threats are imminent include siltation, predation by rainbow this species. because they are ongoing. Therefore, we trout, point and nonpoint discharges Coleman cave beetle have retained an LPN of 2 for this from municipal and industrial activities, (Pseudanophthalmus colemanensis)— species. and introduction of toxicants during The following summary is based upon Puerto Rican harlequin butterfly episodic events. These threats, coupled information contained in our files. No (Atlantea tulita)—The following with the extremely limited distribution new information was provided in the summary is based on information in our of the species, its apparent small petition we received on April 20, 2010. files and in the petition we received on population size, the limited amount of The Coleman cave beetle is a small, Feburary 29, 2009. The Puerto Rican occupied habitat, ease of accessibility, eyeless, reddish-brown predatory insect harlequin butterfly is endemic to Puerto and the annual life cycle of the species, that feeds upon small cave Rico, and one of the four species are all factors that leave the Sequatchie invertebrates. It is cave dependent and endemic to the Greater Antilles within caddisfly extremely vulnerable to is not found outside the cave the genus Atlantea. This species occurs extirpation. Therefore, the magnitude of environment. It is only known from within the subtropical moist forest in the threat is high. These threats are three Tennessee caves. the northern karst region (i.e., gradual and the most important threats The limestone caves in which this municipality of Quebradillas) of Puerto are not imminent. Based on high- species is found provide a unique and Rico, and in the subtropical wet forest magnitude and nonimminent threats, fragile environment that supports a (i.e., Maricao Commonwealth Forest, we assigned this species a listing variety of species that have evolved to municipality of Maricao). The Puerto priority number of 5. survive and reproduce under the Rican harlequin butterfly has only been Clifton Cave beetle demanding conditions found in cave found utilizing Oplonia spinosa (prickly (Pseudanophthalmus caecus)—The ecosystems. Caves and the species that bush) as its host plant (i.e., plant used following summary is based upon are completely dependent upon them for laying the eggs, also serves as a food information contained in our files. No receive the energy that forms the basis source for development of the larvae). new information was provided in the of the cave food chain from outside the The primary threats to the Puerto petition we received on May 11, 2004. cave. This energy can be in the form of Rican harlequin butterfly are Clifton Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, bat guano deposited by cave-dependent development, habitat fragmentation, and reddish-brown, predatory insect that bats, large or small woody debris other natural or manmade factors such feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It washed or blown into the cave, or tiny as human induced fires, use of is cave dependent and is not found bits of organic matter that is carried into herbicides and pesticides, vegetation outside the cave environment. Clifton the cave by water through small cracks management, and climate change. These Cave beetle is only known from two in the rocks overlaying the cave. factors would substantially affect the privately owned caves in Woodford The Coleman cave beetle was distribution and abundance of the County, Kentucky. Soon after the originally known only from privately species, as well as its habitat. In species was first observed in 1963, the owned Coleman Cave in Montgomery addition, the lack of effective cave entrance was blocked due to road County. This cave formerly supported a enforcement makes the existing policies construction and placement of fill colony of endangered gray bats. The bats and regulations inadequate for the material. We do not know whether the have abandoned this cave because of air protection of the species’ habitat. We species still occurs at the original flow changes in the cave caused by

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closure of an upper entrance to the cave. serious adverse impacts on this species. The Louisville cave beetle is a small, Although the cave is protected by a Therefore, the magnitude of threat is eyeless, reddish-brown, predatory insect cooperative management agreement high for this species, because it is that feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is with the landowner, the upper entrance limited in distribution and the threats not found outside the cave environment has not been restored and the bats have would result in a high level of mortality and is only known from two privately not returned to the cave. A new location or reduced reproductive capacity. The owned caves in Jefferson County, for the species was discovered in during threats are nonimminent because there Kentucky. The cave entrance at the a biological inventory of Foster Cave are no known projects that would affect species’ original location was closed (also known as Darnell Cave). One the species in the near future. We due to residential development and specimen of the species was found therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to placement of fill. We do not know during that survey. Foster Cave is on a this species. whether the species still occurs at the preserve owned and managed by the Inquirer Cave beetle original location or if it has been Tennessee Department of Conservation. (Pseudanophthalmus inquisitor)—The extirpated from the site by the closure In 2006, specimens of this species were following summary is based upon of the cave entrance. The second cave discovered in Bellamy Cave and in information contained in our files. No may still contain the species but access Darnell Spring Cave (part of the same new information was provided in the to the cave is restricted due to its cave complex as Foster Cave). All of petition we received on May 11, 2004. location on private land. Several other these sites are in close proximity to each The inquirer cave beetle is a fairly caves in Jefferson County were surveyed other. Bellamy Cave is owned and small, eyeless, reddish-brown predatory for the species in 1994, but no managed by the Tennessee Wildlife insect that feeds upon small cave individuals of the species were Resources Agency (TWRA). Both Foster invertebrates. It is not found outside the observed. Cave and Bellamy Cave were first cave environment, and is only known The limestone caves in which this acquired and protected by The Nature from one privately owned Tennessee species is found provide a unique and Conservancy and later transferred to the cave. The limestone cave in which this fragile environment that supports a State for long-term protection and species is found provides a unique and variety of species that have evolved to management. The threats are fragile environment that supports a survive and reproduce under the nonimminent because there are no variety of species that have evolved to demanding conditions found in cave known projects planned that would survive and reproduce under the ecosystems. The limited distribution of affect the species in the next few years. demanding conditions found in cave the species makes it vulnerable to Because it occurs at four locations and ecosystems. The species was last isolated events that would only have a it receives some protection under a observed in 2006. minimal effect on more wide-ranging cooperative management agreement and The limited distribution of the species insects. Events such as toxic chemical protective ownership, the magnitude of makes it vulnerable to isolated events spills, discharges of large amounts of threats is moderate to low. Thus, we that would only have a minimal effect polluted water, or indirect impacts from have assigned a listing priority number on the more wide-ranging insects. The off-site construction activities, closure of 11 to this species. area around the only known site for the of entrances, alteration of entrances, or Icebox Cave beetle species is in a rapidly expanding urban the creation of new entrances could (Pseudanophthalmus frigidus)—The area. The entrance to the cave is have serious adverse impacts on this following summary is based upon protected by the landowner through a species. The magnitude of threat is high information contained in our files. No cooperative management agreement for this species, because it is limited in new information was provided in the with the Service, The Nature distribution and the threats would have petition we received on May 11, 2004. Conservancy, and Tennessee Wildlife severe negative impacts on the species. Icebox Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, Resources Agency; however, a sinkhole The threats are nonimminent, because reddish-brown, predatory insect that that drains into the cave system is there are no known projects that would feeds upon small cave invertebrates. It located away from the protected affect the species in the near future. We is not found outside the cave entrance and is near a highway. Events therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to environment and is only known from such as toxic chemical spills, discharges this species. one privately owned cave in Bell of large amounts of polluted water or Tatum Cave beetle County, Kentucky. indirect impacts from off-site (Pseudanophthalmus parvus)—The The limestone cave in which this construction activities could adversely following summary is based upon species is found provides a unique and affect the species and the cave habitat. information contained in our files. No fragile environment that supports a The magnitude of threat is high for this new information was provided in the variety of species that have evolved to species, because it is limited in petition we received on May 11, 2004. survive and reproduce under the distribution and the threats would have Tatum Cave beetle is a small, eyeless, demanding conditions found in cave negative impacts on its continued reddish-brown, predatory insect that ecosystems. The species has not been existence. The threats are nonimminent feeds upon cave invertebrates. It is not observed since it was originally because there are no known projects found outside the cave environment and collected, but species experts believe planned that would affect the species in is only known from one privately that it may still exist in the cave in low the near future and it receives some owned cave in Marion County, numbers. The limited distribution of the protection under a cooperative Kentucky. Despite searches in 1980, species makes it vulnerable to isolated management agreement. We therefore 1996, 2004, and 2005, the species has events that would only have a minimal have assigned a listing priority number not been observed in Tatum Cave since effect on more wide-ranging insects. of 5 to this species. 1965. Events such as toxic chemical spills or Louisville Cave beetle The limestone cave in which this discharges of large amounts of polluted (Pseudanophthalmus troglodytes)—The species is found provides a unique and water, or indirect impacts from off-site following summary is based upon fragile environment that supports a construction activities, closure of information contained in our files. No variety of species that have evolved to entrances, alteration of entrances, or the new information was provided in the survive and reproduce under the creation of new entrances, could have petition we received on May 11, 2004. demanding conditions found in cave

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ecosystems. The species has not been in limited spring environments within in magnitude because they occur observed since 1965, but species experts the Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County, throughout the species’ limited range. believe that it still exists in low Arizona. In the most recent surveys However, the threats are nonimminent, numbers. The limited distribution of the conducted in 1993, the Stephan’s riffle because the species has been species makes it vulnerable to isolated beetle was documented only in consistently collected at Elkhorn Creek events that would only have a minimal Sylvester Spring in Madera Canyon, since 1987 and increased temperatures effect on more wide-ranging insects. Santa Cruz County, within the Coronado will adversely affect the species in the Events such as toxic chemical spills, National Forest. Suspected potential future. Therefore, we have assigned the discharges of large amounts of polluted threats to that spring are largely from Arapaho snowfly an LPN of 5. water, or indirect impacts from off-site habitat modification, and potential Meltwater lednian stonefly (Lednia construction activities, closure of changes in water quality and quantity tumana)—The following summary is entrances, alteration of entrances, or the due to catastrophic natural events and based on information contained in our creation of new entrances could have climate change. The threats are of low files and in the petition we received on serious adverse impacts on this species. to moderate magnitude based on our July 30, 2007. This species is an aquatic The magnitude of threat is high for this current knowledge that the effects of insect in the order Plecoptera species, because its limited numbers these threats are unlikely to be (stoneflies). Stoneflies are primarily mean that any threats could severely permanent as they stem from occasional associated with clean, cool streams and affect its continued existence. The natural events that do not result in rivers. Eggs and nymphs (juveniles) of threats are nonimminent, because there permanent water quality degradation. the meltwater lednian stonefly are are no known projects that would affect Additionally, there is a higher found in high-elevation, alpine, and the species in the near future. We likelihood that the species will persist subalpine streams, most typically in therefore have assigned an LPN of 5 to in areas that are unaffected by the locations closely linked to glacial this species. threats; it is unlikely that all areas of the runoff. The species is generally Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly spring would be simultaneously be restricted to streams with mean summer (Megalagrion xanthomelas)—The water temperature less than 10 °C affected. Threats from habitat ° following summary is based on modification have already occurred and (50 F). The only known meltwater information contained in our files. No are no longer ongoing, and the threats lednian stonefly occurrences are within new information was provided in the from climate change are expected to Glacier National Park (NP), Montana. petition we received on May 11, 2004. occur over many years. Therefore, the Climate change, and the associated The orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly is threats are not imminent. Thus, we effects of glacier loss (with glaciers a stream and pool-dwelling species retain an LPN of 11 for the Stephan’s predicted to be gone by 2030)— including reduced streamflows, and endemic to the Hawaiian Islands of riffle beetle. Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and increased water temperatures—are Hawaii. The species no longer is found Arapahoe snowfly (Capnia expected to significantly reduce the on Kauai, and is now restricted to 16 arapahoe)—The following summary is occurrence of populations and extent of populations on the islands of Oahu, based on information contained in our suitable habitat for the species in Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. This files. This insect is a winter stonefly Glacier NP. In addition, the existing species is threatened by predation from associated with clean, cool, running regulatory mechanisms are not adequate nonnative aquatic species such as fish waters. Adult snowflies emerge in late to address these environmental changes and predacious insects, and habitat loss winter from the space underneath due to global climate change. We through dewatering of streams and stream ice. The Arapahoe snowfly is announced candidate status for the invasion by nonnative plants. Nonnative found only in a short section of Elkhorn meltwater lednian stonefly in a fish and insects prey on the larval-stage Creek, a small tributary of the Cache la warranted-but-precluded 12-month naiads of the damselfly, and loss of Poudre River in the Roosevelt National petition finding published on April 5, water reduces the amount of suitable Forest, Larimer County, Colorado. The 2011 (76 FR 18684). We have assigned habitat for the naiad life stage. Invasive species previously occurred downriver the species an LPN of 5 based on three plants (e.g., California grass (Brachiaria at Young Gulch, but habitat likely criteria: (1) The high magnitude of mutica)) also contribute to loss of became unsuitable or other unknown threat, which is projected to habitat by forming dense, monotypic causes likely extirpated the species. substantially reduce the amount of stands that completely eliminate open Habitats at Young Gulch were further suitable habitat relative to the species’ water. Nonnative fish and plants are degraded by the High Park Fire in 2012. current range; (2) the low imminence of found in all the streams where Climate change is a threat to the the threat based on the lack of orangeblack Hawaiian damselflies Arapahoe snowfly and modifies its documented evidence that climate occur, except at the single Oahu habitats by reducing snowpacks, change is affecting stonefly habitat; and population, where there are no increasing temperatures, fostering (3) the taxonomic status of the species, nonnative fish. We have retained an mountain pine beetle outbreaks, and which is a full species. LPN of 8 for this species because, increasing the frequency of destructive Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindela although the threats are ongoing and wildfires. Limited dispersal capabilities, highlandensis)—The following therefore imminent, they affect the an extremely restricted range, summary is based on information survival of the species to varying dependence on pristine habitats, and a contained in our files. No new degrees throughout the species’ range small population size make the information was provided in the and are of moderate magnitude. Arapahoe snowfly vulnerable to petition we received on May 11, 2004. Stephan’s riffle beetle (Heterelmis demographic stochasticity, The Highlands tiger beetle is narrowly stephani)—The following summary is environmental stochasticity, and distributed and restricted to areas of based on information contained in our random catastrophes. Furthermore, bare sand within scrub and sandhill on files. No new information was provided regulatory mechanisms inadequately ancient sand dunes of the Lake Wales in the petition received on May 11, reduce these threats, which may act Ridge in Polk and Highlands Counties, 2004. The Stephan’s riffle beetle is an cumulatively to affect the species. The Florida. Adult tiger beetles have been endemic riffle beetle historically found threats to the Arapahoe snowfly are high most recently found at 40 sites at the

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core of the Lake Wales Ridge. In 2004– predation and competition from red- Threats to this species could have a 2005 surveys, a total of 1,574 adults imported fire ants, surface and significant adverse effect on the survival were found at 40 sites, compared with subsurface effects from polluted runoff of the species, leading to a relatively 643 adults at 31 sites in 1996, 928 adults from an adjacent subdivision, high likelihood of extinction, and are of at 31 sites in 1995, and 742 adults at 21 unauthorized entry into the area a high magnitude. The primary threats sites in 1993. Of the 40 sites in the surrounding the cave (for example, the of predation from fish and loss of 2004–2005 surveys with one or more cave gate has been vandalized several habitat due to degradation are adults, results ranged from 3 sites with times in the past), and trash dumping nonimminent, because on the islands of large populations of over 100 adults, to that may include toxic materials near Maui and Hawaii no fish were observed 13 sites with fewer than 10 adults. the cave. The magnitude of threats is in any of the pools where this species Results from a limited removal study at considered low to moderate based on occurs, and there has been no four sites and similar studies suggested observations made during field visits to documented trash dumping in these that the actual population size at some Pickle Pit in November 2011 and March pools. We have retained an LPN of 5 for survey sites can be as much as two 2012. For example, Pickle Pit is this species. times as high as indicated by the visual receiving some protection because it is Anchialine pool shrimp index counts. If assumptions are correct in a mitigation preserve for the golden- (Palaemonella burnsi)—The following and unsurveyed habitat is included, cheeked warbler (Dendroica summary is based on information then the total number of adults at all chrysoparia). While adequate fencing contained in our files. No new survey sites might be 3,000 to 4,000. has not been completed, the field visitis information was provided in the Habitat loss and fragmentation and did not document any trails or other petition we received on May 11, 2004. lack of fire and disturbances to create signs of recent human use in the Palaemonella burnsi is a species of open habitat conditions are serious immediate vicinity of the cave. Also, shrimp belonging to the family threats; remaining patches of suitable despite the fact that this preserve is not Palaemonidae that inhabits anchialine habitat are disjunct and isolated. being treated for red-imported fire ants, pools. This species is endemic to the Populations occupy relatively small very few red-imported fire ants were Hawaiian Islands with populations on patches of habitat and are small and documented in the immediate area. the islands of Maui and Hawaii. The isolated; individuals have difficulty Because fire ants have been found and primary threats to this species are dispersing between suitable habitats. fencing to eliminate human use has not predation by nonnative fish (i.e., fish These factors pose serious threats to the been completed, the threats are ongoing species that do not naturally occur in species. Although significant progress in (imminent). Thus, we assigned this the pools inhabited by this species) and implementing prescribed fire has species a LPN of 8. habitat loss due to degradation occurred over the last 10 years through (primarily from illegal trash dumping). collaborative partnerships and the Lake Crustaceans This species’ populations on Maui are Wales Ridge Prescribed Fire Team, a Anchialine pool shrimp (Metabetaeus located within a State Natural Area backlog of long-unburned habitat within lohena)—The following summary is Reserve (NAR). Hawaii’s State statutes conservation areas remains. based on information contained in our prohibit the collection of the species Overcollection and pesticide use are files. No new information was provided and the disturbance of the pools in State additional concerns. Because this in the petition we received on May 11, NARs. On the island of Hawaii, the species is narrowly distributed with 2004. Metabetaeus lohena is a species of species occurs within a State NAR and specific habitat requirements and small shrimp belonging to the family a National Park, where collection and populations, any of the threats could Alpheidae that inhabits anchialine disturbance are also prohibited. have a significant impact on the survival pools. This species is endemic to the However, enforcement of these of the species, leading to a relatively Hawaiian Islands with populations on prohibitions is difficult, and the high likelihood of extinction. Therefore, the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, negative effects from the introduction of the magnitude of threats is high. Hawaii. The primary threats to this fish can occur suddenly and quickly Although the majority of its historical species are predation by fish (i.e., fish decimate a population. Therefore, range has been lost, degraded, and species that do not naturally occur in threats to this species could have a fragmented, numerous sites are the pools inhabited by this species) and significant adverse effect on the survival protected and land managers are habitat loss from degradation (primarily of the species, leading to a relatively implementing prescribed fire at some from illegal trash dumping). Populations high likelihood of extinction, and are of sites; these actions are expected to of M. lohena on the islands of Maui and a high magnitude. The threats are restore habitat and help reduce threats Hawaii are located within State Natural nonimminent, because surveys in 2004 and have already helped stabilize and Area Reserves (NARs) and in a National and 2007 did not find fish in the pools improve the populations. Overall, the Park. Both the State NARs and the where these shrimp occur on Maui or threats are nonimminent. Therefore, we National Park prohibit the collection of the island of Hawaii. Also, there was no assigned the Highlands tiger beetle an the species and the disturbance of the evidence of recent habitat degradation at LPN of 5. pools. However, enforcement of those pools. We have retained an LPN collection and disturbance prohibitions of 5 for this species. Arachnids is difficult, and the negative effects from Anchialine pool shrimp (Procaris Warton’s cave meshweaver (Cicurina the introduction of fish can occur hawaiana)—The following summary is wartoni)—The following summary is suddenly and quickly decimate the based on information contained in our based on information contained in our population. On Oahu, four pools files. No new information was provided files. Warton’s Cave meshweaver is an containing this species are located in a in the petition we received on May 11, eyeless, cave-dwelling, unpigmented, National Wildlife Refuge and are 2004. Procaris hawaiana is a species of 0.23-inch-long spider known only from protected from collection and shrimp belonging to the family female specimens. This meshweaver is disturbance to the pool; however, on Procarididae that inhabits anchialine known to occur in only one cave (Pickle State-owned land where the species pool. This species is endemic to the Pit) in Travis County, Texas. Primary occurs, there is no protection from Hawaiian Islands, and is currently threats to the species and its habitat are collection or disturbance of the pools. known from 2 pools on the island of

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Maui and 12 pools on the island of a low of approximately 40,000 plants in have been rerouted, the threats are Hawaii. The primary threats to this 2003. In 2012, when the population was nonimminent. The LPN for A. alpina species are predation from nonnative last monitored, the estimated total remains an 11 due to the presence of fish (i.e., fish species that do not population increased to approximately moderate to low threats, and the naturally occur in the pools inhabited 156,000 plants. determination that the threats are by this species) and habitat loss due to The factors currently threatening nonimminent at this point in time. degradation (primarily from illegal trash Abronia alpina include natural and Argythamnia blodgettii (Blodgett’s dumping). This species’ populations on human habitat alteration, lowering of silverbush)—The following summary is Maui are located within a State Natural the water table due to erosion within the based on information in our files. No Area Reserve (NAR). Twelve pools meadow system, and recreational use new information was provided in the containing this species on the island of within meadow habitats. Lodgepole petition we received on May 11, 2004. Hawaii are also located within a State pines are encroaching upon meadow Blodgett’s silverbush occurs in Florida NAR. Hawaii’s State statutes prohibit habitat with trees germinating within A. and is found in open, sunny areas in the collection of the species and the alpina habitat, occupying up to 20 pine rockland, edges of rockland disturbance of the pools in State NARs. percent of two A. alpina hammock, edges of coastal berm, and However, enforcement of these subpopulations. Lodgepole pine sometimes in disturbed areas at the prohibitions is difficult and the negative encroachment may alter soil edges of natural areas. Plants can be effects from the introduction of fish can characteristics by increasing organic found growing from crevices on occur suddenly and quickly decimate a matter levels, decreasing porosity, and limestone, or on sand. The pine- population. In addition, there are no moderating diurnal temperature rockland habitat where the species prohibitions for either removal of the fluctuations thus reducing the occurs in Miami-Dade County and the species or disturbance to one pool competitive ability of A. alpina to Florida Keys requires periodic fires to containing this species located outside a persist in an environment more maintain habitat with a minimum NAR on the island of Hawaii. Therefore, hospitable to other plant species. amount of hardwoods. There are threats to this species could have a The habitat occupied by Abronia approximately 22 extant occurrences, 12 significant adverse effect on the survival alpina directly borders the meadow in Monroe County and 10 in Miami- of the species, leading to a relatively system, which is supported by the Dade County; many occurrences are on high likelihood of extinction, and thus South Fork of the Kern River. The river conservation lands. However, 4 to 5 remain at a high magnitude. The threats flows through the meadow, at times sites of the 22 occurrences are thought to the species are nonimminent because coming within 15 m (50 ft) of Abronia to be recently extirpated. The estimated during 2004 and 2007 surveys, no alpina habitat, particularly in the population size of Blodgett’s silverbush nonnative fish were observed in the vicinity of five subpopulations. Past in the Florida Keys, excluding Big Pine pools where these shrimp occur on livestock trampling and past removal of Key, is roughly 11,000; the estimated Maui, nor were they observed in the one bank-stabilizing vegetation by grazing population in Miami-Dade County is pool on the island of Hawaii that was livestock have contributed to 375 to 13,650 plants. surveyed in 2005. In addition, there downcutting of the river channel Blodgett’s silverbush is threatened by were no signs of dumping or fill in any through the meadow, leaving the habitat loss, which is exacerbated by of the pools where the species occurs. meadow subject to potential alteration habitat degradation due to fire Therefore, we have retained an LPN of by lowering of the water table. In 2001 suppression, the difficulty of applying 5 for this species. the Forest Service began resting the prescribed fire to pine rocklands, and grazing allotment for 10 years, thereby threats from exotic plants. Remaining Flowering Plants eliminating cattle use. The allotment is habitats are fragmented. Threats such as Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows still being rested while the Forest road maintenance and enhancement, sand-verbena)—The following summary Service assesses the data collected on infrastructure, and illegal dumping is based on information contained in the rested allotment for eventual threaten some occurrences. Blodgett’s our files. No new information was inclusion in an environmental analysis silverbush is vulnerable to natural provided in the petition we received on to consider resumption of grazing. disturbances, such as hurricanes, May 11, 2004. Abronia alpina is a small Established hiker, packstock, and tropical storms, and storm surges. perennial herb in the Nyctaginaceae cattle trails pass through A. alpina Climatic changes, including sea-level (four-o’clock) family, 2.5 to 15.2 subpopulations. Two main hiker trails rise, are long-term threats that are centimeters (1 to 6 inches) across pass through Ramshaw Meadow, but in expected to continue to affect pine forming compact mats with lavender- 1988 and 1997, they were rerouted out rocklands and ultimately substantially pink, trumpet-shaped, and generally of A. alpina subpopulations. Occasional reduce the extent of available habitat, fragrant flowers. Abronia alpina is incidental use by horses and hikers especially in the Keys. Overall, the known from one main population center sometimes occurs on the remnants of magnitude of threats is moderate at Ramshaw Meadow and a smaller cattle trails that pass through because not all of the occurrences are population at the adjacent Templeton subpopulations in several places. The affected by the threats. In addition, land Meadow. The meadows are located on Service has funded studies to determine managers are aware of the threats from the Kern River Plateau in the Sierra appropriate conservation measures for exotic plants and lack of fire, and are, Nevada, on lands administered by the the species and is working with the U.S. to some extent, working to reduce these Inyo National Forest, in Tulare County, Forest Service on developing a threats where possible. While a number California. The total estimated area conservation strategy for the species. of threats are occurring in some areas, occupied is approximately 6 hectares The remaining threat affects the threat from development is (15 acres). The population fluctuates individuals in the population and has nonimminent since most occurrences from year to year without any clear not appeared to have population-level are on public land, and sea-level rise is trends. Population estimates for the effects. Therefore, the threats are low in not currently affecting this species. years from 1985 up to but not including magnitude. In addition, because the Overall, the threats are nonimminent. 2012—range from a high of grazing activities have been eliminated Thus, we assigned an LPN of 11 to this approximately 130,000 plants in 1997 to for the time being and the hiking trails species.

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Artemisia borealis var. wormskioldii tuffaceous soils (made up of rock to the species include residential and (Northern wormwood) —The following consisting of smaller kinds of volcanic urban development; livestock, deer, and summary is based on information detritus) from the Salt Lake Formation. elk use; climate change; increasing contained in our files. No new The species grows on steep or flat sites, periodic drought; nonnative invasive information was provided in the with soil textures ranging from silty to cheatgrass; and wildfire. The threats to petition we received on May 11, 2004. sandy to somewhat gravelly. The skiff milkvetch are moderate in Historically known from eight sites, species tolerates some level of magnitude because while serious and northern wormwood is currently known disturbance, based on its occurrence on occurring rangewide, they do not from two populations, one in Klickitat steep slopes where downhill movement collectively result in population County and one in Grant County, of soil is common. declines on a short time scale. The Washington. This plant is restricted to The primary threat to Goose Creek threats are imminent because the exposed basalt, cobbly-sandy terraces, milkvetch is habitat degradation and species is currently facing them in many and sand habitat along the shore of, and modification resulting from an altered portions of its range. Therefore, we have on islands in, the Columbia River. The wildfire regime, fire suppression assigned skiff milkvetch an LPN of 8. two populations are separated by 186 activities, and rehabilitation efforts to Astragalus schmolliae (Schmoll river miles (300 kilometers) and three recover lands that have burned. Other milkvetch)—The following summary is reservoirs (formed behind large factors that also appear to threaten based on information contained in our hydroelectric dams). Annual monitoring Goose Creek milkvetch include files and in the petition we received on indicates both populations are declining livestock use and invasive nonnative July 30, 2007. Schmoll milkvetch is a and both remain vulnerable to species. The existing regulatory narrow endemic perennial plant that environmental variability. Surveys have mechanisms are not adequate to address grows in the mature pinyon-juniper not detected any additional plants. these threats. Climate change effects to woodland of mesa tops in the Mesa Threats to northern wormwood Goose Creek drainage habitats are Verde National Park area and in the Ute include direct loss of habitat through possible, but we are unable to predict Mountain Ute Tribal Park in Colorado. regulation of water levels in the the specific impacts of this change to The most significant threats to the Columbia River and placement of riprap Goose Creek milkvetch at this time. species are degradation of habitat by along the river bank; human trampling The threats to the species are fire, followed by invasion by nonnative of plants from recreation; competition imminent, or currently occurring, cheatgrass and subsequent increase in with nonnative invasive species; burial largely as a result of land management fire frequency. These threats currently by wind- and water-borne sediments; actions taken since fires initially altered affect about 40 percent of the species’ small population sizes; susceptibility to the habitat. The threats associated with entire known range, and cheatgrass is genetic drift and inbreeding; and the livestock grazing and invasive species likely to increase given (1) its rapid potential for hybridization with two are imminent throughout a large portion spread and persistence in habitat other species of Artemisia. Ongoing of the species’ range. The high disturbed by wildfires, fire and fuels conservation actions have reduced magnitude and immediacy of threats management and development of trampling, but have not eliminated or leaves the species and its small infrastructure, and (2) the inability of reduced other threats at the Grant populations more vulnerable to land managers to control it on a County site. Active conservation stochastic events. Therefore, we have landscape scale. Other threats to measures are not currently in place at assigned the Goose Creek milkvetch an Schmoll milkvetch include fire break the Miller Island site in Klickitat LPN of 2. clearings, drought, and feral livestock County. The magnitude of threat is high Astragalus microcymbus (Skiff grazing; existing regulatory mechanisms for this variety. Although the two milkvetch)—The following summary is are not adequate to address these remaining populations are based on information contained in our threats. The threats to the species demographically isolated, one or both files and in the petition we received on overall are imminent and moderate in populations could be eliminated by a July 30, 2007. Skiff milkvetch is a magnitude, because the species is single disturbance. The threats are perennial forb that dies back to the currently facing them in many portions imminent because recreational use is ground every year. It has a very limited of its range, but the threats do not ongoing, invasive nonnative species range and a spotty distribution within collectively result in population occur at both sites, erosion of the Gunnison and Saguache Counties in declines on a short time scale. substrate is ongoing at the Klickitat Colorado, where it is found in open, Therefore, we have assigned Schmoll County site, and high water flows may park-like landscapes in the sagebrush- milkvetch an LPN of 8. occur unpredictably in any year. steppe ecosystem on rocky or cobbly, Astragalus tortipes (Sleeping Ute Therefore, we have retained a listing moderate to steep slopes of hills and milkvetch)—The following summary is priority number (LPN) of 3 for this draws. based on information contained in our variety. The most significant threats to skiff files. No new information was provided Astragalus anserinus (Goose Creek milkvetch are recreation, roads, trails, in the petition we received on May 11, milkvetch) —The following summary is and habitat fragmentation and 2004. Sleeping Ute milkvetch is a based on information in our files and in degradation. Existing regulatory perennial plant that grows only on the the petition received on February 3, mechanisms are not adequate to protect Smokey Hills layer of the Mancos Shale 2004. The majority (over 80 percent) of the species from these threats. Formation on the Ute Mountain Ute Goose Creek milkvetch sites in Idaho, Recreational impacts are likely to Indian Reservation in Montezuma Utah, and Nevada occur on Federal increase, given the close proximity of County, Colorado. lands managed by the Bureau of Land skiff milkvetch to the town of Gunnison In 2000, 3,744 plants were recorded at Management. The rest of the sites occur and the increasing popularity of 24 locations covering 500 acres within as small populations on private and mountain biking, motorcycling, and all- an overall range of 6,400 acres. State lands in Utah and on private land terrain vehicles. Furthermore, the Available information from 2000 and in Idaho and Nevada. Goose Creek Hartman Rocks Recreation Area draws 2009 indicated that the species’ status milkvetch occurs in a variety of habitats, users and contains over 40 percent of was stable at that time. However, but is typically associated with dry, the skiff milkvetch units. Other threats previous and ongoing threats from

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borrow pit excavation, off-highway population size. Although the threat is relatively high likelihood of extinction. vehicles, irrigation canal construction, not fully understood, we know it exists Therefore, we have retained an LPN of and a prairie dog colony have had minor as indicated by the declining 2 for this species. impacts that reduced the range and population. The population size may be Calochortus persistens (Siskiyou number of plants by small amounts. Off- declining from a variety of unknown mariposa lily)—The following summary road-vehicle use of the habitat has causes, with drought or disease possibly is based on information contained in reportedly been controlled by fencing. contributing to the trend. The our files and the petition we received on Oil and gas development is active in the downward trend may have been leveled September 10, 2001. The Siskiyou general area, but the Service has off somewhat recently, but without mariposa lily is a narrow endemic that received no information to indicate that improved population numbers, the is restricted to three disjunct ridge tops there is development within plant species may reach a population level at in the Klamath-Siskiyou Range near the habitat. In 2011, the tribal which other stressors become threats. California-Oregon border. The Environmental Programs Department We are unable to determine how climate southernmost occurrence of this species reported habitat disturbance by vehicles change may affect the species in the is composed of nine separate sites on and activity at the shooting range future. To the extent that we understand approximately 17.6 hectares (ha) (43.4 located within the plant habitat. The the species, other potential habitat- acres (ac)) of Klamath National Forest Tribe reported that the status of the related threats have been removed and privately owned lands that stretch species remained unchanged. The Tribe through the implementation of Federal for 10 kilometers (km) (6 miles (mi)) has been working on a management regulatory mechanisms and associated along the Gunsight-Humbug Ridge, plan that will include a monitoring actions. Overutilization, predation, and Siskiyou County, California. In 2007, a program for this species, among others. the inadequacy of regulatory new occurrence was confirmed in the We had expected the final plan to be mechanisms are threats to the species. locality of Cottonwood Peak and Little released in 2010, but it still has not been The threats that B. pusilla faces are Cottonwood Peak, Siskiyou County, completed. We have no documentation moderate in magnitude, primarily where several populations are concerning the current status of the because the population decline has distributed over 164 ha (405 ac) on three plants, condition of habitat, and terms leveled off recently. The threat to B. individual mountain peaks in the of the species management plan being pusilla is imminent because we have Klamath National Forest and on private drafted by the Tribe. Thus, at this time, evidence that the species is currently lands. The northernmost occurrence we cannot accurately assess whether facing a threat indicated by reduced consists of not more than five Siskiyou populations are being adequately population size. The threat appears to mariposa lily plants that were protected from previously existing be ongoing, although we are unsure of discovered in 1998, on Bald Mountain, threats. The threats are moderate in the extent and timing of its effects on west of Ashland, Jackson County, magnitude, since they have had minor the species. Thus, we have assigned B. Oregon. Threats include competition and impacts. Until the management plan is pusilla an LPN of 8. completed there are no regulatory shading by native and nonnative species Calamagrostis expansa (Maui mechanisms in place to protect the fostered by suppression of wildfire; species from the threats described reedgrass)—The following summary is increased fuel loading and subsequent above. Overall, we conclude that threats based on information contained in our risk of wildfire; fragmentation by roads, are moderate to low and nonimminent. files. No new information was provided firebreaks, tree plantations, and radio- Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 11 to in the petition we received on May 11, tower facilities; maintenance and this species. 2004. Calamagrostis expansa is a construction around radio towers and Boechera pusilla (Fremont County perennial grass found in wet forests and telephone relay stations located on rockcress)—The following summary is bogs, and in bog margins, on the islands Gunsight Peak and Mahogany Point; and based on information in our files and in of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. This soil disturbance, direct damage, and the petition received on July 24, 2007. species is known from 13 populations nonnative weed and grass species Boechera pusilla is a perennial herb that totaling fewer than 750 individuals. C. introduction as a result of heavy occupies sparsely vegetated, coarse expansa is threatened by habitat recreational use and construction of granite soil pockets in exposed granite- degradation and loss by feral pigs (Sus firebreaks. Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria), pegmatite outcrops, with slopes scrofa), and by competition with an invasive, nonnative plant that may generally less than 10 degrees, at an nonnative plants. Herbivory by feral prevent germination of Siskiyou elevation between 2,438 to 2,469 m pigs is also a potential threat to this mariposa lily seedlings, poses the most (8,000 to 8,100 ft). The only known species. All of the known populations of significant threat and has invaded 75 population of B. pusilla is located in C. expansa on Maui occur in managed percent of the known lily habitat on Wyoming on lands administered by the areas. Some pig exclusion fences have Gunsight-Humbug Ridge, the Bureau of Land Management in the been constructed, and control of southernmost California occurrence. southern foothills of the Wind River nonnative plants is ongoing within the Forest Service staff and the Klamath- Range. B. pusilla is likely restricted in exclosures on Maui. On the island of Siskiyou Wildlands Center cite distribution by the limited occurrence of Hawaii, the small population in the competition with dyer’s woad as a pegmatite (a very coarse-grained rock Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve has been significant and chronic threat to the formed from magma or lava) in the area. fenced entirely, but none of the survival of Siskiyou mariposa lily. The specialized habitat requirements of approximately 350 individuals in the The combination of restricted range, B. pusilla have allowed the plant to Kohala Mountains are protected from extremely low numbers (five plants) in persist without competition from other pigs. This species is not represented in one of three disjunct populations, poor herbaceous plants or sagebrush- an ex situ collection. Threats to this competitive ability, short seed dispersal grassland species that are present in the species from feral pigs and nonnative distance, slow growth rates, low seed surrounding landscape. plants are ongoing, or imminent, and of production, apparently poor survival Boechera pusilla has a threat that is high magnitude because they rates in some years, herbivory, habitat not identified, but that is indicated by significantly affect the species disturbance, and competition from the small and overall declining throughout its range, leading to a nonnative invasive plants threaten the

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continued existence of this species. risk from stochastic events. Climatic has been altered within Long Pine Key However, because efforts are underway changes, including sea-level rise, are due to artificial drainage, which to reduce the threat of dyer’s woad serious long-term threats. Models lowered ground water, and by the where it is found and there is no indicate that even under the best of construction of roads, which either evidence of a decline in C. persistens circumstances, a significant proportion impounded or diverted water. Regional populations where this weed has of upland habitat will be lost on Big water management intended to restore become most widely distributed, the Pine Key by 2100. Additional threats the Everglades could negatively affect magnitude of existing threats is include restricted range, invasive exotic the pinelands of Long Pine Key in the moderate. Since the threats of plants, roadside dumping, loss of future. At this time, we do not know competition from nonnative invasive pollinators, seed predators, and whether the proposed restoration and plants are not anticipated to overwhelm development. associated hydrological modifications a large portion of the species’ range in We maintain the previous assessment will have a positive or negative effect on the immediate future, the threats are that hurricanes, storm surges, lack of pineland sandmat. This narrow endemic nonimminent. Therefore, we retained an fire, and limited distribution result in a may be vulnerable to catastrophic LPN of 11 for this species. moderate magnitude of threat because a events and natural disturbances, such as Chamaecrista lineata var. keyensis large part of the range is on conservation hurricanes. Overall, the magnitude of (Big Pine partridge pea)—The following lands wherein threats are being threats to this species is moderate; by summary is based on information addressed, although fire management is applying regular prescribed fire, the contained in our files. No new at much slower rate than is required. National Park Service has kept Long information was provided in the The immediacy of stochastic events like Pine Key’s pineland vegetation intact petition we received on May 11, 2004. hurricane is generally difficult to and relatively free of exotic plants, and This pea is endemic to the lower Florida characterize, but we conclude with partnerships are in place to help address Keys, and restricted to pine rocklands, respect to this species that the threat the continuing threat of exotics on other hardwood hammock edges, and posed by hurricanes is imminent given pine rockland fragments. Overall, the roadsides and firebreaks within these that hurricanes (and storm surges) of threats are nonimminent because fire ecosystems. Historically, it was known various magnitudes are frequent and management is regularly conducted at from Big Pine, Cudjoe, No Name, recurrent events in the area. Sea-level the largest occurrence and sea-level rise Ramrod, and Little Pine Keys (Monroe rise remains uncontrolled, but is and hurricanes are longer-term threats. County, Florida). In 2005, a small nonimminent. Overall, the threats from Therefore, we assigned a LPN of 12 to population was detected on lower limited distribution and inadequate fire this subspecies. Sugarloaf Key, but this population was management are imminent since they Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. serpyllum not located after Hurricane Wilma; are ongoing. In addition, the most (Wedge spurge)—The following plants were likely killed by the tidal consequential threats (hurricanes, storm summary is based on information surge from this storm. It presently surges) are frequent, recurrent, and contained in our files. No new occurs on Big Pine Key, with a very imminent. Therefore, we retained an information was provided in the small population on Cudjoe Key. It is LPN of 9 for Big Pine partridge pea. petition we received on May 11, 2004. fairly well distributed in Big Pine Key Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. pinetorum Systematic surveys of publicly owned pine rocklands, which encompass (Pineland sandmat)—The following pine rockland throughout this plant’s approximately 580 hectares (1,433 summary is based on information range were conducted during 2005– acres), approximately 360 hectares (890 contained in our files. No new 2006 and 2007–2008 to determine acres) of which are within the Service’s information was provided in the population size and distribution. Wedge National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR). Over petition we received on May 11, 2004. spurge is a small prostrate herb. It was 80 percent of the population probably The pineland sandmat in only known historically, and remains, restricted to exists on NKDR, with the remainder from Miami-Dade County, Florida. The pine rocklands on Big Pine Key in distributed among State, County, and largest occurrence, estimated at more Monroe County, Florida. Pine rocklands private properties. Hurricane Wilma than 10,000 plants, is located on Long encompass approximately 580 hectares (October 2005) resulted in a storm surge Pine Key within Everglades National (1,433 acres) on Big Pine Key, that covered most of Big Pine Key with Park. All other occurrences are smaller approximately 360 hectares (890 acres) sea water. The surge reduced the and are in isolated pine rockland of which are within the Service’s population by as much as 95 percent in fragments in heavily urbanized Miami- National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR). Most some areas. Dade County. of the species’ range falls within the Pine rockland communities are Occurrences on private (non- NKDR, with the remainder on State, maintained by relatively frequent fires. conservation) lands and on one County- County, and private properties. It is not In the absence of fire, shrubs and trees owned parcel are at risk from widely dispersed within the limited encroach on pine rockland and this development and habitat degradation range. Occurrences are sparser in the subspecies is eventually shaded out. and fragmentation. Conditions related to southern portion of Big Pine Key, which NKDR has a prescribed fire program, climate change, particularly sea-level contains smaller areas of NKDR lands although with many constraints on rise, will be a factor over the long term. than does the northern portion. Wedge implementation. Habitat loss due to All occurrences of the species are spurge inhabits sites with low woody development was historically the threatened by habitat loss and cover (e.g., low palm and hardwood greatest threat to the pea. Much of the degradation due to fire suppression, the densities) and usually exposed rock or remaining habitat is now protected on difficulty of applying prescribed fire, gravel. public lands. Absence of fire now and exotic plants. These threats are Pine rockland communities are appears to be the greatest of the severe within small and unmanaged maintained by relatively frequent fires. deterministic threats. Given the recent fragments in urban areas. However, the In the absence of fire, shrubs and trees increase in hurricane activity, storm threats of fire suppression and exotics encroach on pine rockland and the surges are the greatest of the stochastic are reduced on lands managed by the subspecies is eventually shaded out. threats. The small range and patchy National Park Service. Hydrologic NKDR has a prescribed fire program, distribution of the subspecies increase changes are another threat. Hydrology although with many constraints on

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implementation. Habitat loss due to Ranch. Investigations of historical compete for light, water, and nutrients; development was historically the locations and seemingly suitable habitat and reduce survival and establishment. greatest threat to the wedge spurge. within the range of the species have not Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina is Much of the remaining habitat is now revealed any other occurrences. particularly vulnerable to extinction due protected on public lands. Absence of The threats currently facing to its concentration in two isolated fire now appears to be the greatest of the Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina areas. The existence of only two areas of deterministic threats. Given the recent include threatened destruction, occurrence, and a relatively small range, increase in hurricane activity, storm modification, or curtailment of its makes the variety highly susceptible to surges are the greatest of the stochastic habitat or range (Factor A), inadequacy extinction or extirpation from a threats. The small range and patchy of existing regulatory mechanisms significant portion of its range due to distribution of the subspecies increases (Factor D), and other natural or random events such as fire, drought, risk from stochastic events. Climatic manmade factors (Factor E). The threats and erosion. We retained an LPN of 6 changes, including sea-level rise, are to Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina for Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina serious long-term threats. Models from habitat destruction or modification due to high-magnitude, nonimminent indicate that even under the best of are slightly less than they were 8 years threats. circumstances, a significant proportion ago when the species was added to the Cirsium wrightii (Wright’s marsh of upland habitat will be lost on Big candidate list. One of the two thistle)—The following summary is Pine Key by 2100. Additional threats populations (Upper Las Virgenes based on information from the 12-month include restricted range, invasive exotic Canyon Open Space Preserve) is in warranted-but-precluded finding plants, roadside dumping, loss of permanent, public ownership and is published November 4, 2010 (75 FR pollinators, seed predators, and being managed by an agency that is 67925) as well as any new information gathered since then. There are eight development. working to conserve the plant; however, general confirmed locations of Wright’s We maintain the previous assessment the use of adjacent habitat for marsh thistle in New Mexico: Santa that low fire-return intervals plus Hollywood film productions was Rosa, Guadalupe County; Bitter Lake hurricane-related storm surges, in brought to our attention in 2007, and the National Wildlife Refuge, Chaves combination with a limited, fragmented potential impacts to Chorizanthe parryi County; Blue Spring, Eddy County; La distribution and threats from sea-level var. fernandina are not yet clear. During Luz Canyon, Karr Canyon, Silver rise, result in a moderate magnitude of a site visit to the Preserve in April 2012, Springs, and Tularosa Creek, Otero threat, in part, because a large part of we noted an abundance of nonnative the range is on conservation lands, County; and Alamosa Creek, Socorro species that, if not managed, could where some threats can be substantially County. Wright’s marsh thistle has been degrade the quality of the habitat for C. controlled. The immediacy of stochastic extirpated from all previously known parryi var. fernandina over time. We events like hurricane is generally locations in Arizona, and was will be working with the landowners to difficult to characterize, but we misidentified and likely not ever manage the site for the benefit of conclude with respect to this species present in Texas. The status of the Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina. that the threat posed by hurricanes is species in Mexico is uncertain, with few imminent given that hurricanes (and The other population (Newhall verified collections. storm surges) of various magnitudes are Ranch) is under the threat of Wright’s marsh thistle faces threats frequent and recurrent events in the development; however, a Candidate primarily from natural and human- area. Sea-level rise remains Conservation Agreement (CCA) is being caused modifications of its habitat due uncontrolled, but over much of the developed with the landowner, and it is to ground and surface water depletion, range is nonimminent compared to possible that the remaining plants can drought, invasion of Phragmites other prominent threats. Threats also be conserved. Until such an australis, and from the inadequacy of resulting from limited fire occurrences agreement is finalized, the threat of existing regulatory mechanisms. The are imminent. Since major threats are development and the potential damage species occupies relatively small areas ongoing, overall, the threats are to the Newhall Ranch population still of seeps, springs, and wetland habitat in imminent. Therefore, we retained an exists, as shown by the destruction of an arid region plagued by drought and LPN of 9 for this subspecies. some plants during installation of an ongoing and future water withdrawals. Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina agave farm. Furthermore, cattle grazing The species’ highly specific (San Fernando Valley spineflower)— on Newhall Ranch may be a current requirements of saturated soils with The following summary is based on threat. Cattle grazing may harm surface or subsurface water flow make it information contained in our files and Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina by particularly vulnerable. The threats that the petition received on December 14, trampling and soil compaction. Grazing Wright’s marsh thistle faces are 1999. Chorizanthe parryi var. activity could also alter the nutrient moderate in magnitude because the fernandina is a low-growing herbaceous (e.g., elevated organic material levels) major threats (habitat loss and annual plant in the buckwheat family. content of the soils for Chorizanthe degradation due to alteration of the Germination occurs following the onset parryi var. fernandina habitat through hydrology of its rare wetland habitat), of late-fall and winter rains and fecal inputs, which in turn may favor while serious and occurring rangewide, typically represents different cohorts the growth of other plant species that do not collectively significantly from the seed bank. Flowering occurs in would otherwise not grow so readily on adversely affect the species. Still, long- the spring, generally between April and the mineral-based soils. Over time, term drought, in combination with June. The plant currently is known from changes in species composition may ground and surface water withdrawal, two disjunct localities: the first is in the render the sites less favorable for the poses a current and future threat to southeastern portion of Ventura County persistence of Chorizanthe parryi var. Wright’s marsh thistle and its habitat. on a site within the Upper Las Virgenes fernandina. Chorizanthe parryi var. All of the threats are ongoing and Canyon Open Space Preserve, formerly fernandina may be threatened by therefore imminent. In addition to their known as Ahmanson Ranch, and the invasive nonnative plants, including current existence, we expect these second is in an area of southwestern Los grasses, which could potentially threats to likely intensify in the Angeles County known as Newhall displace it from available habitat; foreseeable future. Thus, we continue to

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assign an LPN of 8 to the Wright’s marsh files. No new information was provided historical range. Extant occurrences are thistle. in the petition we received on May 11, in low-lying areas and will be affected Dalea carthagenensis ssp. floridana 2004. Dichanthelium hirstii is a by climatic changes, including rising sea (Florida prairie-clover)—The following perennial grass that occurs in coastal level. summary is based on information plain intermittent ponds, usually in wet Fire suppression, the difficulty of contained in our files. No new savanna or pine barren habitats, and is applying prescribed fire to pine information was provided in the known to occur at only three sites in rocklands, and threats from exotic petition we received on May 11, 2004. New Jersey, one site in Delaware, and plants are ongoing threats. Since the Dalea carthagenensis var. floridana is two sites in North Carolina. While all only known remaining occurrences are found in pine rocklands, edges of six extant D. hirstii populations are on lands managed by the National Park rockland hammocks, coastal uplands, located on public land or privately Service, the threats of fire suppression and marl prairie. Dalea carthagenensis owned conservation lands, threats to the and exotics are somewhat reduced. The var. floridana occurs in Big Cypress species from encroachment of woody presence of the exotic Old World National Preserve (BCNP) in Monroe and herbaceous vegetation, competition climbing fern is of particular concern and Collier Counties and at six locations from rhizomatous perennials, due to its ability to spread rapidly. In within Miami-Dade County, Florida, fluctuations in hydrology, and threats Big Cypress National Preserve, plants albeit mostly in limited numbers. There associated with small population are threatened by off-road-vehicle use. are a total of nine extant occurrences, number and size are significant. Given Changes to hydrology are a potential seven of which are on conservation the naturally fluctuating number of threat. Hydrology has been altered lands. In addition, plants were plants found at each site, and the within Long Pine Key due to artificial reintroduced to a park in Miami-Dade isolated nature of the wetlands (limiting drainage, which lowered ground water, County in 2006, but only four remain. dispersal opportunities), even small and construction of roads, which either Existing occurrences are extremely changes in the species’ habitat could impounded or diverted water. Regional small and may not be viable, especially result in local extirpation. Loss of any water management intended to restore some of the occurrences in Miami-Dade known sites would constitute a the Everglades has the potential to affect County. Remaining habitats are significant contraction of the species’ the pinelands of Long Pine Key, where fragmented. Climatic changes, including range. Therefore, the threats are high in a large population occurs. At this time, sea-level rise, are long-term threats that magnitude. Because most of the it is not known whether Everglades are expected to reduce the extent of potential threats to D. hirstii evolve over restoration will have a positive or habitat. This plant is threatened by a period of years before they rise to the negative effect. This narrow endemic habitat loss and degradation due to fire level of becoming imminent threats, may be vulnerable to catastrophic suppression, the difficulty of applying and, in some cases, are being managed events and natural disturbances, such as prescribed fire to pine rocklands, and to some extent that delays their onset, hurricanes. Overall, the magnitude of threats from exotic plants. Damage to the threats are nonimminent. Based on threats is high. Only two known plants by off-road vehicles is a serious nonimminent threats of a high occurrences remain and the likelihood threat within the BCNP; damage magnitude, we retain an LPN of 5 for of establishing a sizable population on attributed to illegal mountain biking at this species. other lands is diminished due to the R. Hardy Matheson Preserve has continuing habitat loss. Impacts from been reduced. One location within Digitaria pauciflora (Florida pineland climatic changes, including sea-level BCNP is threatened by changes in crabgrass)—The following summary is rise, are currently low, but expected to mowing practices; this threat is low in based on information contained in our be severe in the future. The majority of magnitude. This species is being files. No new information was provided threats are nonimminent as they are parasitized by the introduced insect in the petition we received on May 11, long-term in nature (water management, lobate lac scale (Paratachardina 2004. This perennial grass was hurricanes, and sea-level rise). pseudolobata) at some localities (e.g., R. historically found in central to southern Therefore, we assigned an LPN of 5 for Hardy Matheson Preserve), but we do Miami-Dade County, Florida, most this species. not know the extent of this threat. This commonly in habitat along the border Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii plant is vulnerable to natural between pine rockland and marl prairie. (Las Vegas buckwheat)—We continue to disturbances, such as hurricanes, Pine rocklands in Miami-Dade County find that listing this species is tropical storms, and storm surges. Due have largely been destroyed by warranted but precluded as of the date to its restricted range and the small sizes residential, commercial, and urban of publication of this notice of review. of most isolated occurrences, this development and agriculture. With most However, we are working on a proposed species is vulnerable to environmental remaining habitat having been listing rule that we expect to publish (catastrophic hurricanes), demographic negatively altered, this species has been prior to making the next annual (potential episodes of poor extirpated from much of its historical resubmitted petition 12-month finding. reproduction), and genetic (potential range, including likely extirpation from In the course of preparing the proposed inbreeding depression) threats. The all areas outside of National Parks. Two listing rule, we are continuing to magnitude of threats is high because of large occurrences remain within monitor new information about this the limited number of occurrences and Everglades National Park and Big species’ status so that we can make the small number of individual plants at Cypress National Preserve; plants on prompt use of our authority under each occurrence. The threats are Federal lands are protected from the Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an imminent; even though many sites are threat of habitat loss due to emergency posing a significant risk to on conservation lands, these plants still development. However, any unknown the species. face significant ongoing threats. plants, indefinite occurrences, and Eriogonum kelloggii (Red Mountain Therefore, we have assigned an LPN of suitable habitat remaining on private or buckwheat)—We continue to find that 3 to Florida prairie-clover. non-conservation land are threatened by listing this species is warranted but Dichanthelium hirstii (Hirst Brothers’ development. Continued development precluded as of the date of publication panic grass)—The following summary is of suitable habitat diminishes the of this notice of review. However, we based on information contained in our potential for reintroduction into its are working on a proposed listing rule

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that we expect to publish prior to known from 4 populations totaling potentially suitable habitat in Coahuila making the next annual resubmitted approximately 1,000 individuals in and and adjacent Mexican states has never petition 12-month finding. In the course around the Pohakuloa Training Area. been surveyed. A historically of preparing the proposed listing rule, Historically, this species was also found unprecedented period of exceptional we are continuing to monitor new on Hualalai and Puu Huluhulu, but it no drought and high temperatures information about this species’ status so longer occurs at these sites. In addition, prevailed throughout the species’ range that we can make prompt use of our F. hawaiiensis possibly occurred on from October 2010 until November authority under Section 4(b)(7) in the Maui. This species is threatened by pigs 2011. We will not know what impacts case of an emergency posing a (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), this unusual weather had on Guadalupe significant risk to the species. mouflon (Ovis musimon), and feral fescue populations until post-drought Eriogonum soredium (Frisco sheep (O. aries) that degrade and monitoring has been completed. buckwheat)—The following summary is destroy habitat; fire; military training The potential threats to Guadalupe based on information in our files and activities; and nonnative plants that fescue include changes in the wildfire the petition we received on July 30, outcompete and displace it. Feral pigs, cycle and vegetation structure, 2007. Frisco buckwheat is a narrow goats, mouflon, and feral sheep have trampling from humans and pack endemic perennial plant restricted to been fenced out of a portion of the animals, possible grazing, trail runoff, soils derived from Ordovician limestone populations of F. hawaiiensis and fungal infection of seeds, small sizes outcrops. The range of the species is less nonnative plants have been reduced in and isolation of populations, and than 5 sq mi (13 sq km) with four the fenced area, but the majority of the limited genetic diversity. The Service known populations. All four populations are still affected by threats and the National Park Service populations occur exclusively on from nonnative ungulates. The threats established a candidate conservation private lands in Beaver County, Utah, are imminent because they are not agreement (CCA) in 2008 to provide and each population occupies a very controlled and are ongoing in the additional protection for the Chisos small area with high densities of plants. remaining, unfenced populations. Mountains population and to promote Available population estimates are Firebreaks have been established at two cooperative conservation efforts with highly variable and inaccurate due to populations, but fire is an imminent U.S. and Mexican partners. The threats the limited access for surveys associated threat to the remaining populations that to Guadalupe fescue are of moderate with private lands. have no firebreaks. There are no ex situ magnitude and are not imminent due to The primary threat to Frisco collections. The threats are of a high the provisions of the CCA and other buckwheat is habitat destruction from magnitude because they could adversely conservation efforts that address threats precious metal and gravel mining. affect the majority of F. hawaiiensis from trampling, grazing, trail runoff, and Mining for precious metals historically populations resulting in direct mortality genetic diversity, as well as the occurred within the vicinity of all four or reduced reproductive capacity. likelihood that other populations exist populations. Three of the populations Therefore, we have retained an LPN of in mountains of Coahuila and adjacent are currently in the immediate vicinity 2 for this species. Mexican states that have not been of active limestone quarries. Ongoing surveyed. Thus, we retain an LPN of 11 mining in the species’ habitat has the Festuca ligulata (Guadalupe fescue)— for the Guadalupe fescue. potential to extirpate one population in The following summary is based on Gardenia remyi (Nanu)—The the near future and extirpate all information obtained from the original following summary is based on populations in the foreseeable future. species petition, received in 1975, and information contained in our files. No Ongoing exploration for precious metals from our files, on-line herbarium new information was provided in the and gravel indicate that mining will databases, and scientific publications. petition we received on May 11, 2004. continue, resulting in the loss and Six small populations of Guadalupe Gardenia remyi is a tree found in mesic fragmentation of Frisco buckwheat fescue, a member of the Poaceae (grass to wet forests on the islands of Kauai, populations. Other threats to the species family), have been documented in Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaii. include nonnative species, vulnerability mountains of the Chihuahuan Desert in Gardenia remyi is known from 19 associated with small population size, Texas and in Coahuila, Mexico. Only populations totaling between 85 and 87 and climate change. Existing regulatory two extant populations have been individuals. This species is threatened mechanisms are inadequate to protect confirmed in the last 5 years: One in the by pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra the species from these threats. The Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National hircus), and deer (Axis axis and threats that Frisco buckwheat faces are Park, Texas, and one in the privately Odocoileus hemionus) that degrade and moderate in magnitude, because while owned Area de Proteccio´ n de Flora y destroy habitat and possibly forage upon serious and occurring rangewide, the Fauna (Protected Area for Flora and the species, and by nonnative plants threats do not significantly reduce Fauna—APFF) Maderas del Carmen in that outcompete and displace it. populations on a short time scale. The northern Coahuila. Despite intensive Gardenia remyi is also threatened by threats are imminent because three of searches, a population known from landslides and reduced reproductive the populations are currently in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, vigor on the island of Hawaii. This immediate vicinity of active limestone Texas, has not been found since 1952, species is represented in ex situ quarries. Therefore, we have assigned and is presumed extirpated. In 2009, collections. On Kauai, G. remyi Frisco buckwheat an LPN of 8. botanists confirmed Guadalupe fescue at individuals have been outplanted Festuca hawaiiensis (no common one site in APFF Maderas del Carmen, within ungulate-proof exclosures in two name)—The following summary is but could not find the species at the locations. Feral pigs have been fenced based on information contained in our original site, known as Sierra El Jardı´n, out of the west Maui populations of G. files. No new information was provided which was first reported in 1973. Two remyi, and nonnative plants have been in the petition we received on May 11, additional Mexican populations, near reduced in those areas. However, these 2004. This species is a cespitose Fraile in southern Coahuila, and the threats are ongoing in the remaining (growing in dense, low tufts) annual Sierra de la Madera in central Coahuila, unfenced populations and are therefore found in dry forests on the island of have not been monitored since 1941 and imminent. In addition, the threat from Hawaii, Hawaii. Festuca hawaiiensis is 1977, respectively. A great amount of goats and deer is ongoing and imminent

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throughout the range of the species typical of this subspecies, or if it is across its entire range. Therefore, we because no goat or deer control related to habitat disturbance. Feral pigs have assigned Ostler’s peppergrass an measures have been undertaken for any have been fenced out of a few of the LPN of 8. of the populations of G. remyi. All of the populations of this subspecies, and Linum arenicola (Sand flax)—The threats are of a high magnitude because nonnative plants have been reduced in following summary is based on habitat destruction, predation, and those populations that are fenced. information contained in our files. No landslides could significantly affect the However, these threats are not new information was provided in the entire species, resulting in direct controlled and are ongoing in the petition we received on May 11, 2004. mortality or reduced reproductive remaining, unfenced populations. This Sand flax is found in pine rockland and capacity and leading to a relatively high species is represented in ex situ marl prairie habitats, which require likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we collections. The threats are of high periodic wildfires in order to maintain have retained an LPN of 2 for this magnitude because habitat degradation, an open, shrub-free subcanopy and species. nonnative plants, and predation result reduce leaf-litter levels. Based upon Hedyotis fluviatilis (Kamapuaa)—The in mortality and may severely affect the available data, there are 12 extant following summary is based on reproductive capacity of the majority of occurrences of sand flax; 11 others have information contained in our files. No populations of this species, leading to a been extirpated or destroyed. For the new information was provided in the relatively high probability of extinction. most part, only small and isolated petition we received on May 11, 2004. The threats are ongoing and thus are occurrences remain in low-lying areas Hedyotis fluviatilis is a scandent imminent. Therefore, we have retained in a restricted range of southern Florida (climbing) shrub found in mixed an LPN of 3 for this subspecies. and the Florida Keys. Viability is shrubland to wet lowland forests on the Lepidium ostleri (Ostler’s uncertain for 10 of 12 occurrences. islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaii. This peppergrass)—The following summary Sand flax is threatened by habitat loss species is known from 11 populations is based on information in our files and and degradation due to development; totaling between 400 and 900 the petition we received on July 30, climatic changes, including sea-level individuals. H. fluviatilis is threatened 2007. Ostler’s peppergrass is a long- rise, which ultimately are likely to by pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra lived perennial herb in the mustard substantially reduce the extent of hircus) that degrade and destroy habitat, family that grows in dense, cushion-like available habitat; fire suppression and and by nonnative plants that tufts. Ostler’s peppergrass is a narrow difficulty in applying prescribed fire; outcompete and displace it. Landslides endemic restricted to soils derived from road maintenance activities; exotic and hurricanes are a potential threat to Ordovician limestone outcrops. The species; illegal dumping; natural populations on Kauai. Herbivory by pigs range of the species is less than 5 sq mi disturbances, such as hurricanes, and goats is a likely threat. This species (13 sq km) with only four known tropical storms, and storm surges; and is not represented in an ex situ populations. All four populations occur the small and fragmented nature of the collection. We have retained an LPN of exclusively on private lands in the current population. Reduced pollinator 2 because the severity of the threats to southern San Francisco Mountains of activity and suppression of pollinator the species is high and the threats are Beaver County, Utah. Available populations from pesticides used in ongoing and therefore imminent. population estimates are highly variable mosquito control and decreased seed Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens and inaccurate due largely to the limited production due to increased seed (Ohe)—The following summary is based access for surveys associated with predation in a fragmented wildland on information contained in our files. private lands. urban interface may also affect sand No new information was provided in The primary threat to Ostler’s flax; however, not enough information the petition we received on May 11, peppergrass is habitat destruction from is known on this species’ reproductive 2004. Joinvillea ascendens ssp. precious metal and gravel mining. biology or life history to assess these ascendens is an erect herb found in wet Mining for precious metals historically potential threats. Some of the threats to to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- occurred within the vicinity of all four the species—including fire suppression, Acacia koa (ohia-koa) lowland and populations. Three of the populations difficulty in applying prescribed fire, montane forests on the islands of Kauai, are currently in the immediate vicinity road maintenance activities, exotic Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, of active limestone quarries, but mining species, and illegal dumping—threaten Hawaii. This subspecies is known from is only currently occurring in the area nearly all remaining populations. 44 widely scattered populations totaling of one population. Ongoing mining in However, some efforts are under way to approximately 200 individuals. The the species’ habitat has the potential to use prescribed fire to control exotics on very widely separated populations extirpate one population in the near conservation lands where this species typically include only one or two future. Ongoing exploration for precious occurs. individuals. This subspecies is metals and gravel indicate that mining There are some circumstances that threatened by destruction or will continue, resulting in the loss and may mitigate the impacts of the threats modification of habitat by pigs (Sus fragmentation of Ostler’s peppergrass upon the species. For example, a survey scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and deer populations. Other threats to species conducted in 2009 showed (Axis axis and Odocoileus hemionus), include nonnative species, vulnerability approximately 74,000 plants on a non- and by nonnative plants that associated with small population size, conservation, public site in Miami-Dade outcompete and displace native plants. climate change, and the overall County; this is far more plants than was Herbivory by pigs, goats, deer, and rats inadequacy of existing regulatory previously known. Although a portion (Rattus exulans, R. norvegicus, and R. mechanisms. The threats that Ostler’s of the plants will be affected by rattus) is a likely threat to this species. peppergrass faces are moderate in development, approximately 60,000 are Landslides are a potential threat to magnitude, because while serious and anticipated to be protected and populations on Kauai and Molokai. occurring rangewide, the threats do not managed. Still, this project will need to Seedlings have rarely been observed in collectively result in significant be carefully monitored because impacts the wild. Seeds germinate in cultivation, population declines on a short time would affect the largest known but most die soon thereafter. It is scale. The threats are imminent because occurrence of the species. In addition, uncertain if this rarity of reproduction is the species is currently facing them much of the pine rockland on Big Pine

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Key, the location of the largest severe threat throughout the limited island of Maui and one outplanted occurrence in the Keys, is protected range of this species, and they are population in Hawaii Volcanoes from development. ongoing and therefore imminent. We National Park on the island of Hawaii. Nevertheless, due to the small and have retained an LPN of 2 for this Nonnative plants have been reduced in fragmented nature of the current species. the fenced areas. The threat from fire is population, stochastic events, disease, Nothocestrum latifolium (‘Aiea)—The of a high magnitude and imminent or genetic bottlenecks may strongly following summary is based on because no control measures have been affect this species in the Keys. One information contained in our files. No undertaken to address this threat that example is Hurricane Wilma, which new information was provided in the could adversely affect most O. inundated most of the species’ habitat petition we received on May 11, 2004. haleakalae population sites. The threats on Big Pine Key in 2005, and plants Nothocestrum latifolium is a small tree from feral pigs, goats, and cattle are were not found 8–9 weeks post-storm; found in dry to mesic forests on the ongoing to the unfenced populations of the density of sand flax declined to zero islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, O. haleakalae. The threat from in all management units at The Nature and Lanai, Hawaii. Nothocestrum nonnative plants is ongoing and Conservancy’s preserve in 2006. In a latifolium is known from 17 declining imminent and of a high magnitude to 2007 post-hurricane assessment, sand populations totaling fewer than 1,200 the wild populations on both islands as flax was found in northern plots, but not individuals. This species is threatened this threat adversely affects the survival in any of the southern plots on Big Pine by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra and reproductive capacity of the Key. More current data are not available. hircus), and deer (Axis axis and majority of the individuals of this Overall, the magnitude of threats is Odocoileus hemionus) that degrade and species, leading to a relatively high high, because the threats affect all 12 destroy habitat and may forage upon it; likelihood of extinction. Therefore, we known occurrences of the species, and by nonnative plants that compete for have retained an LPN of 2 for this can result in a precipitous decline to the light and nutrients; and by decreased species. population levels, particularly when reproductive viability through the loss Pinus albicaulis (Whitebark pine)— combined with the potential impacts of pollinators. This species is The following summary is based on from hurricanes or other natural represented in an ex situ collection. information in our files and in the disasters. Because development is not Ungulates have been fenced out of four petition received on December 9, 2008. immediate for the majority of the largest areas where N. latifolium currently Pinus albicaulis is a hardy conifer found population in Miami–Dade County and occurs, hundreds of N. latifolium at alpine tree line and subalpine another population in the Keys is also individuals have been outplanted in elevations in Washington, Oregon, largely protected from development fenced areas, and nonnative plants have Nevada, California, Idaho, Montana, and since much of it is within public and been reduced in some populations that Wyoming, and in British Columbia and private conservation lands, the threat of are fenced. However, these ongoing Alberta, Canada. In the United States, habitat loss remains nonimminent. In conservation efforts for this species approximately 96 percent of land where addition, sea level rise is a long-term benefit only a few of the known the species occurs is federally owned or threat since we do not have evidence populations. The threats are not managed, primarily by the U.S. Forest that it is currently affecting any controlled and are ongoing in the Service. Pinus albicaulis is a slow- population of sand flax. Therefore, we remaining unfenced populations. In growing, long-lived tree that often lives retained an LPN of 5 for this species. addition, little natural regeneration has for 500 and sometimes more than 1,000 Myrsine fosbergii (Kolea)—The been observed in this species. The years. It is considered a keystone, or following summary is based on threats are of a high magnitude, since foundation, species in western North information contained in our files. No they are severe enough to affect the America, where it increases biodiversity new information was provided in the continued existence of the species, and contributes to critical ecosystem petition we received on May 11, 2004. leading to a relatively high likelihood of functions. Myrsine fosbergii is a branched shrub or extinction. The threats are imminent, The primary threat to the species is small tree found in lowland mesic and since they are ongoing. Therefore, we from disease in the form of the wet forests, on watercourses or stream have retained an LPN of 2 for this nonnative white pine blister rust and its banks, on the islands of Kauai and species. interaction with other threats. Pinus Oahu, Hawaii. This species is currently Ochrosia haleakalae (Holei)—The albicaulis also is currently experiencing known from 14 populations totaling a following summary is based on significant mortality from predation by little more than 100 individuals. information contained in our files. No the native mountain pine beetle. We Myrsine fosbergii is threatened by feral new information was provided in the also anticipate that continuing pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra petition we received on May 11, 2004. environmental effects resulting from hircus) that degrade and destroy habitat Ochrosia haleakalae is a tree found in climate change will result in direct and may forage upon the plant, and by dry to mesic forests, often on lava, on habitat loss for P. albicaulis. Models nonnative plants that compete for light the islands of Hawaii and Maui. This predict that suitable habitat for P. and nutrients. This species is species is currently known from 8 albicaulis will decline precipitously represented in an ex situ collection. populations totaling between 64 and 76 within the next 100 years. Past and Although there are plans to fence and individuals. Ochrosia haleakalae is ongoing fire suppression is also remove ungulates from the Helemano threatened by fire; by feral pigs (Sus negatively affecting populations of P. area of Oahu, which may benefit this scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and cattle albicaulis through direct habitat loss. species, no conservation measures have (Bos taurus) that degrade and destroy Additionally, environmental changes yet been taken to protect this species habitat and may directly forage upon it; resulting from changing climatic from nonnative herbivores. Feral pigs and by nonnative plants that compete conditions are acting alone and in and goats are found throughout the for light and nutrients. This species is combination with the effects of fire known range of M. fosbergii, as are represented in ex situ collections. Feral suppression to increase the frequency nonnative plants. The threats from feral pigs, goats, and cattle have been fenced and severity of wildfires. Lastly, the pigs, goats, and nonnative plants are of out of one wild and one outplanted existing regulatory mechanisms are a high magnitude because they pose a population on private lands on the inadequate to address the threats

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presented above. The threats that face P. species, but care must be taken during plants and degrade habitat. Weed albicaulis are high in magnitude timber management to ensure the control is conducted for one population because the major threats occur hydrology of bogs supporting the on Molokai; however, no conservation throughout all of the species’ range and species is not altered. Natural efforts have been initiated to date for the are having a major population-level succession following timber harvests other populations on Molokai or for the effect on the species. The threats are has been associated with reduced vigor, individuals on Maui. This species is imminent because rangewide disease, flowering, and reproduction in P. represented in an ex situ collection. The predation, fire and fire suppression, and integrilabia populations, presumably ongoing, and therefore, imminent environmental effects of climate change due to altered light and soil moisture threats from feral goats, axis deer, are affecting P. albicaulis currently and resulting from encroachment of woody nonnative plants, collection, and off- are expected to continue and likely species and grasses. Because of the road vehicles are of a high magnitude intensify in the foreseeable future. Thus, species dependence upon moderate-to- because no control measures have been we have assigned P. albicaulis an LPN high light levels, some type of active undertaken for the Maui population or of 2. management to prevent complete for the four of the five Molokai Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Leur canopy closure is required at most populations, and the threats result in (White fringeless orchid)—The locations. Collecting for commercial and direct mortality or significantly reduce following summary is based on other purposes is a potential threat. reproductive capacity for the majority of information contained in our files. No Herbivory (primarily deer) threatens the the populations, leading to a relatively new information was provided in the species at several sites. Due to the high likelihood of extinction. Therefore, petition we received on May 11, 2004. alteration of habitat and changes in we have retained an LPN of 3 for this Platanthera integrilabia is a perennial natural conditions, protection and plant variety. herb that grows in partially, but not recovery of this species is dependent Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)— fully, shaded, wet, boggy areas at the upon active management rather than The following summary is based on head of streams and on seepage slopes just preservation of habitat. Invasive, information contained in our files. No in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, nonnative plants such as Japanese new information was provided in the Mississippi, South Carolina and honeysuckle and kudzu also threaten petition we received on May 11, 2004. Tennessee. Historically, there were at several sites. Feral hogs have caused soil Ranunculus hawaiensis is an erect or least 90 populations of P. integrilabia. It disturbance and destroyed plants at ascending perennial herb found in is presumed extirpated from North several sites. The threats are mesic to wet forests dominated by Carolina and Virginia. Currently there widespread; however, the impact of Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and are about 60 sites supporting extant those threats on the species survival is Acacia koa (koa) with scree substrate populations of the species. moderate in magnitude. Several of the (loose stones or rocky debris on a slope) Several populations have been sites are protected to some degree from on the islands of Maui and Hawaii, destroyed due to road, residential, and the threats by being within State parks, Hawaii. This species is currently known commercial construction; impacts from national forests, wildlife management from 6 populations totaling 14 all-terrain vehicle use; and projects that areas, or other protected land. The individuals on the island of Hawaii. On altered soil and site hydrology such that threats however are imminent since Maui, it was historically known from an suitability for the species was reduced. they are ongoing, and we have therefore area in east Maui, but individuals have The best available information indicates not been seen at this location since assigned an LPN of 8 to this species. that many extant populations and their 1995. Ranunculus hawaiensis is habitat are adversely affected by factors Pseudognaphalium (= Gnaphalium) threatened by direct predation by slugs that alter the vegetation communities, sandwicensium var. molokaiense (Limax maximus, Milax gagates, and soils, and hydrology in the sites where (Enaena)—The following summary is Vaginulus plebeius); by degradation and they occur. These factors include right- based on information contained in our destruction of habitat by feral pigs (Sus of-way maintenance, timber harvesting, files. No new information was provided scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos invasive species encroachment, and in the petition we received on May 11, taurus), mouflon (Ovis musimon), and prolonged drought. Several of the 2004. Pseudognaphalium feral sheep (O. aries); and by known populations are in or adjacent to sandwicensium var. molokaiense is a competition for light and nutrients by road or powerline rights-of-way. perennial herb found in strand nonnative plants. This species is Increased light availability in rights-of- vegetation in dry consolidated dunes on represented in ex situ collections and way might enhance growth and the islands of Molokai and Maui, three populations have been outplanted reproductive output of P. integrilabia, Hawaii. Historically, this variety was into protected exclosures; however, feral but this positive effect is often short- also found on Oahu and Lanai. This ungulates and nonnative plants are not lived due to encroachment of woody variety is known from 5 populations controlled in the remaining, unfenced vegetation and aggressive grasses. totaling approximately 200 to 20,000 populations. In addition, the threat from Mechanical clearing of these areas may individuals (depending upon rainfall) in introduced slugs is of a high magnitude benefit the species by periodically the Moomomi area on the island of because slugs occur throughout the restoring adequate light levels, but can Molokai, and from 2 populations of a limited range of this species and no promote development of dense, shrubby few individuals at Waiehu dunes and at effective measures have been vegetation due to extensive suckering of Puu Kahulianapa on west Maui. undertaken to control them or prevent woody species. The indiscriminant use Pseudognaphalium s. var. molokaiense them from causing significant adverse of herbicides to manage vegetation in is threatened by feral goats (Capra impacts to this species. Overall, the these areas could pose a significant hircus) and axis deer (Axis axis) that threats from pigs, goats, cattle, mouflon, threat to the species. Some of the known degrade and destroy habitat and feral sheep, slugs, and nonnative plants sites for the species occur in areas that possibly browse upon it, and by are of a high magnitude, and ongoing are managed specifically for timber nonnative plants that compete for light (imminent) for R. hawaiensis. We have production. Timber management is not and nutrients. Potential threats also retained an LPN of 2 for this species. necessarily incompatible with the include collection for cultural use and Ranunculus mauiensis (Makou)—The protection and management of the off-road vehicles that directly damage following summary is based on

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information contained in our files. No Forest Service, California Tahoe on the island of Hawaii. Nonnative feral new information was provided in the Conservancy, and California Department ungulates and nonnative plants will be petition we received on May 11, 2004. of Parks and Recreation have controlled within these fenced areas. Ranunculus mauiensis is an erect to management programs for R. Fire is a potential threat to the Hawaii weakly ascending perennial herb found subumbellata that include monitoring, Island population. This species is not in open sites in mesic to wet forests and fenced enclosures, and transplanting represented in an ex situ collection. Due along streams on the islands of Maui, efforts when funds and staff are to the extremely low number of Kauai, and Molokai, Hawaii. This available. Public agencies (including the individuals of this species, the threats species is currently known from 14 Service), private landowners, and from goats and nonnative plants are of populations totaling 198 individuals. environmental groups collaborated to a high magnitude. These threats cause Ranunculus mauiensis is threatened by develop a Conservation Strategy mortality and reduced reproductive feral pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra coupled with a Memorandum of capacity for the majority of the hircus), mule deer (Odocoileus Understanding–Conservation populations, leading to a relatively high hemionus), axis deer (Axis axis), and Agreement. The Conservation Strategy, likelihood of extinction. The threats are slugs (Limax maximus, Milax gagates, completed in 2003, contains goals and imminent because they are ongoing with and Vaginulus plebeius) that consume objectives for recovery and survival, a respect to most of the populations. it; by feral pigs, goats, and deer that research and monitoring agenda, and Therefore, we have retained an LPN of degrade and destroy habitat; and by serves as the foundation for an adaptive 2 for this species. nonnative plants that compete for light management program. Because of the Sedum eastwoodiae (Red Mountain and nutrients. This species is continued commitments to conservation stonecrop)—We continue to find that represented in an ex situ collection. demonstrated by regulatory and land listing this species is warranted but Feral pigs have been fenced out of one management agencies participating in precluded as of the date of publication Maui population of R. mauiensis, and the conservation strategy, we have of this notice of review. However, we nonnative plants have been reduced determined the threats to R. are working on a proposed listing rule within the fenced area. One individual subumbellata from various land uses that we expect to publish prior to occurs in the Kamakou Preserve on have been reduced to a moderate making the next annual resubmitted Molokai, managed by The Nature magnitude. In high lake level years such petition 12-month finding. In the course Conservancy. However, ongoing as 2011, however, recreational use is of preparing the proposed listing rule, conservation efforts benefit only two concentrated within R. subumbellata we are continuing to monitor new populations. The threats are of high habitat, and we consider this threat in information about this species’ status so magnitude and are imminent because particular to be ongoing and imminent. that we can make prompt use of our they are ongoing in the Kauai and the Therefore, we are maintaining an LPN of authority under Section 4(b)(7) in the majority of the Maui populations. 8 for this species. case of an emergency posing a Therefore, we have retained an LPN of significant risk to the species. Schiedea pubescens (Maolioli)—The 2 for this species. Sicyos macrophyllus (‘Anunu)—We Rorippa subumbellata (Tahoe yellow following summary is based on continue to find that listing this species cress)—The following summary is based information contained in our files. No is warranted but precluded as of the on information contained in our files new information was provided in the date of publication of this notice of and the petition received on December petition we received on May 11, 2004. review. However, we are working on a 27, 2000. Rorippa subumbellata is a Schiedea pubescens is a reclining or proposed listing rule that we expect to small, branching perennial herb known weakly climbing vine found in diverse publish prior to making the next annual only from the shores of Lake Tahoe in mesic to wet forests on the islands of resubmitted petition 12-month finding. California and Nevada. Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii, Hawaii. It In the course of preparing the proposed Data collected over the last 25 years is presumed extirpated from Lanai. listing rule, we are continuing to generally indicate that species Currently, this species is known from 8 monitor new information about this occurrence fluctuates yearly as a populations totaling between 30 and 32 species’ status so that we can make function of both lake level and the individuals on Maui, from 4 prompt use of our authority under amount of exposed habitat. Records kept populations totaling between 21 and 22 Section 4(b)(7) in the case of an since 1900 show a preponderance of individuals on Molokai, and from 1 emergency posing a significant risk to years with high lake levels that would population of 4 to 6 individuals on the the species. isolate and reduce R. subumbellata island of Hawaii. Schiedea pubescens is Solanum conocarpum (marron occurrences at higher beach elevations. threatened by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and bacora)—The following summary is From the standpoint of the species, less goats (Capra hircus) that consume it and based on information in our files and in favorable peak years have occurred degrade and destroy habitat, and by the petition we received on November almost twice as often as more favorable nonnative plants that compete for light 21, 1996. Solanum conocarpum is a dry- low-level years. Annual surveys are and nutrients. Feral ungulates have been forest shrub in the island of St. John, conducted to determine population fenced out of the population of S. U.S. Virgin Islands. Its current numbers, site occupancy, and general pubescens on the island of Hawaii. Feral distribution includes eight localities in disturbance regime. At least within a goats have been fenced out of a few of the island of St. John, each ranging from certain range, the data clearly show that the west Maui populations of S. 1 to 144 individuals. The species has more individuals are present when lake pubescens. Nonnative plants have been been reported to occur on dry, poor levels are low and less when lake levels reduced in the populations that are soils. It can be locally abundant in are high. fenced on Maui. However, the threats exposed topography on sites disturbed Many Rorippa subumbellata sites are are not controlled and are ongoing in by erosion, areas that have received intensively used for commercial and the remaining unfenced populations on moderate grazing, and around ridgelines public purposes and are subject to Maui and the four populations on as an understory component in diverse various activities such as erosion Molokai. Additional fenced areas are woodland communities. A habitat control, marina developments, pier planned for the Hawaii Island suitability model suggests that the vast construction, and recreation. The U.S. population at Pohakuloa Training Area majority of Solanum conocarpum

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habitat is found in the lower elevation is based on information contained in Other threats to Frisco clover include coastal scrub forest. Efforts have been our files. No new information was nonnative, invasive species; conducted to propagate the species to provided in the petition we received on vulnerability associated with small enhance natural populations, and May 11, 2004. Georgia aster is a relict population size; and drought associated planting of seedlings has been species of post oak savanna/prairie with climate change. Existing regulatory conducted in the island of St. John. communities that existed in the mechanisms are inadequate to protect Solanum conocarpum is threatened by Southeast prior to widespread fire the species from these threats. We the lack of natural recruitment, absence suppression and extirpation of large, consider the threats to Frisco clover to of dispersers, fragmented distribution, native, grazing animals. Georgia aster be moderate in magnitude because, lack of genetic variation, climate currently occurs in the States of while serious and occurring rangewide, change, and habitat destruction or Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and they are not acting independently or modification by exotic mammal species. South Carolina. The species is cumulatively to have a highly These threats are evidenced by the presumed extant in 8 counties in significant negative impact on its reduced number of individuals, low Alabama, 22 counties in Georgia, 9 survival or reproductive capacity. The number of populations, and lack of counties in North Carolina, and 15 threats are imminent because the connectivity between populations. counties in South Carolina. The species species is currently facing them across Overall, the threats are of high appears to have been eliminated from its entire range. Therefore, we have magnitude; the threats are also ongoing Florida. assigned Frisco clover an LPN of 8. and therefore imminent. Therefore, we Most remaining populations survive Ferns and Allies assigned a LPN of 2 to this species. adjacent to roads, utility rights-of-way, Solanum nelsonii (popolo)—The and other openings where current land Cyclosorus boydiae (no common following summary is based on management mimics natural name)—The following summary is information contained in our files. No disturbance regimes. Most populations based on information contained in our new information was provided in the are small (10 to 100 stems), and because files. No new information was provided petition we received on May 11, 2004. the species’ main mode of reproduction in the petition we received on May 11, Solanum nelsonii is a sprawling or is vegetative, each isolated population 2004. This species is a small- to trailing shrub found in coral rubble or may represent only a few genotypes. medium-sized fern found in mesic to sand in coastal sites. This species is Many populations are currently wet forests along stream banks on the known from populations on Molokai threatened by one or more of the islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaii. (approximately 300 individuals), the following factors: Woody succession Historically, this species was also found island of Hawaii (5 individuals), and the due to fire suppression, development, on the island of Hawaii, but it has been northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), highway expansion or improvement, extirpated there. Currently, this species Hawaii. The current populations in the and herbicide application. However, the is known from 7 populations totaling NWHI are found on Kure (unknown species is still relatively widely approximately 400 individuals. This number of individuals), Midway distributed, and information indicates species is threatened by feral pigs that (approximately 260 individuals), Laysan that the species is more abundant than degrade and destroy habitat and may eat (approximately 490 individuals), Pearl when we initially identified it as a this plant, and by nonnative plants that and Hermes (unknown number of candidate for listing. Taking into compete for light and nutrients. Feral individuals), and Nihoa (8,000 to 15,000 account its distribution and abundance, pigs have been fenced out of the largest individuals). On Molokai, S. nelsonii is and the fact that it is increasing, the population on Maui, and nonnative moderately threatened by ungulates magnitude of threats is moderate. The plants have been reduced in the fenced which degrade and destroy habitat and threats are currently occurring and area. No conservation efforts are under which may eat S. nelsonii. On Molokai therefore are imminent. Thus we way to alleviate threats to the other two and the NWHI, this species is assigned an LPN of 8 for this species. populations on Maui, or the two threatened by nonnative plants that Trifolium friscanum (Frisco clover)— populations on Oahu. This species is outcompete and displace it. S. nelsonii The following summary is based on represented in an ex situ collection. The is threatened by herbivory by a information in our files and the petition magnitude of the threats acting upon the nonnative grasshopper (Schistocera we received on July 30, 2007. Frisco currently extant populations is nitens) in the NWHI. On Kure, Midway, clover is a narrow endemic perennial moderate because the largest population Laysan, and Pearl and Hermes in the herb found only in Utah, with five is protected from pigs, and nonnative NWHI, tsunamis are also a potential known populations restricted to plants have been reduced in this area. threat to S. nelsonii. This species is sparsely vegetated, pinion-juniper- The threats are ongoing and therefore represented in ex situ collections. sagebrush communities and shallow, imminent. Therefore, we have retained Ungulate exclusion fences, routine fence gravel soils derived from volcanic an LPN of 8 for this species. monitoring and maintenance, and weed gravels, Ordovician limestone, and Huperzia stemmermanniae control protect the population of S. dolomite outcrops. The majority (68 (Waewaeiole)—The following summary nelsonii on Molokai. Limited weed percent) of Frisco clover plants occur on is based on information contained in control is conducted in the NWHI. private lands, with the remaining plants our files. No new information was These threats are of moderate magnitude found on Federal and State lands. provided in the petition we received on because of the relatively large number of On the private and State lands, the May 11, 2004. This species is an plants, and the fact that this species is most significant threat to Frisco clover epiphytic, pendant clubmoss found in found on more than one island. The is habitat destruction from mining for mesic-to-wet Metrosideros polymorpha– threats are imminent for the majority of precious metals and gravel. Active Acacia koa (ohia-koa) forests on the the populations because they are mining claims, recent prospecting, and islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. ongoing and are not being controlled. an increasing demand for precious Only 3 populations are known, totaling We therefore retained an LPN of 8 for metals and gravel indicate that mining approximately 20 individuals. The Maui this species. in Frisco clover habitats will increase in population has not been observed since Symphyotrichum georgianum the foreseeable future, likely resulting in 1995. Huperzia stemmermanniae is (Georgia aster)—The following summary the loss of large numbers of plants. threatened by feral pigs (Sus scrofa),

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goats (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), arctos horribilis), delta smelt we determined that grizzly bears within and axis deer (Axis axis) that degrade (Hypomesus transpacificus), and the Cabinet-Yaak, Selkirk, and North and destroy habitat, and by nonnative Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette Cascade ecosystems warrant endangered plants that compete for light, space, and cactus). Because these species are status. On April 18, 2007, the Service nutrients. H. stemmermanniae is also already listed under the ESA, they are initiated a 5-year review to evaluate the threatened by randomly occurring not candidates for listing and are not current status of grizzly bears in the natural events due to its small included in Table 1. However, this lower 48 States (72 FR 19549–19551). population size. One individual at notice of review and associated species This status review was completed on Waikamoi Preserve may benefit from assessment forms or 5-year review August 29, 2011, and is available online fencing for axis deer and pigs. This documents also constitute the at: http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/ species is represented in ex situ resubmitted petition findings for these profile/ collections. The threats from pigs, goats, species. Our updated assessments for speciesProfile.action?spcode=A001. The cattle, axis deer, and nonnative plants these species are provided below. We status review recommended that are of a high magnitude because they are find that reclassification to endangered reclassifying the Cabinet-Yaak, Selkirk, sufficiently severe to adversely affect status for the three grizzly bear and North Cascades grizzly bear the species throughout its limited range, populations, delta smelt, and populations as endangered was resulting in direct mortality or Sclerocactus brevispinus are all warranted but precluded. Our updated significantly reducing reproductive currently warranted but precluded by assessment continues to find that capacity and leading to a relatively high work identified above (see ‘‘Findings for reclassifying these populations as likelihood of extinction. The threats are Petitioned Candidate Species’’). One of endangered is warranted but precluded imminent because they are ongoing. the primary reasons that the work and we continue to assign a LPN of 3 Therefore, we have retained an LPN of identified above is considered to have for the uplisting of these populations 2 for this species. higher priority is that the grizzly bear based on high magnitude threats that are Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis populations, delta smelt, and ongoing, thus imminent. (Palapalai)—The following summary is Sclerocactus brevispinus are currently Delta smelt (Hypomesus based on information contained in our listed as threatened, and therefore transpacificus) (Region 8) (see 75 FR files. No new information was provided already receive certain protections 17667, April 7, 2010, for additional in the petition we received on May 11, under the ESA. We promulgated information on why reclassification to 2004. Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis regulations extending take prohibitions endangered is warranted but is a terrestrial fern found in mesic-to- for wildlife and plants under section 9 precluded)—The following summary is wet forests. It is currently found in to threatened species (50 CFR 17.31 and based on information contained in our Hawaii on the islands of Maui, Oahu, 50 CFR 17.71, respectively). Prohibited files. In April, 2010 we completed a 12- and Hawaii from at least 9 populations actions under section 9 for wildlife month finding for delta smelt in which totaling at least 50 individuals. There is include, but are not limited to, take (i.e., we determined a change in status from a possibility that the range of this plant to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, threatened to endangered was variety could be larger and include the wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or warranted, although precluded by other other main Hawaiian Islands. M. attempt to engage in such activity). For high priority listings. The primary strigosa var. mauiensis is threatened by plants, prohibited actions under section rationale for reclassifying delta smelt from threatened to endangered was the feral pigs (Sus scrofa) that degrade and 9 include removing or reducing to destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants significant declines in delta smelt possession any listed plant from an area that compete for light and nutrients. abundance that have occurred since under Federal jurisdiction (50 CFR Pigs have been fenced out of some areas 2001. Delta smelt abundance, as 17.61). Other protections that apply to on east and west Maui, Oahu, and on indicated by the Fall Mid-Water Trawl these threatened species even before we Hawaii where M. strigosa var. mauiensis survey, was exceptionally low between complete proposed and final currently occurs and nonnative plants 2004 and 2010, increased during the wet reclassification rules include those have been reduced in the fenced areas. year of 2011, and decreased again to a under section 7(a)(2) of the ESA However, the threats are not controlled very a low level in 2012. whereby Federal agencies must insure and are ongoing in the remaining The primary threats to the delta smelt that any action they authorize, fund, or unfenced populations on Maui, Oahu, are direct entrainments by State and and Hawaii. Therefore, the threats from carry out is not likely to jeopardize the Federal water export facilities, summer feral pigs and nonnative plants are continued existence of any endangered and fall increases in salinity and water imminent. The threats are of a high or threatened species. clarity resulting from decreases in magnitude because they are sufficiently Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) freshwater flow into the estuary, and severe to adversely affect the species North Cascades ecosystem, Cabinet- effects from introduced species. throughout its range, resulting in direct Yaak, and Selkirk populations (Region Ammonia in the form of ammonium mortality or significantly reducing 6)—Between 1986 and 2007, we have may also be a significant threat to the reproductive capacity, leading to a received and reviewed 10 petitions survival of the delta smelt. Additional relatively high likelihood of extinction. requesting a change in status for potential threats are predation by We therefore retained an LPN of 3 for individual grizzly bear populations (51 striped and largemouth bass and inland M. strigosa var. mauiensis. FR 16363, May 2, 1986; 55 FR 32103, silversides, entrainment into power August 7, 1990; 56 FR 33892, July 24, plants, contaminants, and small Petitions To Reclassify Species Already 1991; 57 FR 14372, April 20, 1992; 58 population size. Existing regulatory Listed FR 8250, February 12, 1993; 58 FR mechanisms have not proven adequate We previously made warranted-but- 38552, July 19, 1993; 58 FR 43856, to halt the decline of delta smelt since precluded findings on five petitions August 18, 1993; 58 FR 43857, August the time of listing as a threatened seeking to reclassify threatened species 18, 1993; 59 FR 46611, September 9, species. to endangered status. The taxa involved 1994; 63 FR 30453, June 4, 1998; 64 FR As a result of our analysis of the best in the reclassification petitions are three 26725, May 17, 1999; 72 FR 14866, available scientific and commercial populations of the grizzly bear (Ursus March 29, 2007). Through this process, data, we have retained the

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recommendation of uplisting the delta Tables 1 and 2 list animals arranged species for which we made a continued smelt to an endangered species with a alphabetically by common names under warranted-but-precluded finding on a LPN of 2, based on high magnitude and the major group headings, and list resubmitted petition by the code ‘‘C*’’ imminent threats. The magnitude of the plants alphabetically by names of in the category column (see ‘‘Findings threats is high, because the threats occur genera, species, and relevant subspecies for Petitioned Candidate Species’’ rangewide and result in mortality or and varieties. Animals are grouped by section for additional information). significantly reduce the reproductive class or order. Plants are subdivided The ‘‘Priority’’ column indicates the capacity of the species. Threats are into two groups: (1) Flowering plants LPN for each candidate species, which imminent because they are ongoing and, and (2) ferns and their allies. Useful we use to determine the most in some cases (e.g., nonnative species), synonyms and subgeneric scientific appropriate use of our available considered irreversible. names appear in parentheses with the resources. The lowest numbers have the Sclerocactus brevispinus (Pariette synonyms preceded by an ‘‘equals’’ highest priority. We assign LPNs based cactus) (Region 6) (see 72 FR 53211, sign. Several species that have not yet on the immediacy and magnitude of September 18, 2007, and the species been formally described in the scientific threats, as well as on taxonomic status. assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for literature are included; such species are We published a complete description of additional information on why identified by a generic or specific name our listing priority system in the reclassification to endangered is (in italics), followed by ‘‘sp.’’ or ‘‘ssp.’’ Federal Register (48 FR 43098, warranted but precluded)—Sclerocactus We incorporate standardized common September 21, 1983). brevispinus is restricted to clay names in these documents as they The third column, ‘‘Lead Region,’’ badlands of the Uinta geologic become available. We sort plants by identifies the Regional Office to which formation in the Uinta Basin of scientific name due to the you should direct information, northeastern Utah. The species is inconsistencies in common names, the comments, or questions (see addresses restricted to one population with an inclusion of vernacular and composite under Request for Information at the overall range of approximately 16 miles subspecific names, and the fact that end of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION by 5 miles in extent. The species’ entire many plants still lack a standardized section). population is within a developed and common name. Following the scientific name (fourth expanding oil and gas field. The Table 1 lists all candidate species, column) and the family designation location of the species’ habitat exposes plus species currently proposed for (fifth column) is the common name it to destruction from road, pipeline, listing under the ESA. We emphasize (sixth column). The seventh column and well-site construction in connection that in this notice of review we are not provides the known historical range for with oil and gas development. The proposing to list any of the candidate the species or vertebrate population (for species may be collected as a specimen species; rather, we will develop and vertebrate populations, this is the plant for horticultural use. Recreational publish proposed listing rules for these historical range for the entire species or off-road vehicle use and livestock species in the future. We encourage subspecies and not just the historical trampling are additional potential State agencies, other Federal agencies, range for the distinct population threats. The species is currently and other parties to give consideration segment), indicated by postal code federally listed as threatened by its to these species in environmental abbreviations for States and U.S. previous inclusion within the species planning. territories. Many species no longer Sclerocactus glaucus. The threats are of In Table 1, the ‘‘category’’ column on occur in all of the areas listed. a high magnitude because any one of the the left side of the table identifies the Species in Table 2 of this notice of threats has the potential to severely status of each species according to the review are those we included either as affect this species, a narrow endemic following codes: proposed species or as candidates in the with a highly limited range and PE—Species proposed for listing as previous CNOR (published November distribution. Threats are ongoing and, endangered. Proposed species are those 21, 2012, at 77 FR 69994) that are no therefore, are imminent. Thus, we species for which we have published a longer proposed species or candidates assigned an LPN of 2 to this species for proposed rule to list as endangered or for listing. Since November 21, 2012, we uplisting. threatened in the Federal Register. This listed 81 species, withdrew 1 proposed category does not include species for Current Notice of Review listing, and removed 11 species from the which we have withdrawn or finalized candidate list. The first column We gather data on plants and animals the proposed rule. indicates the present status of each native to the United States that appear PT—Species proposed for listing as species, using the following codes (not to merit consideration for addition to threatened. all of these codes may have been used the Lists of Endangered and Threatened PSAT—Species proposed for listing as in this CNOR): Wildlife and Plants (Lists). This notice threatened due to similarity of E—Species we listed as endangered. of review identifies those species that appearance. T—Species we listed as threatened. we currently regard as candidates for C—Candidates: Species for which we Rc—Species we removed from the addition to the Lists. These candidates have on file sufficient information on candidate list because currently include species and subspecies of fish, biological vulnerability and threats to available information does not support wildlife, or plants, and DPSs of support proposals to list them as a proposed listing. vertebrate animals. This compilation endangered or threatened. Issuance of Rp—Species we removed from relies on information from status proposed rules for these species is because we have withdrawn the surveys conducted for candidate precluded at present by other higher proposed listing. assessment and on information from priority listing actions. This category The second column indicates why we State Natural Heritage Programs, other includes species for which we made a no longer regard the species as a State and Federal agencies, 12-month warranted-but-precluded candidate or proposed species using the knowledgeable scientists, public and finding on a petition to list. We made following codes (not all of these codes private natural resource interests, and new findings on all petitions for which may have been used in this CNOR): comments received in response to we previously made ‘‘warranted-but- A—Species that are more abundant or previous notices of review. precluded’’ findings. We identify the widespread than previously believed

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and species that are not subject to the (6) Pointing out taxonomic or Utah, and Wyoming. Regional Director degree of threats sufficient to warrant nomenclature changes for any of the (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, continuing candidate status, or issuing a species; P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, proposed or final listing. (7) Suggesting appropriate common Denver, CO 80225–0486 (303/236– F—Species whose range no longer names; and 7400). includes a U.S. territory. (8) Noting any mistakes, such as Region 7. Alaska. Regional Director I—Species for which we have errors in the indicated historical ranges. (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, insufficient information on biological Submit information, materials, or 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK vulnerability and threats to support comments regarding a particular species 99503–6199 (907/786–3505). issuance of a proposed rule to list. to the Regional Director of the Region L—Species we added to the Lists of identified as having the lead Region 8. California and Nevada. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife responsibility for that species. The Regional Director (TE), U.S. Fish and and Plants. regional addresses follow: Wildlife Service, 2800 Cottage Way, M—Species we mistakenly included Region 1. Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, Suite W2606, Sacramento, CA 95825 as candidates or proposed species in the Washington, American Samoa, Guam, (916/414–6464). last notice of review. and Commonwealth of the Northern We will provide information received N—Species that are not listable Mariana Islands. Regional Director (TE), in response to the previous CNOR to the entities based on the ESA’s definition of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastside Region having lead responsibility for ‘‘species’’ and current taxonomic Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue, each candidate species mentioned in the understanding. Portland, OR 97232–4181 (503/231– submission. We will likewise consider U—Species that are not subject to the 6158). all information provided in response to degree of threats sufficient to warrant Region 2. Arizona, New Mexico, this CNOR in deciding whether to issuance of a proposed listing or Oklahoma, and Texas. Regional Director propose species for listing and when to continuance of candidate status due, in (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 500 undertake necessary listing actions part or totally, to conservation efforts Gold Avenue SW., Room 4012, (including whether emergency listing that remove or reduce the threats to the Albuquerque, NM 87102 (505/248– under section 4(b)(7) of the ESA is species. 6920). appropriate). Information and comments X—Species we believe to be extinct. Region 3. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, we receive will become part of the The columns describing lead region, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, administrative record for the species, scientific name, family, common name, and Wisconsin. Regional Director (TE), which we maintain at the appropriate and historical range include information U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5600 Regional Office. as previously described for Table 1. American Blvd. West, Suite 990, Before including your address, phone Request for Information Bloomington, MN 55437–1458 (612/ number, email address, or other We request you submit any further 713–5334). personal identifying information in your information on the species named in Region 4. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, submission, be advised that your entire this notice of review as soon as possible Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, submission—including your personal or whenever it becomes available. We Mississippi, North Carolina, South identifying information—may be made are particularly interested in any Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and publicly available at any time. Although information: the U.S. Virgin Islands. Regional you can ask us in your submission to (1) Indicating that we should add a Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife withhold from public review your species to the list of candidate species; Service, 1875 Century Boulevard, Suite personal identifying information, we (2) Indicating that we should remove 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 (404/679–4156). cannot guarantee that we will be able to a species from candidate status; Region 5. Connecticut, Delaware, do so. (3) Recommending areas that we District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, should designate as critical habitat for a Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Authority Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode species, or indicating that designation of This notice of review is published Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West critical habitat would not be prudent for under the authority of the Endangered Virginia. Regional Director (TE), U.S. a species; Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Westgate (4) Documenting threats to any of the U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). included species; Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035–9589 (5) Describing the immediacy or (413/253–8615). Dated: October 28, 2013. magnitude of threats facing candidate Region 6. Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Daniel M. Ashe, species; Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS) [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

MAMMALS

PE ...... R3 ...... Myotis septentrionalis ...... Bat, northern long-eared U.S.A. (AL, AR, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WV, WI, WY); Canada (AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed U.S.A. (GU, CNMI). semicaudata rotensis. (Mariana Islands sub- species). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Emballonura Emballonuridae ...... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed U.S.A. (AS), Fiji, Inde- semicaudata (American Samoa pendent Samoa, semicaudata. DPS). Tonga, Vanuatu. C* ...... 6 ...... R2 ...... Tamias minimus Sciuridae ...... Chipmunk, Pen˜asco U.S.A. (NM). atristriatus. least. C* ...... 2 ...... R5 ...... Sylvilagus transitionalis .. Leporidae ...... Cottontail, New England U.S.A. (CT, MA, ME, NH, NY, RI, VT). C* ...... 6 ...... R8 ...... Martes pennanti ...... Mustelidae ...... Fisher (west coast DPS) U.S.A. (CA, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MT, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY), Canada. PT ...... 12 ...... R6 ...... Lynx canadensis ...... Felidae ...... Lynx, Canada (New U.S.A. (CO, ID, ME, MI, Mexico population). MN, MT, NH, NY, OR, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY), Canada. PE ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Zapus hudsonius luteus Zapodidae ...... Mouse, New Mexico U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM). meadow jumping. PT ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Roy U.S.A. (WA). glacialis. Prairie. PT ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Olympia U.S.A. (WA). pugetensis. PT ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Tenino .. U.S.A. (WA). tumuli. PT ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Yelm ..... U.S.A. (WA). yelmensis. C* ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Cynomys gunnisoni ...... Sciuridae ...... Prairie dog, Gunnison’s U.S.A. (CO, NM). (populations in central and south-central Col- orado, north-central New Mexico). C* ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Urocitellus endemicus .... Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Southern Idaho U.S.A. (ID). ground. C* ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Urocitellus washingtoni .. Sciuridae ...... Squirrel, Washington U.S.A. (WA, OR). ground. C* ...... 9 ...... R1 ...... Arborimus longicaudus .. Cricetidae ...... Vole, Red (north Oregon U.S.A. (OR). coast DPS). C* ...... 9 ...... R7 ...... Odobenus rosmarus Odobenidae ...... Walrus, Pacific ...... U.S.A. (AK), Russian divergens. Federation (Kamchatka and Chukotka). PT ...... 6 ...... R6 ...... Gulo gulo luscus ...... Mustelidae ...... Wolverine, North Amer- U.S.A. (CA, CO, ID, MT, ican (Contiguous U.S. OR, UT, WA, WY). DPS).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

BIRDS

C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Porzana tabuensis ...... Rallidae ...... Crake, spotless (Amer- U.S.A. (AS), Australia, ican Samoa DPS). Fiji, Independent Samoa, Marquesas, Philippines, Society Is- lands, Tonga. PT ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Coccyzus americanus .... Cuculidae ...... Cuckoo, yellow-billed U.S.A. (Lower 48 (Western U.S. DPS). States), Canada, Mex- ico, Central and South America. C* ...... 9 ...... R1 ...... Gallicolumba stairi ...... Columbidae ...... Ground-dove, friendly U.S.A. (AS), Inde- (American Samoa pendent Samoa. DPS). PT ...... 3 ...... R5 ...... Calidris canutus rufa ...... Scolopacidae ...... Knot, red ...... U.S.A. (Atlantic coast), Canada, South Amer- ica. C* ...... 8 ...... R7 ...... Gavia adamsii ...... Gaviidae ...... Loon, yellow-billed ...... U.S.A. (AK), Canada, Norway, Russia, coastal waters of southern Pacific and North Sea. C* ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Synthliboramphus Alcidae ...... Murrelet, Xantus’s ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. hypoleucus. C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Anthus spragueii ...... Motacillidae ...... Pipit, Sprague’s ...... U.S.A. (AR, AZ, CO, KS, LA, MN, MS, MT, ND, NE, NM, OK, SD, TX), Canada, Mexico. C* ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Amazona viridigenalis .... Psittacidae ...... Parrot, red-crowned ...... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico. PT ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Tympanuchus Phasianidae ...... Prairie-chicken, lesser ... U.S.A. (CO, KA, NM, pallidicinctus. OK, TX). C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater ..... U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). PT ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. (Bi-State DPS). MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). C* ...... 6 ...... R1 ...... Centrocercus Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, greater U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, urophasianus. (Columbia Basin DPS). MT, ND, NE, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY), Canada (AB, BC, SK). PE ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Centrocercus minimus ... Phasianidae ...... Sage-grouse, Gunnison U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, UT). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Oceanodroma castro ..... Hydrobatidae ...... Storm-petrel, band- U.S.A. (HI), Atlantic rumped (Hawaii DPS). Ocean, Ecuador (Ga- lapagos Islands), Japan. C* ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Dendroica angelae ...... Emberizidae ...... Warbler, elfin-woods ...... U.S.A. (PR).

REPTILES

PT ...... R2 ...... Thamnophis Colubridae ...... Gartersnake, narrow- U.S.A. (AZ, NM). rufipunctatus. headed. PT ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Thamnophis eques Colubridae ...... Gartersnake, northern U.S.A. (AZ, NM, NV), megalops. Mexican. Mexico. C* ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Sistrurus catenatus ...... Viperidae ...... Massasauga (= rattle- U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, snake), eastern. MN, MO, NY, OH, PA, WI), Canada. C* ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Pituophis melanoleucus Colubridae ...... Snake, black pine ...... U.S.A. (AL, LA, MS). lodingi. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pituophis ruthveni ...... Colubridae ...... Snake, Louisiana pine ... U.S.A. (LA, TX). C* ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Chionactis occipitalis Colubridae ...... Snake, Tucson shovel- U.S.A. (AZ). klauberi. nosed. C* ...... 5 ...... R2 ...... Gopherus morafkai ...... Testudinidae ...... Tortoise, Sonoran desert U.S.A. (AZ, CA, NV, UT). C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Gopherus polyphemus ... Testudinidae ...... Tortoise, gopher (east- U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, LA, ern population). MS, SC).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 6 ...... R2 ...... Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternidae ...... Turtle, Sonoyta mud ...... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. longifemorale.

AMPHIBIANS

C* ...... 9 ...... R8 ...... Rana luteiventris ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Columbia spotted U.S.A. (AK, ID, MT, NV, (Great Basin DPS). OR, UT, WA, WY), Canada (BC). PE ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Rana muscosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, mountain yellow- U.S.A (CA, NV). legged (northern Cali- fornia DPS). PT ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Rana pretiosa ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Oregon spotted .... U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA), Canada (BC). PE ...... R8 ...... Rana sierrae ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, Sierra Nevada yel- U.S.A. (CA, NV). low-legged frog. C* ...... 8 ...... R8 ...... Lithobates onca ...... Ranidae ...... Frog, relict leopard ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NV, UT). C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Notophthalmus Salamandridae ...... Newt, striped ...... U.S.A. (FL, GA). perstriatus. C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Berry Cave U.S.A. (TN). PE ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Eurycea naufragia ...... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, George- U.S.A. (TX). town. PE ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Eurycea chisholmensis .. Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Salado ...... U.S.A. (TX). PT ...... 11 ...... R8 ...... Anaxyrus canorus ...... Bufonidae ...... Toad, Yosemite ...... U.S.A. (CA). C ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Hyla wrightorum ...... Hylidae ...... Treefrog, Arizona U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico (So- (Huachuca/Canelo nora). DPS). C* ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Necturus alabamensis ... Proteidae ...... Waterdog, black warrior U.S.A. (AL). (= Sipsey Fork).

FISHES

C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Gila nigra ...... Cyprinidae ...... Chub, headwater ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM). C* ...... 7 ...... R6 ...... Iotichthys phlegethontis Cyprinidae ...... Chub, least ...... U.S.A. (UT). C* ...... 9 ...... R2 ...... Gila robusta ...... Cyprinidae ...... Chub, roundtail (Lower U.S.A. (AZ, CO, NM, Colorado River Basin UT, WY). DPS). C* ...... 11 ...... R6 ...... Etheostoma cragini ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Arkansas ...... U.S.A. (AR, CO, KS, MO, OK). C ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Etheostoma sagitta ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Cumberland U.S.A. (KY, TN). arrow. PE ...... 2 ...... R5 ...... Crystallaria cincotta ...... Percidae ...... Darter, diamond ...... U.S.A. (KY, OH, TN, WV). C ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Etheostoma spilotum ..... Percidae ...... Darter, Kentucky arrow .. U.S.A. (KY). C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Percina aurora ...... Percidae ...... Darter, Pearl ...... U.S.A. (LA, MS). C* ...... 3 ...... R6 ...... Thymallus arcticus ...... Salmonidae ...... Grayling, Arctic (upper U.S.A. (AK, MI, MT, Missouri River DPS). WY), Canada, north- ern Asia, northern Eu- rope. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Moxostoma sp...... Catostomidae ...... Redhorse, sicklefin ...... U.S.A. (GA, NC, TN). PE ...... 5 ...... R2 ...... Notropis oxyrhynchus .... Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, sharpnose ...... U.S.A. (TX). PE ...... 5 ...... R2 ...... Notropis buccula ...... Cyprinidae ...... Shiner, smalleye ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Spirinchus thaleichthys .. Osmeridae ...... Smelt, longfin (San Fran- U.S.A. (AK, CA, OR, cisco bay-delta DPS). WA), Canada. PE ...... 3 ...... R2 ...... Catostomus discobolus Catostomidae ...... Sucker, Zuni bluehead ... U.S.A. (AZ, NM). yarrowi. PSAT ..... N/A ...... R1 ...... Salvelinus malma ...... Salmonidae ...... Trout, Dolly Varden ...... U.S.A. (AK, WA), Can- ada, East Asia. C* ...... 9 ...... R2 ...... Oncorhynchus clarki Salmonidae ...... Trout, Rio Grande cut- U.S.A. (CO, NM). virginalis. throat.

CLAMS

C* ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Lampsilis bracteata ...... Unionidae ...... Fatmucket, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Truncilla macrodon ...... Unionidae ...... Fawnsfoot, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Popenaias popei ...... Unionidae ...... Hornshell, Texas ...... U.S.A. (NM, TX), Mex- ico. C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula aurea ...... Unionidae ...... Orb, golden ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula houstonensis .. Unionidae ...... Pimpleback, smooth ...... U.S.A. (TX).

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 2 ...... R2 ...... Quadrula petrina ...... Unionidae ...... Pimpleback, Texas ...... U.S.A. (TX).

SNAILS

C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Elimia melanoides ...... Pleuroceridae ...... Mudalia, black ...... U.S.A. (AL). C* ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Planorbella magnifica .... Planorbidae ...... Ramshorn, magnificent .. U.S.A. (NC). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ostodes strigatus ...... Potaridae ...... Sisi snail ...... U.S.A. (AS). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Samoana fragilis ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, fragile tree ...... U.S.A. (GU, MP). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula radiolata ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Guam tree ...... U.S.A. (GU). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula gibba ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Humped tree ...... U.S.A. (GU, MP). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Partula langfordi ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Langford’s tree ..... U.S.A. (MP). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Eua zebrina ...... Partulidae ...... Snail, Tutuila tree ...... U.S.A. (AS). C* ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Pyrgulopsis thompsoni ... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Huachuca ... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. C* ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Pyrgulopsis morrisoni .... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Page ...... U.S.A. (AZ).

INSECTS

C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus anthracinus ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus assimulans ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus facilis ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus hilaris ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus kuakea ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus longiceps ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hylaeus mana ...... Colletidae ...... Bee, Hawaiian yellow- U.S.A. (HI). faced. PE ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Strymon acis bartrami .... Lycaenidae ...... Butterfly, Bartram’s U.S.A. (FL). scrub-hairstreak. PE ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Anaea troglodyta Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Florida U.S.A. (FL). floridalis. leafwing. C* ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Hermelycaena [Lycaena] Lycaenidae ...... Butterfly, Hermes copper U.S.A. (CA). hermes. C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Hypolimnas octucula Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana eight- U.S.A. (GU, MP). mariannensis. spot. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Vagrans egistina ...... Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Mariana wan- U.S.A. (GU, MP). dering. C* ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Atlantea tulita ...... Nymphalidae ...... Butterfly, Puerto Rican U.S.A. (PR). harlequin. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Glyphopsyche Limnephilidae ...... Caddisfly, Sequatchie .... U.S.A. (TN). sequatchie. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Baker Sta- U.S.A. (TN). insularis. tion (= insular). C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Clifton ...... U.S.A. (KY). caecus. C* ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Coleman ... U.S.A. (TN). colemanensis. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Fowler’s .... U.S.A. (TN). fowlerae. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, icebox ...... U.S.A. (KY). frigidus. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Indian U.S.A. (TN). tiresias. Grave Point (= Sooth- sayer). C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus in- Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, inquirer ..... U.S.A. (TN). quisitor. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Louisville ... U.S.A. (KY). troglodytes. C ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Noblett’s ... U.S.A. (TN). paulus. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ...... Cave beetle, Tatum ...... U.S.A. (KY). parvus. C* ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Megalagrion Coenagrionidae ...... Damselfly, orangeblack U.S.A. (HI). xanthomelas. Hawaiian.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C ...... 2 ...... R8 ...... Ambrysus funebris ...... Naucoridae ...... Naucorid bug (= Furnace U.S.A. (CA). Creek), Nevares Spring. C* ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Papaipema eryngii ...... Noctuidae ...... Moth, rattlesnake-master U.S.A. (AR, IL, KY, NC, borer. OK). C* ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Heterelmis stephani ...... Elmidae ...... Riffle beetle, Stephan’s .. U.S.A. (AZ). PT ...... 8 ...... R3 ...... Hesperia dacotae ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipper, Dakota ...... U.S.A. (MN, IA, SD, ND, IL), Canada. PE ...... 2 ...... R3 ...... Oarisma poweshiek ...... Hesperiidae ...... Skipperling, Poweshiek .. U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, ND, SD, WI), Canada (MB). C* ...... 5 ...... R6 ...... Capnia arapahoe ...... Capniidae ...... Snowfly, Arapahoe ...... U.S.A. (CO). C* ...... 5 ...... R6 ...... Lednia tumana ...... Nemouridae ...... Stonefly, meltwater U.S.A. (MT). lednian. C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Cicindela highlandensis Cicindelidae ...... Tiger beetle, highlands .. U.S.A. (FL).

ARACHNIDS

C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Cicurina wartoni ...... Dictynidae ...... Meshweaver, Warton’s U.S.A. (TX). cave.

CRUSTACEANS

C ...... 8 ...... R5 ...... Stygobromus kenki ...... Crangonyctidae ...... Amphipod, Kenk’s ...... U.S.A. (DC). C* ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Metabetaeus lohena ...... Alpheidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Palaemonella burnsi ...... Palaemonidae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 ...... R1 ...... Procaris hawaiana ...... Procarididae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool U.S.A. (HI).

FLOWERING PLANTS

C* ...... 11 ...... R8 ...... Abronia alpina ...... Nyctaginaceae ...... Sand-verbena, U.S.A. (CA). Ramshaw Meadows. PE ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Agave eggersiana ...... Agavaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (VI). PT ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Arabis georgiana ...... Brassicaceae ...... Rockcress, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, GA). C* ...... 11 ...... R4 ...... Argythamnia blodgettii ... Euphorbiaceae ...... Silverbush, Blodgett’s .... U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Artemisia borealis var. Asteraceae ...... Wormwood, northern ..... U.S.A. (OR, WA). wormskioldii. C* ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus anserinus ..... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Goose Creek U.S.A. (ID, NV, UT). C ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Astragalus cusickii var. Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Packard’s ...... U.S.A. (ID). packardiae. C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus microcymbus Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, skiff ...... U.S.A. (CO). C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus schmolliae .... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Schmoll ...... U.S.A. (CO). C* ...... 11 ...... R6 ...... Astragalus tortipes ...... Fabaceae ...... Milkvetch, Sleeping Ute U.S.A. (CO). PE ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Bidens amplectens ...... Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Boechera (Arabis) pusilla Brassicaceae ...... Rockcress, Fremont U.S.A. (WY). County or small. PE ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Brickellia mosieri ...... Asteraceae ...... Brickell-bush, Florida ..... U.S.A. (FL). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Calamagrostis expansa Poaceae ...... Reedgrass, Maui ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 11 ...... R8 ...... Calochortus persistens .. Liliaceae ...... Mariposa lily, Siskiyou ... U.S.A. (CA, OR). C* ...... 9 ...... R4 ...... Chamaecrista lineata Fabaceae ...... Pea, Big Pine partridge U.S.A. (FL). var. keyensis. C* ...... 12 ...... R4 ...... Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae ...... Sandmat, pineland ...... U.S.A. (FL). pinetorum. C* ...... 9 ...... R4 ...... Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae ...... Spurge, wedge ...... U.S.A. (FL). serpyllum. C* ...... 6 ...... R8 ...... Chorizanthe parryi var. Polygonaceae ...... Spineflower, San Fer- U.S.A. (CA). fernandina. nando Valley. C* ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Cirsium wrightii ...... Asteraceae ...... Thistle, Wright’s ...... U.S.A. (AZ, NM), Mex- ico. C* ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Dalea carthagenensis Fabaceae ...... Prairie-clover, Florida ..... U.S.A. (FL). var floridana. C* ...... 5 ...... R5 ...... Dichanthelium hirstii ...... Poaceae ...... Panic grass, Hirst Broth- U.S.A. (DE, GA, NC, ers’. NJ). C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Digitaria pauciflora ...... Poaceae ...... Crabgrass, Florida pine- U.S.A. (FL). land. C* ...... 6 ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum corymbosum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Las Vegas .. U.S.A. (NV). var. nilesii. C ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum diatomaceum Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Churchill U.S.A (NV). Narrows.

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TABLE 1—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Category Priority region

C* ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Eriogonum kelloggii ...... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Red Moun- U.S.A. (CA). tain. C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Eriogonum soredium ...... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Frisco ...... U.S.A. (UT). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Festuca hawaiiensis ...... Poaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 11 ...... R2 ...... Festuca ligulata ...... Poaceae ...... Fescue, Guadalupe ...... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Gardenia remyi ...... Rubiaceae ...... Nanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). PE ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Gonocalyx concolor ...... Ericaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (PR). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Hedyotis fluviatilis ...... Rubiaceae ...... Kampua‘a ...... U.S.A. (HI). PE ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Helianthus verticillatus ... Asteraceae ...... Sunflower, whorled ...... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN). PT ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Ivesia webberi ...... Rosaceae ...... Ivesia, Webber ...... U.S.A. (CA, NV). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Joinvillea ascendens Joinvilleaceae ...... ’Ohe ...... U.S.A. (HI). ascendens. PE ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Leavenworthia crassa .... Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, fleshy-fruit .. U.S.A. (AL). PT ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Leavenworthia exigua Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, Kentucky .... U.S.A. (KY). var. laciniata. C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Lepidium ostleri ...... Brassicaceae ...... Peppergrass, Ostler’s .... U.S.A. (UT). C* ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Linum arenicola ...... Linaceae ...... Flax, sand ...... U.S.A. (FL). PE ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Linum carteri var. carteri Linaceae ...... Flax, Carter’s small-flow- U.S.A. (FL). ered. PE ...... 3 ...... R8 ...... Mimulus fremontii var. Phrymaceae ...... Monkeyflower, Vanden- U.S.A. (CA). vandenbergensis. berg. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Myrsine fosbergii ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Nothocestrum latifolium Solanaceae ...... ’Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ochrosia haleakalae ...... Apocynaceae ...... Holei ...... U.S.A. (HI). PT ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Penstemon grahamii ...... Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, Graham’s U.S.A. (CO, UT). PT ...... 9 ...... R6 ...... Penstemon scariosus Scrophulariaceae ...... Beardtongue, White U.S.A. (CO, UT). var. albifluvis. River. PE ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Physaria globosa ...... Brassicaceae ...... Bladderpod, Short’s ...... U.S.A. (IN, KY, TN). C* ...... 2 ...... R6 ...... Pinus albicaulis ...... Pinaceae ...... Pine, whitebark ...... U.S.A. (CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, WY), Can- ada (AB, BC). C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Platanthera integrilabia .. Orchidaceae ...... Orchid, white fringeless U.S.A. (AL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA). C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Pseudognaphalium Asteraceae ...... ‘Ena‘ena ...... U.S.A. (HI). (=Gnaphalium) sandwicensium var. molokaiense. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ranunculus hawaiensis Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Ranunculus mauiensis ... Ranunculaceae ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 8 ...... R8 ...... Rorippa subumbellata .... Brassicaceae ...... Cress, Tahoe yellow ...... U.S.A. (CA, NV). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Schiedea pubescens ..... Caryophyllaceae ...... Ma’oli’oli ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 5 ...... R8 ...... Sedum eastwoodiae ...... Crassulaceae ...... Stonecrop, Red Moun- U.S.A. (CA). tain. C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Sicyos macrophyllus ...... Cucurbitaceae ...... ’Anunu ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 12 ...... R4 ...... Sideroxylon reclinatum Sapotaceae ...... Bully, Everglades ...... U.S.A. (FL). austrofloridense. C* ...... 2 ...... R4 ...... Solanum conocarpum .... Solanaceae ...... Bacora, marron ...... U.S.A. (PR). C* ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Solanum nelsonii ...... Solanaceae ...... Popolo ...... U.S.A. (HI). C ...... 8 ...... R2 ...... Streptanthus bracteatus Brassicaceae ...... Twistflower, bracted ...... U.S.A. (TX). C* ...... 8 ...... R4 ...... Symphyotrichum Asteraceae ...... Aster, Georgia ...... U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, NC, georgianum. SC). C* ...... 8 ...... R6 ...... Trifolium friscanum ...... Fabaceae ...... Clover, Frisco ...... U.S.A. (UT). PT ...... 5 ...... R4 ...... Varronia (=Cordia) Boraginaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (PR), Anegada. rupicola.

FERNS AND ALLIES

C* ...... 8 ...... R1 ...... Cyclosorus boydiae ...... Thelypteridaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). C* ...... 2 ...... R1 ...... Huperzia (= Lycopodiaceae ...... Wawae’iole ...... U.S.A. (HI). Phlegmariurus) stemmermanniae. C* ...... 3 ...... R1 ...... Microlepia strigosa var. Dennstaedtiaceae ...... Palapalai ...... U.S.A. (HI). mauiensis (= Microlepia mauiensis). C ...... 3 ...... R4 ...... Trichomanes punctatum Hymenophyllaceae ...... Florida bristle fern ...... U.S.A. (FL). floridanum.

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

MAMMALS

E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Eumops floridanus ...... Molossidae ...... Bat, Florida bonneted ..... U.S.A. (FL). Rc ...... A ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Shelton .. U.S.A. (WA). couchi. Rc ...... N ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Brush U.S.A. (WA). douglasii. Prairie. Rc ...... A ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, U.S.A. (WA). louiei. Cathlamet. Rc ...... A ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Olympic U.S.A. (WA). melanops. Rc ...... X ...... R1 ...... Thomomys mazama Geomyidae ...... Pocket gopher, Tacoma U.S.A. (WA). tacomensis.

BIRDS

T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Eremophila alpestris Alaudidae ...... Horned lark, streaked ..... U.S.A. (OR, WA), Can- strigata. ada (BC). Rc ...... A ...... R7 ...... Brachyramphus Alcidae ...... Murrelet, Kittlitz’s ...... U.S.A. (AK), Russia. brevirostris.

AMPHIBIANS

E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Eurycea waterlooensis ... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Austin blind U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Plethodon neomexicanus Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Jemez U.S. A. (NM). Mountains. E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Eurycea tonkawae ...... Plethodontidae ...... Salamander, Jollyville U.S.A. (TX). Plateau.

FISHES

E ...... L ...... R3 ...... Cottus sp...... Cottidae ...... Sculpin, grotto ...... U.S.A. (MO). T ...... L ...... R4 ...... Elassoma alabamae ...... Elassomatidae ...... Sunfish, spring pygmy .... U.S.A. (AL).

CLAMS

E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Ptychobranchus Unionidae ...... Kidneyshell, fluted ...... U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, VA). subtentum. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Lampsilis rafinesqueana Unionidae ...... Mucket, Neosho ...... U.S.A. (AR, KS, MO, OK). E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Lexingtonia dolabelloides Unionidae ...... Pearlymussel, slabside ... U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, VA). T ...... L ...... R4 ...... Quadrula cylindrica Unionidae ...... Rabbitsfoot ...... U.S.A. (AL, AR, GA, IN, cylindrica. IL, KS, KY, LA, MS, MO, OK, OH, PA, TN, WV).

SNAILS

E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Partulina semicarinata .... Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Lanai tree ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Partulina variabilis ...... Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Lanai tree ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Newcombia cumingi ...... Achatinellidae ...... Snail, Newcomb’s tree .... U.S.A. (Hl). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Pyrgulopsis texana ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Springsnail, Phantom ..... U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Pseudotryonia Hydrobiidae ...... Tryonia, Diamond ...... U.S.A. (TX). adamantina. E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Tryonia circumstriata ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Tryonia, Gonzales ...... U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Tryonia cheatumi ...... Hydrobiidae ...... Tryonia, Phantom ...... U.S.A. (TX). Rc ...... N ...... R2 ...... Sonorella rosemontensis Helminthoglyptidae ...... Talussnail, Rosemont ..... U.S.A. (AZ).

INSECTS

E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Drosophila digressa ...... Drosophilidae ...... fly, Hawaiian Picture-wing U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R8 ...... Plebejus shasta Lycaenidae ...... Blue, Mt. Charleston ...... U.S.A. (NV). charlestonensis. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Euphydryas editha taylori Nymphalidae ...... Checkerspot butterfly, U.S.A. (OR, WA), Can- Taylor’s (= Whulge). ada (BC) Rp ...... U ...... R6 ...... Cicindela albissima ...... Cicindelidae ...... Tiger beetle, Coral Pink U.S.A. (UT). Sand Dunes.

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

CRUSTACEANS

E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Gammarus hyalleloides .. Gammaridae ...... Amphipod, diminutive ..... U.S.A. (TX). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Gammarus pecos ...... Gammaridae ...... Amphipod, Pecos ...... U.S.A. (TX) E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Vetericaris chaceorum .... Procaridae ...... Shrimp, anchialine pool .. U.S.A. (HI).

FLOWERING PLANTS

E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). pentamera. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). waihoiensis. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Bidens conjuncta ...... Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Bidens hillenbrandiana Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). hillebrandina. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Bidens micrantha Asteraceae ...... Ko‘oko‘olau ...... U.S.A. (HI). ctenophylla. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Calamagrostis hillebrandii Poaceae ...... Reedgrass, Hillebrand’s .. U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Canavalia pubescens ..... Fabaceae ...... ‘Awikiwiki ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Chromolaena frustrata .... Asteraceae ...... Thoroughwort, Cape U.S.A. (FL). Sable. E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Consolea corallicola ...... Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Florida sema- U.S.A. (FL). phore. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea duvalliorum ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea horrida ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea kunthiana ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea magnicalyx ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea maritae ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea marksii ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea munroi ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea obtusa ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea profuga ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea solanacea ...... Campanulaceae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyanea tritomantha ...... Campanulaceae ...... ‘Aku ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra ferripilosa ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra filipes ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra nanawaleensis Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra oxybapha ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Cyrtandra wagneri ...... Gesneriaceae ...... Ha‘iwale ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Echinomastus Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Acuna ...... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico. erectocentrus var. acunensis. T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Eriogonum codium ...... Polygonaceae ...... Buckwheat, Umtanum U.S.A. (WA). Desert. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Festuca molokaiensis ..... Poaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Geranium hanaense ...... Geraniaceae ...... Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Geranium hillebrandii ...... Geraniaceae ...... Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R4 ...... Harrisia aboriginum ...... Cactaceae ...... Pricklyapple, aboriginal U.S.A. (FL). (shellmound applecactus). Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Hazardia orcuttii ...... Asteraceae ...... Orcutt’s hazardia ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. T ...... L ...... R2 ...... Hibiscus dasycalyx ...... Malvaceae ...... Rose-mallow, Neches U.S.A. (TX). River. E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Leavenworthia texana .... Brassicaceae ...... Gladecress, Texas gold- U.S.A. (TX). en. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Mucuna sloanei var. Fabaceae ...... Sea bean ...... U.S.A. (HI). persericea. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Myrsine vaccinioides ...... Myrsinaceae ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Pediocactus Cactaceae ...... Cactus, Fickeisen plains U.S.A. (AZ). peeblesianus var. fickeiseniae. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Peperomia subpetiolata .. Piperaceae ...... ‘Ala ‘ala wai nui ...... U.S.A. (HI). Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Phacelia stellaris ...... Hydrophyllaceae ...... Phacelia, Brand’s ...... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia bracteata .... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia floribunda ... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia haliakalae ... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Phyllostegia pilosa ...... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI).

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TABLE 2—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING—Continued [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]

Status Lead Scientific name Family Common name Historical range Code Expl. region

T ...... L ...... R1 ...... Physaria douglasii Brassicaceae ...... Bladderpod, White Bluffs U.S.A. (WA). tuplashensis. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Pittosporum halophilum .. Pittosporaceae ...... Hoawa ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Pittosporum hawaiiense .. Pittosporaceae ...... Hoawa ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Platydesma remyi ...... Rutaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Pleomele fernaldii ...... Agavaceae ...... Hala pepe ...... U.S.A. (HI). Rc ...... A ...... R8 ...... Potentilla basaltica ...... Rosaceae ...... Cinquefoil, Soldier Mead- U.S.A. (NV). ow. E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Pritchardia lanigera ...... Arecaceae ...... Loulu ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Schiedea diffusa macraei Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Schiedea hawaiiensis ..... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Schiedea jacobii ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Schiedea laui ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Schiedea salicaria ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). Rc ...... U ...... R4 ...... Solidago plumosa ...... Asteraceae ...... Goldenrod, Yadkin River U.S.A. (NC). E ...... L ...... R2 ...... Sphaeralcea gierischii ..... Malvaceae ...... Mallow, Gierisch ...... U.S.A. (AZ, UT). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Stenogyne cranwelliae ... Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Stenogyne kauaulaensis Lamiaceae ...... No common name ...... U.S.A. (HI). E ...... L ...... R1 ...... Wikstroemia villosa ...... Thymelaeaceae ...... Akia ...... U.S.A. (HI).

[FR Doc. 2013–27391 Filed 11–21–13; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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