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Interpreting the Timberline: an Aid to Help Park Naturalists to Acquaint Visitors with the Subalpine-Alpine Ecotone of Western North America

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Interpreting the Timberline: an Aid to Help Park Naturalists to Acquaint Visitors with the Subalpine-Alpine Ecotone of Western North America University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1966 Interpreting the timberline: An aid to help park naturalists to acquaint visitors with the subalpine-alpine ecotone of western North America Stephen Arno The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Arno, Stephen, "Interpreting the timberline: An aid to help park naturalists to acquaint visitors with the subalpine-alpine ecotone of western North America" (1966). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6617. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6617 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTEKFRETING THE TIMBERLINE: An Aid to Help Park Naturalists to Acquaint Visitors with the Subalpine-Alpine Ecotone of Western North America By Stephen F. Arno B. S. in Forest Management, Washington State University, 196$ Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1966 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners bean. Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37418 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI* OiftMTtation PuUishing UMI EP37418 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQ^st: ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Frontispiece 1« Timberline trees have an inspirational value for mankindo (Foxtail pine at 10,500 feet on Alta Peak, Sequoia National Park— a "double pickaback" trunk as discussed later) 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Frontispiece 2. Also, the unique trees of timberline have'outstanding scenic charm. (Subalpine larch stands "turn color" at 9000 feet in the Anaconda Range, Montana) iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Since ecological literature discusses relatively few of the timberlines of western North America, much of the information, especially in chapter 7 of this paper, was gathered through correspondence. The writer is particularly grateful for the data and advice received from several dozen people including rangers and others in the U.S. Forest Service; naturalists in the National Park Service; and ecologists, foresters, and land managers in the United States and Canada. Much of this correspondence is cited at the end of the paper. The members of ny graduate committee have been understanding and have offered helpful advice that has improved this paper, and brought it closer to achieving its goal. Their thoughtfulness has been especially important because of the unusual nature of this project— there were no guidelines to follow. Dr. L, C. Merriam, Jr. (forest"recreation). School of Forestry, University of Montana, was ny major professor until recently when he went to another university. Dr. R. D. Taber (wildlife) of the Forestry «School has been iry thesis- committee chairman, and Dr. G. M, Blake (silviculture) of the Forestry School and Dr. J. R. Habeck (forest ecology) of the Botany Department have been members of this committee. I would like to thank the Western Region of the National Park Service for the training and encouragement afforded me for three summers while in their Student Trainee Park Ranger, and Naturalist iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. programs, Ronald Mastrogiuseppe, graduate student at Humboldt State College, provided mapy references to literature I had overlooked. William Terry, an English student at the University of Montana, offered helpful suggestions regarding grammar. And, thanks also to ngr wife Bonnie, who has been a willing companion in my travels, and who proofread the final paper. S. Arno Missoula, Montana Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATES Ix I. INTRODUCTION ............... 1 II. VJHAT ARE TIMBERLINES . 6 m . CAUSES OF TIMBERLINE FORMATION 13 Temperature . 13 Wind .... 16 Snow .... 19 Precipitation . 22 Growth Medium . 2h Atmospheric Rarity- 25 Light Intensity . 25 Animals .... 25 The Mountain Mass 26 Tree Species 26 Other Factors . .' 28 The Complex Interplay 29 IV. TREES ADAPT TO THE ENVIRONMENT 33 Growth . ....................... 33 Reproduction ...... ^ la Dynamism of Timberline ............... k3 V. TIMBERLINES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA . k9 Introduction ....................... k9 Brief Orientation ................... 50 Outline of Areas ................... 52 Regional Descriptions . * 56 Rocky Mountain System .... 56 Pacific Coast Mountains 76 Great Basin and Intermountain Ranges 97 The Far North ................... 118 Vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Altitudinal Limits 133 West-East Effect on Timberlines 135 Timberlines Through Time H 4I VI. TREES OF THE TIMBERLINE Hi3 Introduction 1U3 Whitebark Pine .... Bristlecone Pine 1U6 Foxtail Pine .... Hi9 Lodgepole Pine .... 152 Limber Pine ............... 155 Engelmann Spruce 157 White and Black Spruces 159 Sitka Spruce .... 161 Subalpine Fir and Corkbark Fir 162 California Red Fir and Shasta Red Fir 166 Common Juniper 167 Western Juniper . 169 Alaska-cedar , 172 Subalpine Larch . 175 Mountain Hemlock 178 Broadleaf Trees at Timberline 180 Rare Residents of the Timberline 181* Common and Scientific Names for Trees 181* VII. TIMBERLINE AND PUBLIC INTERPRETATION , 187 Timberline and the Visiting Public 187 Timberline and Man's Needs . 188 Role of Public Interpretation . 189 LITERATURE CITED ................... 193 APPENDIX (Timberlines Observed by Writer) 206 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Timberlines along the UTg degree N. parallel 138 2. Timberlines along the degree N. parallel 139 3. Timberlines along the 37& degree N. parallel lUO LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Suggested "timberline’* terminology . 8 2. Average altitude of tree limit in western U.S. 51 3* Forest of the Bitterroot Mountains 71 It. Forest of the Sierra Nevada 80 5* Forest of the Wenatchee Mountains . 87 6. Forest of the Olympic Mountains . 9h 7. North American continental tree limits 119 8. Cross-section of the Pacific Northwest 137 9. Longitudinal section of the Rocky Mountains 137 Key Map, for timberlines in the western United States 53 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF PLATES Frontispiece Page 1. Foxtail pine with "double pickaback" trunk 11 2, Subalpine larch stands in autumn color 111 Plate 1. Lodgepole pine with dead new growth lit 2. Wind-scoured hedge of mountain hemlock . 17 3. Ice-laden mountain hemlock and subalpine fir 21 li. Ancient bristlecone pines ..... 2h 5. Lightning-struck whitebark pine krummholz . 29 6. Cornice and arborescent hedge-row . • • 31 7 . Tall subalpine larch with whitebark pine shrubs 35 8. Krummhola whitebark pine with mat and flags 35 9. Erect foxtail with prostrate limber pine 36 10. Foxtail pine with two narrow strips of bark 39 11. Spiral grain in foxtail pine .... ko 12. Dead Engelmann spruce above tree limit liS 13. Krummhola subalpine fir in Glacier Park 73 iL. Narrow forest belt on the Lost River Range 116 15. Black spruce line a Yukon swamp 121 16. Forest along the Seward fiord, Alaska . 12i* 17. White spruce and Mount McKinley . 127 18. High-altitude bristlecone pine . 1U8 19. Dead bristlecone pine wood compared with bone Hi8 i x Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20. Horizontal lodgepole pine "trees" . l^h 21. Limber pine snags and krnmmholz . • 15? 22. Spire-like subalpine fir at Mount Revelstoke l61i 23. Common juniper on Steens Mountain 168 2U. Gnarled western juniper in the High Sierra 170 2^. Alaska-cedar krummholz in the Olympics 173 26 . Dwarf willow blanketing a former lake . 183 27» Willow shrub above spruce krummholz limit 183 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I. INTRODUCTION Ify first acquaintance with "timberline" was made one day in grammar school, when our teacher read aloud an essay by Enos Mills (10$) called "Trees at Timberline." Mills, known as the "Father
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