Fauna of Ball Mountain, Siskiyou County, California

Volume 46 Number 2 Article 28

4-30-1986

Montane insular butterfly biogeography: fauna of Ball Mountain, Siskiyou County, California

Arthur M. Shapiro University of California, Davis

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Recommended Citation Shapiro, Arthur M. (1986) "Montane insular butterfly biogeography: fauna of Ball Mountain, Siskiyou County, California," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 46 : No. 2 , Article 28. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol46/iss2/28

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. MONTANE INSULAR BUTTERFLY BIOGEOGRAPHY: FAUNA OF BALL MOUNTAIN, SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Arthur M. Shapiro'

Abstract. — Ball Mountain is an isolated, mostly heavily forested peak reaching the subalpine zone (2,330 m) in eastern Siskiyou County north of Mt. Shasta, California. It supports a rich fauna of at least 68 butterfly species showing affinities to the faunas of the Trinity Alps and Eddies, the Warners, and the Cascades. Rare or endemic entities include

Speyeria monnonia, Lycaena heteronea gravenotata , and melanic forms oiSpeyeria atlantis and Agriades "glandon." Several zones of intergradation or hybridization impinge on the fauna as well.

Both the physical and biotic geography of 2,270 m. The highest of them, Goosenest, at northern Cahfornia are very complex. The 2,812 m, is a recent Cascade volcano with a jumbled terrain of the Klamath-Trinity- poorly vegetated lava cone, though it does Siskiyou upland and the volcanic southern have some rare alpine plants (e.g., Hulsea

Cascades provides rapid climatic gradients nana Gray, Compositae, which it shares with that are reflected in the plant communities of two other recent volcanoes, Mts. Lassen and the region. Most of these communities are Shasta, and with the nonvolcanic Mt. Eddy). still inadequately characterized, and several The other two. Willow Creek Mountain important areas are poorly known even from a (2,676 m) and Ball Mountain, (2,330 m), are floristic standpoint. The butterfly faunas of only 8 km apart and share a common base and northern California were extremely poorly access by road. Both are older. Pliocene volca- documented prior to the 1970s, with only one noes, mostly basaltic (Ball) or andesitic (Wil- major paper (Wifliams 1909) and scattered low Creek). Ball Mountain has two old vents specimens in museums, often inadequately marked by pyroclastic jumbles; the higher of labeled. From 1976 through 1980 a major ef- these bears a fire watchtower. There is no fort was mounted to document the butterfly evidence of recent (Holocene) volcanic impact fauna of the Trinity Alps and the Eddies on the vegetation of the mountain, which has (Shapiro, Palm, and Wcislo 1981) in the hope presumably evolved to its present state of using these faunas to test some historical through the Pleistocene and thereafter. Ball scenarios advanced by botanists to account for Mountain and Willow Creek Mountain rise the origins of the subalpine and alpine biota of fairly gradually from a rolling volcanic upland, the Sierra Nevada range. Although no defini- the Little Shasta country, to the west (largeK tive tests of those scenarios emerged, this Tertiary flows, with altitudes from 750-1,200 study uncovered so much unanticipated com- m); Ball Mountain, the more easterly, drops plexity (along with anticipated Klamath en- oflP abruptly to the Quaternary lake-bed allu- demism) in the Trinity-Eddy faunas that it has vial plain near Macdoel, ca 1,275 m (Fig. 1). been continued at several sites which, by Although Willow Creek Mountain is the virtue of unique location, topography, or veg- higher of the two, it is more continuously etation seemed most likely to provide impor- forested and has a smaller variety of habitats tant information on the biogeographic history and less access by road than Ball Mountain. of the northern California butterfly faunas. An Access to both is provided by USES road especially rewarding site is Ball Mountain, 47N03, the extension of York Road, which Siskiyou County. near Lodgepole Station turns northeastward,

Ball Mountain is one of only three peaks whereas road 46N11 goes due south to Willow between Mount Shasta and the Oregon bor- Creek Mountain and 46N10 goes along the der, east of U.S. Highway 5, to reach above flank of Ball Mountain, looping around Little

Department of Zoology, University of Caliiornia, Davis, California 95616.

336 April 1986 SHAPIRO: Butterfly Biogeography 337

ISJ

^^ir"'-? t^

Fig. 1. Detail of Ball Mountain area from USGS 15' topographic series, Macdoel quadrangle, 1954. Contour interval 40 feet (12.1m).

Shasta Meadow and Martin Dairy Camp- California, it provides a "telescoped" se- ground as 46N09; another spur leads to the quence of Merriam's "Life Zones," such that lookout. Access for hikers and heavy-duty ve- one may drive from "Upper Sonoran" to liicles is also possible from Ball Mountain "Subalpine" in less than 20 km (this very short

Road (unnumbered), which is paved beyond linear distance facilitates altitudinal migration Table Rock (1,130 m) but becomes nearly im- of valley and foothill butterflies to the high passable to most vehicles thereafter. This road montane meadows). joins the USPS roads south of Martin Dairy. The general zonation of forest vegetation on

The entire area is mapped on the USPS map Ball Mountain and the platform on which it of the Klamath National Porest, Goosenest sits more or less corresponds to the outline

Ranger District. The best detail is on the 1968 provided by Rundel, Parsons, and Gordon

version. The Ball Mountain lookout is R6.E, (1977) for the California portion of the Cas- T45.N. The entire area reported on in this cades. The lowest elevations, representing an paper can be collected comfortably by two extension of the Little Shasta country, have an people in one day, or by one person in two open woodland dominated by shrubby forms days, with a vehicle. of Oregon Oak (Querciis garnjana Dougl.), with juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occi-

Vegetation dentalis Hook. , near its southwestern limit) as an associate. This is quickly replaced by a

The vegetation of Ball Mountain is appar- mixed conifer association beginning at just ently undescribed in the botanical or forestry over 900 m, dominated by yellow pine (Pinus literature. Like many mountains in northern ponderosa Laws.), with incense cedar {Colo- 338 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 46, No. 2

I ,^; o?^

Fig. 2. Rare butterflies from Ball Mountain, dorsal surfaces: a, Speyeria atlantis (melanic form), male, viii. 10.83; b, same (normal form), male, vii.3.85; c, same (melanic form), female, viii. 10.83; d, same (melanic form), female aberration, ix.5.85; e, Speyeria monnonia, 2 females, ix.5.85; f, Euphydryas editha, male, vi. 12.85; g, Euphydryas chalcedona, male, vi. 12.85; h, Agriades "glandon," male, vii.3.85; i, same, female, vii.3.85; j, Hespcria harpahis, male, ix.5.85; k, same, light female, ix.5.85; 1, same, dark female, ix.5.85. cedrtis decurrens Torr.) and white fir {Abies supports a virtually pure stand of whitebark concolor Lindl.) locally abundant. At about pine {Pinus albieaidis Engelm.). This sub- 1,450 m lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. alpine forest is characteristically open, with rnurrayona Grev. & Balf.) first appears in cold many herbs and shrubs in the understory; the and poor sites and quickly becomes dominant; shrubs, which include sagebrush (Artemisia above 1,650 m it is joined by Red Fir (Abies tridentata Nutt.) and Haplopappus bloomeri magnifica var. shastetisis Lemm.) and west- Gray, predominate among the pyroclasts, ern white pine (Piniis monticola Dougl.), and whereas herbaceous perennials (Monardella this association continues nearly to the sum- odoratissima ssp. pallida Epl., Eriogonum

mit. Within it are extensive sedgy and grassy umbellatum Torr., etc.) cover the light, sandy meadows ranging from dry to wet and rimmed soils elsewhere. by quaking aspen (Popidus tremuloides Understory vegetation in the montane

Michx.), many of which are uncharacteristi- conifer forests is extremeK undi\erse, with cally large for the species. These are among extensive areas dominated by pine-mat man- the most diverse sites for both herbs and but- zanita (Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray) in terflies. The area surrounding both summits successional sites. The greatest herbaceous April 1986 SHAPIRO; Butterfly Biogeography 339

Table 1. Occurrence of species on Ball Mountain on collecting dates, 1983 and 1985.

vi. 12.85 vii.3.85 vii. 15.83 viii. 10.83 viii. 10.85 ix.5.85 ix.7.83

Papilio zelicaon Lucas :

Papilio rutuhis Lucas : Papilio curymedon Lucas

Pdnuis.sius clodiu.s Men. ssp. : S'cophasia mcnapia Feld. & Feld. Pontia beckerii Edw.

Pontia occidentalis Reak. :

Pieri.s na})i L. ssp. :

Pii'iis rapae L. :

Colias eunjtheme Bdv. ;

("alias philodice criplnjle Edw. ;

Colias eunjtheme X philodice :

Attthocliaris sara sara Lucas ;

Euchlov attsoiiides Lucas ; C'ociionijnipha "ttdlia" eryngii H.Edw. Danaus plexippus L.

Limenitis lorquini Edw. : Advlpha ])redowii californica Butl. \'(incssa viixiniensis Dru. Vanessa cardui L. Vanessa annabella Field Precis coenia Hbn.

Nymi)halis californica Bdv. : Nynij)lialis niilhertiftircillata Say

i\'yniphalis aiitiopa L. : Pohjiionia faunas rusticus Edw.

Poly^onia zcphyrus Edw. :

Phyciodes campcstris Behr :

Phyciodcs mytitta Edw. : (Uilosyne hofjnuinni sef^regata B. & McD.

Euphydryas chdicedona ]\r. wallacensis Gvmd.

Kitphydryas editha nr. editluina Strand :

Btiloria epithore Edw. : Speyeria coronis Behr (snyderi-simaetliis lilend zone population) Speyeria zerene coiu hyliatus Comst. S))eyeria callippe nr. rupestris Behr

Speyeria egleis nr. oweni Edw. : Speyeria atlantis Edw. {dodgei- uielaMic endemic) Speyeria murmonia Bdv. ssp. Speyeria hydaspe purpurascens H.Edw. Satyrium saepium Bdv. Mitoura nelsoni Bdv. Mitotira spiiwtoriim Hew. Incis(diafotis nr. mo.s.sii H.Edw. Ineisalia eryphon Bdv. Lycaena arota Bdv. Lyeaena heteronea gravcnotata Klots Lycaena xanthoides Bdv. - editha Mead intergrades Lyeaena gorgtnt Bdv. Lycaena hellodies Bdv. Lycaena nivalis Bdv. ssp. Plebeius "idas" ricei Cross-anna Edw. intergrades Plebeius saepiolus Bdv. Plebeius icarioides Bdv. ssp. Plebeius acmon Westw. & Hew. Plebeius lupini Bdv. Agriades "glandon Prun." ssp. Everes amyntula Bdv. Glaucopsyche piasus Bdv. Glaucopsyche lygdamus nr. Columbia Skin. 340 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 46, No. 2

Table 1 continued.

vi. 12.85 vii.3.85 vii. 15.83 viii. 10.83 viii. 10.85 ix.5.85 ix.7.83

Celastrina argiolus echo Edw. Ochlodes sylvanoides Bdv. Polites sonora Scud. Hesperia "comma complex" Hesperiajuba Scud. Pyrgus ruralis Bdv. Pyrgus communis Grote Erynnis icelus Scud. & Burg. Erynnis propertius Scud. & Bi

Total species recorded' 36 32 26 25 25 32 17

Not counting Colias hybrids as a species.

diversity seen is at Little Shasta Meadow, 1985, with snow completely gone by early which has a great variety of Composites and June. The early summer was hot and dry and other showy flowering species. It has a hght, the late summer and autumn cold and wet, sandy soil and supports many of the species culminating in heavy snow to the 1,500 m also found at the summit in the subalpine level on 8 September. The two years of study forest. There are no true bogs, but the wetter thus embrace very different conditions and meadows are filled with sedge peat. California probably reflect accurately the amount of pho- pitcher plant (Darlingtonia californica Torr.), nological variation to be expected in the Ball

which is characteristic of boggy meadows in Mountain fauna. Most of the fauna is uni-

the ultrabasic Trinities and Eddies, is absent. voltine. The only species definitely having at

Because the meadows are grazed seasonally least two broods are Pontia occidentalis , Phy- by livestock, some herbaceous species may ciodes mylitta, and Lycaena helloides among have been lost. Most of the meadows do not residents and Pieris rapae, Pontia heckerii, display severe sequelae of overgrazing, how- Colias eiirytheme and philodice, Coeno- ever. nympha "tidlia" eryngii, and Plebeitis acmon Important nectar sources for collecting oc- among species whose ability to overwinter on cur primarily along the roads and on the Ball Mountain is strongly in doubt. A single meadows. They are very spotty, resulting in late individual of Papilio zelicaon has been high concentrations of butterflies in very taken that might represent a rudimentary sec- small areas. On 5 September 1985, for exam- ond brood (there is a late season flight at low

ple, over 30 species (several hundred individ- elevations, and this is a hilltopping species). uals) were seen in a walk from Martin Dairy The single record of Pyrgus communis may

Campground to Kuck's Cabin, but it was com- also represent a fly-up. mon to see nothing but Speyeria zerene in Most of the summer univoltines have very 1-km stretches where no flowers were avail- long flights, those of most Speyeria including able. Among the most important nectar nearly the entire season. In S. coronis, males sources are MonardeUa odoratissima, Haplo- and females emerge early and mate; males pappus bloomeri, Eriogonum spp., Cirsium then apparently die, but females disappear for vulgare (Savi)Ten., Aster spp., and Chryso- several weeks in estivation then reappear; thamnus spp. they may be common on yellow Composites in September. The hibernating Nymphalines (genera Nymplialis, Polygonia, and Vanessa) Faunistics and Phenology fly in both spring and autumn. Of them, only Table 1 presents a complete itemization of V. annahella may be partially double-brooded species seen on each of the three days in 1983 on the mountain. Hesperiajuba has the same

and four in 1985, when the mountain was phenology as the Nymphalines and is sus- collected thoroughly. Spring was late and cold pected of hibernating as an adult also (Shapiro in 1983, with very heavy and persistent snow 1979). The meadow flora and fauna peak early, pack. Spring was very early, warm, and dry in with many species disappearing by mid-Au- April 1986 SHAPIRO: Butterfly Biogeography 341 gust. On Little Shasta Meadow the only plants flying low above sedges and forbs in the in flower by early September are Polygonum wettest parts of the meadows. This is quite douglasii var. austinae Jones and a few Asters. unlike the usual behavior of the species in The overall butterfly phenology is unusual, other parts of California. with little change in the number of species Phyciodes campestris Behr. —These are over the entire season but peaks at both ends quite normal campestris , with no tendency to and a trough in mid-summer. This pattern, reduction of the pattern as in Sierran montana albeit weak, is nearly the inverse of the mon- Behr. They thus resemble Trinity-Eddy spec- tane pattern shown in the Sierra Nevada (cf imens. Donner Pass, Shapiro 1975: 189). Euphydryas. —Only one specimen of each Comments follow on the most unusual ele- species has been taken, so that subspecific ments in the fauna. Systematic order in Table assignments in both cases are very tentative 1 and the text follows Dornfeld, 1980, the and largely based on Dornfeld's application of geographically closest faunistic treatment in the names. The true identity of edithana the literature. Strand remains uncertain. Both subspecific Pieris napi L. ssp. —One fresh male col- assignments suggest affinity with the War- lected vi. 12.85 at the edge of Little Shasta ners. Meadow. It is very heavily marked and re- Speyeri coronis Behr. —These are typical sembles first-brood marginalis Scud, from the "blend zone" populations like those found in north coast. There is an endemic "napi" in the the Eddies, Scott Mountains, and Scott Valley Warner Mountains that has a similar first as well as in much of southern Oregon. and a lightly "paUidissima" B. brood marked Speyeria callippe Bdv. —This is a scarce & McD. second brood and occurs on boggy species on Ball Mountain, and the subspecific meadows. The affinities of this isolated napi assignment is based on a short series and must population need to be clarified, because the be considered tentative. All our specimens biogeography of the complex is very difficult are silvered, and on average they fall between in northern California (Geiger and Shapiro rupestris Behr and topotypical juba Bdv. in 1986a, in press). facies. Colias. —Agricultural, alfalfa-based popu- Speyeria atlantis Edw. —Common to abun- lations as high as the end of York Road are dant, flying all season. There is a remarkable, hybrid swarms involving C. eurytheme Bdv. apparently endemic melanic form in both and C. philodice eriphyle Edw. Both species sexes—more extreme in the female—with a and hybrids are common on all the meadows frequency of over 50% above the junction of and even to the summit most of the season. roads 47N03 and 46N10, and over 70% at the There is definitely breeding on Trifoliwn summit. This form (Fig. 3a) intergrades to spp., but the phenotypes of spring animals more or less normal dodgei Gunder. One suggest colonization from below each year, specimen taken ix.5.85 has one hindwing rather than overwintering in situ. By Septem- aberrant (Fig. 3d). ber nearly all the clover on Little Shasta Speyeria mormonia Bdv. ssp. —Outside Meadow is senescent. the Sierra Nevada, this species was previously Anthocharis sara sara Lucas. —Frequent known in California only from Deadfall Lakes along roadsides near Little Shasta Meadow. and Mount Eddy (Shapiro, Palm, and Wcislo These butterflies have pure white ground 1981) and from the Warners. The subspecific color and are indistinguishable from montane identities of these populations are not clear; sara from the Trinity Alps; they are extremely Shapiro et al. treated the Deadfall-Eddy pop- distinct from both yellow Sierran stella Ed- ulation as an outlier of the Oregon Cascade wards and from the yellow-tinged race from erinna Edw. , but neither it nor the somewhat the Warners, and genetically they are identi- paler Warner phenotypes precisely matches cal to Trinity and North Coast Range sara either Cascadian or Sierran material. Three (Geiger and Shapiro 1986b, in press). specimens were collected ix.5.85 on flowers of Euchloe ausonides Lucas. —These dense, Haplopappus bloomeri about 0.8 km below montane-meadow populations behave as de- Little Shasta Meadow and on the lower por- scribed by Dornfeld (p. 51) for Oregon ones, tion of the meadow itself They were among — b

342 Great Basin Natuhalist Vol. 46, No. 2

# ..a^;*}r- r%

Fig. 3. Same as for Figut itral surfaces.

many other fritillaries of three species. All are Ball Mountain (Little Shasta Meadow to sum- very small (LFVV 20-21.5 mm) and not a precise mit), nearby Goosenest, Warner Valley (just for match either Deadfall-Eddy or Warner spec- S. Mt. Lassen), and near Castella (J. F. imens. Typical mormonia habitat (wet meadow) Emmel, personal communication). These ap-

is abundant on Ball Mountain, but as in the Ed- pear to be pure spotted populations, sur- dies the species appears to be rare and to emerge rounded by pure unspotted ones. The host remarkably late in the season. The geography of plant on Ball Mountain has not been deter- Speijeria mormonia in far northern California mined, but a white-flowered Eriogoniwi that promises to shed light on the history of biotic occurs at both Little Shasta Meadow and near migrations in the Quaternar\'. the fire tower is suspected. (A member of the Lycaena heteronea gravenotata Klots. "£. nudum complex" is reportedly used at

The status of this subspecies name is contro- Warner Valley; J. F. Emmel, personal com- versial. Ferris and Brown (1981) gloss over munication). There is no adult association

any pattern of geographic distribution for with E. umbellotum , such as one sees consis- spotted and unspotted hindwings in the tently in the Trinities. Figures 4a, b and 5a, Rocky Mountains. Dornfeld (1980) finds a def- show both sexes. Collectors should be aware inite pattern of spotted colonies within a re- of the possibility that further colonies exist gion of generally unspotted ones. In Califor- near Mount Shasta. The possibility of sibling nia, the spotted morph is known only from species cannot be discounted. —

April 1986 SHAPIRO: Butterfly Biogeography 343

.''<0m H^-, x^j^H

Fig. 4. Northern California Lxjcaena , dorsal surfaces: a, L. heteronea gravenotata, male. Ball Mountain, viii. 10.83; b, .same, female. Ball Mountain, \ iii. 10.85: c, L. h. heteronea (?), male. Dry Lake Lookout, Siskiyou Co., viii. 9. 83; d,

same, female. Dry Lake Lookout, viii. 9. 83; e, L. h. heteronea, male, Winnernucea Lake, Alpine Co., viii. 24. 83; f,

same, female, Winnenuicea Lake, viii. 24. 83; g. Lijcaena nivalis, male. Ball Mountain, vii.L5.83; h, same, female. Ball

Mountain, vii. 15.83; i, L. nivalis. Cedar Pass, Modoc Co., vi.9.85; j, L. nivalis, male, Winnemucca Lake, Alpine Co., viii. 24.83; k, L. nivalis "form 1," male. Paradise Lake, Marble Mts., Siskiyou Co., vii. 4. 81; 1, same, female. Paradise Lake, vii.4.81.

Lycaena xanthoides Bdv.-L. editha Mead. \ ada, and the Cascades as a montane-to-sub-

Lycaena xanthoides is found in the Central alpine .species. From Dunsmuir to Siskiyou Valley (usually near the Saeramento River), in Summit and from Gazelle to Ball Mountain the San Francisco Bay area, the Transverse and Iron Gate Reservoir occur a series of ap- Ranges and some areas of southern California, parenth- intermediate populations, generally and apparently disjunctly as a series of mon- in agriculturalized valleys. The highest eleva- tane populations from Lake County through tion of these is the one on road 47N03 near the Mendocino Pass-Anthony Peak area, and Kuck's Cabin, of which strays occur as high as in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Lycaena Little Shasta Meadow. It also seems to be the

editha is found in the Rockies, the Sierra Ne- easternmost of the blend-zone populations. — '

344 Gkeat Basin Natiiulist Vol. 46, No. 2

/-'' ( f: N f ^^'s^:^s^ '^:^^:U 0'^^^::il

I) V ^ "•' f '^

''r

Fig. 5. Same as for Fig. 4, ventral surfaces.

Lycaena helloides Bdv. —This is usually con- orous VHW). l

elsewhere in northern California it seems to Form 2 is similar, but not identical, to the form ha\'e permanent montane-meadow populations that occurs in the Sierra Nevada. Some individu- and has been seen laying on Polygonum doit- als show a tendency toward the endemic, heavily glasii var. austinae in September. spotted Warner Mountains form. All these phe- Lycaena nivalis Bdv. — Dornfeld (1980: 97, notypes are shown in figures 4g-l, 5g-l. At Little maps 137-138) pointed out that two "forms" of Shasta Meadow eggs are laid on Polygonum dou- the nominal species L. nivalis occur in Oregon glasii var. austinae. Trinity-Eddy form 1 use P.

sometimes sympatrically, sometimes not. Both spergulariafonne Meissn. , a closely related spe- also occur in northern California. Trinity-Eddy cies. As with L. heteronea, sibling species are populations (Shapiro, Palm, and Wcislo 1981) strongly suspected. are 100% "form 1" (two-toned VHW), and Ball Agriades "glandon Prun. ssp. —Con- Mountain ones are 100% "form 2" (nearly unicol- specificity with the European taxa of this . .

April 1986 SHAPIRO: Butterfly Biogeogr.\phy 345

iiioup is questionable. As noted by Shapiro, ria "comma complex"; Colias hybrid swarms Palm, and Wcislo (1981), northern California (common in agricultural alfalfa but not other- populations are considerably darker and more wise recorded in montane meadows region- heavily spotted beneath than Sierran podarce ally). Felder (the usual usage, the type locality being 4. Regionally Common Species, Rare on simply "California"). The type of Boisduval's Ball Mountain. —These include Neophasia nestos, from Oregon, should be examined to menapia, Phyciodes campesths, Chlosyne determine its consubspecificity with these popu- hoffmanni, Satyrium saepium, Plebeius lations. Ball .Mountain "^/anf/on" average darker "idas," Everes amyntula, Glaucopsyche hjg- and more heavily spotted beneath than any damus, the Hesperia "comma complex," and other North American population known to me Pyrgus communis and seem to represent the extreme end of a cline 5. Range Extensions with Westward (Figs. 2,3h,i). Affinities —Anthocharis sara. Hesperia "comma complex."—Again, the use 6. Range Extensions with Eastward of the name comma L. seems (juestionable. On (Warner Mountains) Affinities. —Possibly the other hand, it is unclear what strictK' Nearc- both Eupliydryas possibly Lycaena nivalis. ; tic names apply to our handful of Ball Mountain 7. Absences. These deserve special enu- specimens, which vary in complex ways be- meration; they are species that, on a regional tween the taxa oreii,onia Edwards and harpalus basis, would be considered likely on Ball iMJwards; there is too little material (mostl\- from Mountain but have not been found. thistles the roads, is along where Hesperia enor- 7a. Alpine and Barren-Ground Species. — by mously outnumbered Ochlodes syhanoidcs Suitable habitats are clearly not present for

B(l\ . ) to say whether the phenotxpes are altitu- Papilio indra Reak., Parnassius phoehus ster- diiialK stratified as in the Trinities, or scrambled nitzkyi McD., Pontia sisyud)hi Bdw, and Eu- as on Mount Kd(l\ . The range of \ariation is chloc hyantis Edw. Callophrys lemberti shown in iiuurcs 1. .')j-l. Tilden and Philotes battoides Behr may also fit in this categor>', though potential host plants Discussion are present. 7b. Species of Special Habitats Apparently Ibis launa of 68 species is remarkabK rich Absent or Too Isolated. —Lycaena mariposa for ti forested, isolated mountain area that is Heak. is common at the edges of boggy mead- surrounded b\" unforested lowlands. The ma- ows in the Lodgepole Pine zone farther west jor elements of i)ioge()graphic interest are (Trinities and Eddies, Scott Mountains). Per- enumerated below. haps the meadows on Ball Mountain are insuf-

1. Endemics. —These include the melanic ficientb bogg> . The host plant remains un- forms o{ A

Unitis, and probably Spcycha mormotiia: Ly- spp. (G. Pratt, in litt.) This plant is not cdcna hctcronca ^ravcaotata is a near-en- recorded on Ball Mountain. Euphyes vestris demic (actualK', most of the Spcycha species Bd\'. has been found in several isolated boggy on liall Mountain show local peculiarities, meadows (e.g., Scott Mountain Summit Bog). which, however, are less consi^icuous than Its host plant, Cyperus, occurs near Little the melanism of S. atlantis). Shasta Meadow, but the colony is perhaps too

2. Regional Rarities . — Species rare and lo- small and isolated to support the skipper. cal in northern (California that occur in the 7c. So Apparent Explanation . —These in- study area include Incisalia fotis, Mitoura clude Chlosyne palla Bdv., Satyrium fuligi- spinetonnn, Lycaena arota, and Erynnis nosum Edw., S. sylvinus Bdv., S. californica icelus (L. a rota is relatively common in the Edw., Incisalia iroides Bdv., Philotes enoptes

Trinities but flies (}uite late, as here; it seems Bd\., Thorybes mexicana nevada Scud./ rare elsewhere in the region). Poly^onia aemilia Skin., and Polites sabuleti Bdv. Sev- faunus rusticus is rare throughout its range; eral of these are regionally rare or local (fuligi- Glaucopsyche piasiis nearly so. nosum. sylvinus, californica, iroides). But Po-

3. Intermediate or Transitional Popula- lites sabuleti is the single inost common tions. —Lycaena xanthoidcs-cditha- Hespe- butterflv in the Trinities and Eddies (Shapiro, 346 April 1986 Shapiro: Butterfly Biogeography 347

HespenajMfoa(Hesperiidae) hibernate Tilden, W. and D. H. Huntzinger. 1978. The butter- . 1979. Does J. 33: 258-260. flies of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Res. as an adult? J. Lepid. Soc. J. Shapibo, a M., C. a Palm and K. L. Wcislo. 198L The Lepid. 16: 176-192. ecology and biogeography of the butterflies of the Williams, F X 1909. The butterflies and some of the Trinity Alps and Mount Eddy, northern Califor- moths of the Mount Shasta region. Ent. News 20: 62-75. nia. J.' Res. Lepid. 18: 68-152.