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Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales (United Kingdom) No 1633

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Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales (United Kingdom) No 1633 Comments on the natural attributes of this property, and their conservation and management, were received from Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales IUCN on 16 November 2020, and on 22 February 2021, (United Kingdom) and have been incorporated into the relevant sections of this report. No 1633 An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the property from 27 September to 3 October 2020. Official name as proposed by the State Party Additional information received by ICOMOS The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales A letter was sent to the State Party on 22 September 2020 requesting further information about the rationale for Location selection of the serial components, the protection and County of Gwynedd, Wales management of the nominated property, current quarrying, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland mining and renewable energy activities, and potential developments within and adjacent to the nominated Brief description property. The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales illustrates the transformation that industrial slate quarrying and mining An Interim Report was provided to the State Party on brought about in the traditional rural environment of the 17 December 2020 summarising the issues identified by mountains and valleys of the Snowdon massif. The the ICOMOS World Heritage Panel. Further information territory, extending from mountain-top to sea-coast, was requested in the Interim Report including: specific presented opportunities and constraints that were used and measures for the protection of the setting and key views challenged by the large-scale industrial processes of the serial components, and management documents undertaken by landowners and capital investors, which completed by the time of submission (Local Management reshaped the agricultural landscape into an industrial Plans, Supplementary Planning Guidance, Risk Strategy, centre for slate production during the Industrial Revolution Tourism Strategy). (1780-1914). Additional information was received from the State Party on The nominated serial property is composed of six serial 13 November 2020 and on 25 February 2021, and has components each encompassing relict quarries and been incorporated into the relevant sections of this mines, archaeological sites related to slate industrial evaluation report. processing, historical settlements, both living and relict, historic gardens and grand country houses, ports, Date of ICOMOS approval of this report harbours and quays, and railway and road systems 18 March 2021 illustrating the functional and social linkages of the relict slate industrial landscape. 2 Description of the property Category of property In terms of categories of cultural property set out in Article I Note: The nomination dossier and additional information contain detailed descriptions of this property, its history and its state of of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a serial conservation. Due to limitations on the length of evaluation nomination of six sites. reports, this report only provides a short summary of the most relevant aspects. In terms of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2019) Description and history paragraph 47, it has also been nominated as a cultural The nominated serial property is located in the County of landscape. Gwynedd, Wales, at the heart of the mountains and valleys of the Snowdon range. In this region, the geological structure is composed of several outcropping 1 Basic data belts which form a rich deposit of high-grade slate. The area was first settled by farming communities, and there Included in the Tentative List is evidence of slate quarrying since Roman times. In the 27 January 2012 Middle Ages, quarrying became a part-time occupation alongside agricultural activities. From the end of the 18th Background century and throughout the 19th century, capital This is a new nomination. investment and the strategic access to the bay of Liverpool in the north and the Irish Sea in the west Consultations and Technical Evaluation Mission enabled the expansion of Welsh slate production and Desk reviews have been provided by ICOMOS export to England, Ireland, and France. In this period, the International Scientific Committees, members and extraction of slate went through a profound independent experts. transformation, from small-scale, dispersed exploitations 437 to an industrialised organization that changed the testimonies to the challenges of inhabiting this remote traditional system of slate quarrying by small partnerships upland environment. and independent groups of workers. This process dramatically impacted the agricultural society and the Component Part 5: Ffestiniog: its Slate Mines and landscape, resulting in the creation and growth of planned Quarries, ‘city of slates’ and Railway to Porthmadog. This and organically-evolved settlements for quarry workers serial component illustrates the expansion of the slate and managers. Engineering complexes, cutting-edge industry and the further development of technology for technology and innovative transportation systems were slate working both on the surface and underground, and developed at this time, as well as associated social the different means used to transport it. infrastructure, such as hospitals, community facilities, churches and chapels, and businesses serving the Component Part 6: Bryneglwys Slate Quarry, growing quarrying population. The end-use of slate is still Abergynolwyn Village and the Talyllyn Railway. This visible in the historical settlements and traditional slate- component illustrates the maturity of the slate industry, pillar fencing known as crawiau. displaying the influence of the technology developed in the Nantlle Valley and Ffestiniog quarries, as well as the The nominated property is composed of six separate evolution in the planning of workers’ settlements. serial components spread over one Cambrian slate vein (Component Parts 1, 2 and 3) and three Ordovician slate As an industrial landscape, the nominated property depicts veins (Component Parts 4, 5, and 6). Each serial the tensions between the English landowners and component has been proposed as a cultural landscape aristocrats and the newly-formed Welsh working class. unit with a nucleus in a relict quarry or quarries and mines Anglican churches and Nonconformist chapels in the with associated processing areas connected to a various historical settlements of the nominated property settlement or settlements, either deserted or still reflect the different religious faiths reflecting identity and inhabited; elements related to the transport of slate, class differences. This is further illustrated by the diverse including parts of the railway system, as well as roads, settlements’ typologies, whether created by a quarry- and, in some cases, quays and harbours. Together, the owner, an industrialist or by the quarry population, six serial components provide a comprehensive picture of contrasting with the quarry owners’ residences. Welsh the scale of slate exploitation and impacts of the slate quarrymen, who were seen as cultured, artistic, political industry in this region, and the technology that was and religious, came to symbolize Welsh culture with their developed and exchanged throughout the Industrial precise use of the language in relation to their Revolution in these quarries. craftsmanship, including a detailed understanding of geology and the use of hand-splitting tools. Welsh, a Celtic Component Part 1: Penrhyn Slate Quarry and Bethesda, language recognized as an Indigenous Language, is and the Ogwen Valley to Port Penrhyn. This serial spoken by 70% of the population of the nominated property component illustrates the industrial functionality of the and is continuously being advanced. slate landscape, from quarry to sea, including physical and visual relationships to workers’ settlements and the Internal (Penrhyn Slate Quarry strike 1900-1903) and quarry owner’s estate. external (World War I and Great Depression) socio- economic and political factors contributed to the decline of Component Part 2: Dinorwig Slate Quarry Mountain the slate industry in North Wales, leading to a reduction in Landscape. Located in the Nant Peris Valley, at the foot investment, whilst the USA and France increased their of Mount Snowdon, this serial component covers one productivity and competitiveness. During and after World large area including the Dinorwig Slate Quarry, its War II, the decline continued until all quarries within the associated processing areas and transport system, the nominated property were closed by 1970, leading to the adaptation of some of the industrial and residential Dinorwig Slate Quarry Hospital where quarry workers infrastructure into museums (Penrhyn Castle 1951, were treated, and four workers’ settlements. They are National Slate Museum 1972, Plas Tan y Bwlch/Snowdonia testimonies of the daily life and struggles of the emergent National Park Study Centre 1975, Dinorwig Slate Quarry working class. Hospital Museum 1979), tourist attractions (Talyllyn Railway 1951, Ffestiniog Railway 1982) or re-use for Component Part 3: Nantlle Valley Slate Quarry community and commercial purposes (barracks in Nantlle Landscape. This serial component with technology used Village 1999, Felin Fawr Slate-Slab Mill 1990s.) to extract and process the slate remaining in situ, also illustrates the diversity of dwellings of workers and the Boundaries transformation of the rural environment. The area of the six serial components
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