Comments on the natural attributes of this property, and their conservation and management, were received from Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales IUCN on 16 November 2020, and on 22 February 2021, (United Kingdom) and have been incorporated into the relevant sections of this report. No 1633 An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the property from 27 September to 3 October 2020.

Official name as proposed by the State Party Additional information received by ICOMOS The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales A letter was sent to the State Party on 22 September 2020 requesting further information about the rationale for Location selection of the serial components, the protection and County of , Wales management of the nominated property, current quarrying, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland mining and renewable energy activities, and potential developments within and adjacent to the nominated Brief description property. The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales illustrates the transformation that industrial slate quarrying and mining An Interim Report was provided to the State Party on brought about in the traditional rural environment of the 17 December 2020 summarising the issues identified by mountains and valleys of the Snowdon massif. The the ICOMOS World Heritage Panel. Further information territory, extending from mountain-top to sea-coast, was requested in the Interim Report including: specific presented opportunities and constraints that were used and measures for the protection of the setting and key views challenged by the large-scale industrial processes of the serial components, and management documents undertaken by landowners and capital investors, which completed by the time of submission (Local Management reshaped the agricultural landscape into an industrial Plans, Supplementary Planning Guidance, Risk Strategy, centre for slate production during the Industrial Revolution Tourism Strategy). (1780-1914). Additional information was received from the State Party on The nominated serial property is composed of six serial 13 November 2020 and on 25 February 2021, and has components each encompassing relict quarries and been incorporated into the relevant sections of this mines, archaeological sites related to slate industrial evaluation report. processing, historical settlements, both living and relict, historic gardens and grand country houses, ports, Date of ICOMOS approval of this report harbours and quays, and railway and road systems 18 March 2021 illustrating the functional and social linkages of the relict slate industrial landscape. 2 Description of the property Category of property In terms of categories of cultural property set out in Article I Note: The nomination dossier and additional information contain detailed descriptions of this property, its history and its state of of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a serial conservation. Due to limitations on the length of evaluation nomination of six sites. reports, this report only provides a short summary of the most relevant aspects. In terms of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2019) Description and history paragraph 47, it has also been nominated as a cultural The nominated serial property is located in the County of landscape. Gwynedd, Wales, at the heart of the mountains and valleys of the Snowdon range. In this region, the geological structure is composed of several outcropping 1 Basic data belts which form a rich deposit of high-grade slate. The area was first settled by farming communities, and there Included in the Tentative List is evidence of slate quarrying since Roman times. In the 27 January 2012 Middle Ages, quarrying became a part-time occupation alongside agricultural activities. From the end of the 18th Background century and throughout the 19th century, capital This is a new nomination. investment and the strategic access to the bay of Liverpool in the north and the Irish Sea in the west Consultations and Technical Evaluation Mission enabled the expansion of Welsh slate production and Desk reviews have been provided by ICOMOS export to England, Ireland, and France. In this period, the International Scientific Committees, members and extraction of slate went through a profound independent experts. transformation, from small-scale, dispersed exploitations

437 to an industrialised organization that changed the testimonies to the challenges of inhabiting this remote traditional system of slate quarrying by small partnerships upland environment. and independent groups of workers. This process dramatically impacted the agricultural society and the Component Part 5: Ffestiniog: its Slate Mines and landscape, resulting in the creation and growth of planned Quarries, ‘city of slates’ and Railway to . This and organically-evolved settlements for quarry workers serial component illustrates the expansion of the slate and managers. Engineering complexes, cutting-edge industry and the further development of technology for technology and innovative transportation systems were slate working both on the surface and underground, and developed at this time, as well as associated social the different means used to transport it. infrastructure, such as hospitals, community facilities, churches and chapels, and businesses serving the Component Part 6: Bryneglwys Slate Quarry, growing quarrying population. The end-use of slate is still Abergynolwyn Village and the Talyllyn Railway. This visible in the historical settlements and traditional slate- component illustrates the maturity of the slate industry, pillar fencing known as crawiau. displaying the influence of the technology developed in the Nantlle Valley and Ffestiniog quarries, as well as the The nominated property is composed of six separate evolution in the planning of workers’ settlements. serial components spread over one Cambrian slate vein (Component Parts 1, 2 and 3) and three Ordovician slate As an industrial landscape, the nominated property depicts veins (Component Parts 4, 5, and 6). Each serial the tensions between the English landowners and component has been proposed as a cultural landscape aristocrats and the newly-formed Welsh working class. unit with a nucleus in a relict quarry or quarries and mines Anglican churches and Nonconformist chapels in the with associated processing areas connected to a various historical settlements of the nominated property settlement or settlements, either deserted or still reflect the different religious faiths reflecting identity and inhabited; elements related to the transport of slate, class differences. This is further illustrated by the diverse including parts of the railway system, as well as roads, settlements’ typologies, whether created by a quarry- and, in some cases, quays and harbours. Together, the owner, an industrialist or by the quarry population, six serial components provide a comprehensive picture of contrasting with the quarry owners’ residences. Welsh the scale of slate exploitation and impacts of the slate quarrymen, who were seen as cultured, artistic, political industry in this region, and the technology that was and religious, came to symbolize Welsh culture with their developed and exchanged throughout the Industrial precise use of the language in relation to their Revolution in these quarries. craftsmanship, including a detailed understanding of geology and the use of hand-splitting tools. Welsh, a Celtic Component Part 1: Penrhyn Slate Quarry and Bethesda, language recognized as an Indigenous Language, is and the Ogwen Valley to Port Penrhyn. This serial spoken by 70% of the population of the nominated property component illustrates the industrial functionality of the and is continuously being advanced. slate landscape, from quarry to sea, including physical and visual relationships to workers’ settlements and the Internal (Penrhyn Slate Quarry strike 1900-1903) and quarry owner’s estate. external (World War I and Great Depression) socio- economic and political factors contributed to the decline of Component Part 2: Dinorwig Slate Quarry Mountain the slate industry in North Wales, leading to a reduction in Landscape. Located in the Nant Peris Valley, at the foot investment, whilst the USA and France increased their of Mount Snowdon, this serial component covers one productivity and competitiveness. During and after World large area including the Dinorwig Slate Quarry, its War II, the decline continued until all quarries within the associated processing areas and transport system, the nominated property were closed by 1970, leading to the adaptation of some of the industrial and residential Dinorwig Slate Quarry Hospital where quarry workers infrastructure into museums (Penrhyn Castle 1951, were treated, and four workers’ settlements. They are National Slate Museum 1972, Plas Tan y Bwlch/ testimonies of the daily life and struggles of the emergent National Park Study Centre 1975, Dinorwig Slate Quarry working class. Hospital Museum 1979), tourist attractions (Talyllyn

Railway 1951, Ffestiniog Railway 1982) or re-use for Component Part 3: Nantlle Valley Slate Quarry community and commercial purposes (barracks in Nantlle Landscape. This serial component with technology used Village 1999, Felin Fawr Slate-Slab Mill 1990s.) to extract and process the slate remaining in situ, also illustrates the diversity of dwellings of workers and the Boundaries transformation of the rural environment. The area of the six serial components totals 3,259.01 ha. Their boundaries have been drawn based on Component Part 4: Gorseddau and Prince of Wales Slate archaeological research and an inventory of the historic Quarries, Railways and Mill. This serial component assets related to slate quarrying and mining, in addition to represents the expansion of the slate industry in the mid- geographical and historical features, and landscape and 19th century through the replication, in a remote location, management designations based on national and local of the technology developed in Penrhyn Slate Quarry. register and listing systems. In the nomination dossier, the Remains of barracks and the relict Treforys village are State Party notes that all boundaries have been defined in agreement with landowners and the planning authority

438 to include only historical areas where mineral operations In relation to the absence of a proposed buffer zone, have ceased, and to exclude areas with current mineral ICOMOS recognizes that according to the Operational permissions or where landowners foresee possible Guidelines, the creation of a buffer zone is not mandatory. mineral extraction in the future. Component Parts 4 and 6 The Operational Guidelines further states that “clear are located in their entirety within the Snowdonia National explanation of how the buffer zone protects the property Park. Component Parts 1, 2, 3 and 5 are adjacent to the should also be provided” to underline that designing a boundaries of the National Park, and located within buffer area implies providing it with adequate legal, Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest, a non- planning or customary mechanisms to protect the statutory designation the objective of which is to retain the nominated property. The International Expert Meeting on landscape’s historic character by guiding planning and World Heritage and Buffer Zones (Davos, Switzerland, development. Component Part 5 is also partially located 11-14 March 2008) found that “while every World Heritage within the National Park. These designations represent property needed protection and management high-level landscape protection and recognise slate cultural arrangements, not every property would have a buffer heritage as a significant element. zone, as buffer zones are only one means to achieve protection and management. As outlined in the The State Party has not proposed a buffer zone, arguing Operational Guidelines, there are also legal, regulatory that the above mentioned mechanisms will function as an and other methods available” (World Heritage and Buffer added layer of protection for the setting and key views into Zones – Paper Series 25, p. 187). However, the meeting and out of the nominated property in an area totalling further “recognized that actions may take place well 250,400 ha. surrounding and between the six serial beyond the boundaries of a property and any buffer zone components. In the proposed Management Plan, the State that might nonetheless have a significant influence upon Party mentions that Landscape Character Studies have the outstanding universal value and integrity of a property. been undertaken within all the serial components to inform The concept of an area of influence may also be useful to planning policy and decisions. ICOMOS requested in describe a wider zone in which activities may take place September 2020 additional information on the that could have an impact upon the outstanding universal identification, description and illustration of key views in value and integrity of a property” (ibid., p. 190). order to understand how these would be protected by the Nevertheless, as factors affecting the property highlighted landscape designations. The State Party replied in below suggest, ICOMOS considers that forms of November 2020 that no individual key views have been regulatory protection of the immediate setting and key identified as it highlights the need to protect the cultural views of the nominated property should be set up, landscape as a whole. considering the necessity to protect the nominated property and its immediate settings. ICOMOS notes that the proposed serial components represent small and irregularly-shaped areas within the ICOMOS recommends that further study of the settings totality of the slate industrial landscape of the North Wales and key views are undertaken following a landscape and region. However, ICOMOS understands that the design of historical analysis in order to strengthen the protection of the serial components reflects the inclusion of the most the setting of the nominated property. ICOMOS considers complete remaining evidence of the functional and social that the protection mechanisms in place are systems of the cultural landscape of the Industrial comprehensive, and recommends to thoroughly enforce Revolution, and the exclusion of areas with current or them in the absence of a formal buffer zone. potential mineral activity. In this regard, ICOMOS considers that the serial components are clearly delineated and that State of conservation the boundaries are adequate. Each serial component and the heritage resources included in the nominated property have different In the Interim Report, ICOMOS requested illustrations of conservation histories as quarries and engineering the key views, and information on specific measures to complexes have ceased functioning at different periods in protect them, especially for the highly vulnerable coastal time and are under differing ownerships, while most areas and linear elements of the nominated property. historical settlements are still inhabited. According to the ICOMOS also requested clarification regarding the State Party, the cultural landscape has experienced little decision to not use the existing landscape designations change since the end of the heyday of the slate industry, as a formal buffer zone for the nominated property. In and all successive industries are not visually intrusive. February 2021, the State Party provided illustrations of examples of key viewpoints, detailed explanations on The nomination dossier informs that Component Part 1 is mechanisms protecting the coastal and marine protected in a good to fair state of conservation, with the relict areas, and the rationale for not proposing a buffer zone. hospital and other industrial structures covered by In addition, the State Party submitted the draft of the vegetation and in need of conservation action. Penrhyn Supplementary Planning Guidance which states the Castle and Park are in a very good state of conservation considerations for assessing development proposals that and have become tourist attractions, while Port Penrhyn may have an impact on the nominated property and its is in active industrial use for commercial fishing and setting. associated uses. Mynydd Llandygai and Bethesda are inhabited and preserve their original layouts, with some areas and buildings having been designated.

439 Component Part 2 is generally in a good to very good relict elements need conservation action. Furthermore, state of conservation with some historical buildings in ICOMOS notes that the historic character of the living need of conservation. Recent renovations have been settlements is vulnerable and requires regular monitoring. carried out in the Dinorwig Quarry Hospital which included both building improvements and interpretation work. The Factors affecting the property refurbishment of the National Slate Museum is being Based on the information provided by the State Party and planned. The historical settlements of Deiniolen, Clwt y the observations of the ICOMOS technical evaluation Bont, Dinorwig and Fachwen are all still inhabited and mission, ICOMOS considers that the main factor affecting retain their early 19th-century layout. the property is natural decay, especially in some of the remote archaeological sites, threatening the structural Component Part 3 is in a good state of conservation. integrity of historic industrial buildings. The nomination Some structures, like the eastern bastion of the Dorothea dossier notes that pit quarries are now generally flooded, Slate Quarry, are in very poor condition and in need of former working-faces can be prone to infrequent and conservation. The Dorothea Slate Quarry Cornish Beam localized rock-falls, and vegetation growth is affecting Engine is in fair condition and preserves its original quarry tips and relict roads and paths. machinery. Nantlle Village is still inhabited and retains its historic character, while some individual buildings’ historic ICOMOS requested information in September 2020 about character has been affected. The settlements in Cilgwyn the operations of the Dinorwig Power Station located Mountain retain their historic layout with some properties within the nominated property (Component Part 2) and its inhabited and some having been abandoned after potential impact on the proposed Outstanding Universal quarrying ceased. Value. In additional information received in November 2020, the State Party indicated that the hydropower Component Part 4 is managed for grazing. The state of station, built between 1975 and 1984, operates in conservation is generally good and Treforys Village is underground installations to preserve the natural beauty deserted and in good condition. Minor conservation of the of the Snowdonia National Park. The State Party further Ynysypandy Slate-Slab Mill and associated structures is states that all future upgrades to technology will be required. developed within the current installations with no visual impact or effect on the relict quarry. ICOMOS considers Component Part 5 is in a generally good state of that the Dinorwig Power Station does not represent a conservation with the underground structures prone to threat as only some small-scale visual impacts exist from rock falls and water-ingress. Maenofferen Slate Quarry certain viewpoints opposite to the lake. Main Complex has suffered deterioration and works have been initiated to stabilise some of the structures. Potential The State Party further assured in additional information re-use of part of the complex is currently under that any potential renewable energy infrastructure discussion. The town of Blaenau Ffestiniog is inhabited proposals within the nominated property or wider and retains its 19th-century urban layout and historical protected area will be carefully analysed and assessed character. Plas Tan y Bwlch is in very good condition and according to the planning policies set out in the Anglesey managed by the Snowdonia National Park Authority as and Gwynedd Joint Local Development Plan, the Slate their residential study centre. Major renovations were Landscape of Northwest Wales Supplementary Planning undertaken in 2004-2005 supported by the Heritage Guidance, and the Snowdonia National Park Authority Lottery Fund and Cadw, the Welsh Government’s Historic Eryri Local Development Plan, potentially requiring a Environment Service. The slate quays on the Dwyryd Development Consent Order. The State Party guarantees River are relict and conserved. Portmadog Harbour is well that all mineral extraction, tipping, processing and conserved and in active use. secondary reworking is conducted outside of the nominated property, with all operations planned to cease Component Part 6 is in a good state of conservation. The and site restoration works to be undertaken within the underground workings of the quarry are in a stable next 8 to 22 years. ICOMOS considers that currently, the condition and preserve historical artefacts. The village of mineral activity in the wider protected area has no impact Abergynolwyn retains its mid-19th-century character and on the integrity of the nominated property, and restoration layout. measures should be coordinated with the management authorities in order to avoid negative impacts on its Ffestiniog (Component Part 5) and Talyllyn (Component integrity and authenticity after the cessation of operations. Part 6) Railways remain operational, while relict railways Furthermore, ICOMOS considers that in the event that and routes are under multiple ownership and overgrown, future mineral works are intended to be undertaken with the Cegin railroad viaduct (Component Part 1) having adjacent to the nominated property, Environmental benefited from recent conservation. Community initiatives Impact Assessments and Heritage Impact Assessments are undertaking vegetation removal. should be carried out prior to consent, especially given the lack of a formal buffer zone. Based on the information provided by the State Party and the observations of the ICOMOS technical evaluation mission, ICOMOS considers that the state of conservation of the nominated property as a whole is good, while some

440 Adventure tourism is very popular in the area with 3 Proposed justification for inscription potential to grow if the nominated property is inscribed on the World Heritage List. Currently, related infrastructure is Proposed justification reversible and mostly located outside of the nominated The nominated property is considered by the State Party property, having no impacts on the heritage values to to be of Outstanding Universal Value as a cultural date. ICOMOS considers that new adventure tourism property for the following reasons: developments should be carefully assessed guided by a Heritage Impact Assessment and preferably take place • It represents an outstanding interaction between outside of the nominated property. humans and their natural environment which resulted in the creation of a large-scale industrial An increase in tourism in a potential inscription scenario quarrying and mining landscape of global could eventually impact on the character of the historical historical value; settlements. Existing Urban Character Studies in • The slate quarried within the nominated property conjunction with Conservation Area designation and influenced architectural development Local Management Plans under elaboration are set to internationally and can be found as an important manage and avoid any potential negative impacts. In material in World Heritage properties as well as in additional information, the State Party informed that other historical buildings, from castles to Community Design Guides under elaboration will provide vernacular architecture, around the world; guiding principles on developments, renovations and • The technological developments within the investments to properties within the settlements located nominated property had influence at a regional within the nominated property. In its Interim Report, and global scale through workers’ knowledge, ICOMOS requested an update on the status of potential skills and technology transfers during the housing projects mentioned in the proposed Management Industrial Revolution, both inward and outward, as Plan. The State Party replied in February 2021 that well as within the nominated property; planning applications are not yet approved or not yet • It is an outstanding testimony of a major industrial submitted, and that to be considered, planning transformation of the landscape from an agrarian applications have to include relevant impact assessments to an industrial land-use pattern, undertaken and will be determined in accordance with the Anglesey through capital investment and intelligent use of and Gwynedd Joint Local Development Plan. the natural environment and resources, with a

partial transition from craft-skill to machine-based; Socio-economic factors could potentially affect the • The maintenance of Welsh language and nominated property, such as demographic change, with quarrying culture represents the adaptation of a an outflux of young people and an influx of retired people traditional minority culture to modernity. and the potential loss of Welsh language and related cultural activities and events. ICOMOS notes that these Comparative analysis concerns are addressed by the State Party in the The comparative analysis is presented in 3 parts: the proposed Management Plan. However, these factors comparison to properties already inscribed on the World need constant monitoring and careful corrective actions Heritage List, including those located in the United to redress potential negative processes that might Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which emerge despite the measures proposed in the represent a similar typology (mining landscapes of the Management Plan. Industrial Revolution) with a comparable combination of

values and proposed attributes; the comparison to Climate change presents potential challenges. properties on Tentative Lists; and a thematic comparison Instruments created at national level for strategic action to quarrying and mining landscapes throughout the world are the basis for the nominated property’s proposed which are neither inscribed on the World Heritage List nor Management Plan and Risk Management Strategy. included in Tentative Lists. In addition, the nomination ICOMOS requested the State Party, in its Interim Report, dossier presents a justification for the selection of the six to submit the completed Risk Management Strategy, as a components of this serial nomination, including a necessary document to coordinate and communicate comparison within the region of Wales, and the measures across the nominated property. The State Party justification for the selection of the elements included in submitted in February 2021 the draft of the Risk the six serial components. Management Strategy where hazards, both natural and human-made, as well as potential climate change impacts The rationale of the comparison is based on seven and potential visitor pressure to the nominated property, parameters: the type of the property; the size of the have been identified and policy frameworks addressing property; the typology (quarrying and mining landscape); them referred to. ICOMOS considers that climate change the period (Industrial Revolution); the geo-cultural region threats are imminent but not yet significantly impacting the (global); the integrity, authenticity, protection and nominated property. ICOMOS further notes that the State management; and the selection of comparable Party is taking proactive adaptation and mitigation landscapes. The State Party examined comparable slate measures against potential negative impacts of climate quarrying and mining sites at global and national level. change. From this comparison, the nominated property stands out

441 by its scale of influence and development, the diverse Criterion (iv): be an outstanding example of a type of application of technology, of transport infrastructure, the building, architectural or technological ensemble or high levels of authenticity and integrity, and the good state landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in of conservation. Furthermore, it is indicated that many of human history; the comparable sites were influenced by technology and This criterion is justified by the State Party on the grounds knowledge developed in the nominated property. that the nominated property is an outstanding example of

a type of landscape which illustrates, in a dramatic way, The serial nomination approach is justified based on the the ‘combined works of nature and of man’ through the need to reflect the territorial scale, the uneven geological large-scale exploitation of natural resources. distribution, and the diversity of the wider industrial landscape, including functional and social linkages that ICOMOS considers that the nominated property are essential to understand the significance of the cultural represents an outstanding example of a stone quarrying landscape. Sites within Gwynedd were selected for and mining landscape which illustrates the extent of inclusion on the basis of their surviving archaeology, their transformation of an agricultural environment during the authenticity and integrity as a cultural landscape and their Industrial Revolution. The existing evidence of quarries, potential to contribute to the proposed Outstanding mines, engineering complexes, processing sites, as well Universal Value, as well as their means of legal as settlements and transport routes, convey the protection. Other locations in Wales were considered in functionality of the relict slate industrial cultural landscape detail but not recommended for inclusion due to their in an exceptional manner. small size and because significant elements lacked authenticity and integrity. In additional information ICOMOS considers that criterion (iv) is justified. provided in November 2020, the State Party clarified that a seventh location was identified as desirable but was Criterion (v): be an outstanding example of a traditional eventually excluded on the basis of the extent of active human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is mineral extraction, processing and tipping, and the wide representative of a culture (or cultures), or human areas of extant mineral permissions within it. interaction with the environment especially when it has

become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible ICOMOS considers that the comparative analysis is change; rigorous and comprehensive and justifies consideration of this property for the World Heritage List. This criterion is justified by the State Party on the grounds that the nominated property is an outstanding example of Criteria under which inscription is proposed the industrial transformation of a traditional human The property is nominated on the basis of cultural criteria settlement and marginal agrarian land-use pattern, (ii), (iv) and (v). exemplifying how a remarkably homogenous minority culture, the Welsh, adapted to modernity in the industrial Criterion (ii): exhibit an important interchange of human era. values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, ICOMOS considers that elements of the justification for monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; this criterion are relevant for the justification of criterion (iv) since the change in land-use patterns from agrarian This criterion is justified by the State Party on the grounds to industrial is part of the landscape typology proposed. that the nominated property exhibits an important ICOMOS notes that the nominated property has been interchange of human values, particularly in the period proposed by the State Party as illustrative of a cultural from 1780 to 1940, on developments in architecture and landscape of the Industrial Revolution, which is not technology related to the slate quarrying and mining primarily representative of Welsh culture, since Welsh industry. communities occupy a larger territory and not primarily as

a slate quarrying culture. Furthermore, the argument of ICOMOS considers that the nominated property was vulnerability proposed by the State Party refers to Welsh internationally significant for the export of slates, but also communities adapting to change during the Industrial in the export of technology and skilled workers from the Revolution and not to present vulnerabilities to irreversible 1780s to the early 20th century. It played a leading role in change. the field and constituted a model for other slate quarries in different parts of the world. It offers an important and ICOMOS considers that criterion (v) has not been remarkable example of interchange of materials, justified. technology and human values.

ICOMOS considers that the serial approach is justified ICOMOS considers that criterion (ii) is justified. and that the nominated property meets criteria (ii) and (iv)

but that criterion (v) has not been demonstrated.

442 Integrity and authenticity process of an evolving quarrying and mining cultural landscape. Traditions and quarrying techniques are Integrity maintained by the working quarry population living in the nominated property and surroundings, as well as the All elements which composed the slate industrial Indigenous language, Welsh, in a variety of dialects landscape, including the quarries and mines, the across the nominated property. processing areas and other related infrastructure, the transport systems and the settlements where workers, managers and land-owners established themselves, as ICOMOS considers that the location and setting of the six well as their interconnections, are present. The serial components and their elements as well as the wider preservation of these elements allows the understanding setting are remarkably authentic. However, ICOMOS of the relationships and functions occurring at the notes that the historical settlements present different yet nominated property during the industrial period, when the acceptable levels of authenticity, which need to be closely mineral works were active, and when major changes were monitored and controlled by the management system and undertaken in the landscape organization. The existence respective Local Management Plans. of continuing extraction of slate within the wider protected area enables the continuation of cultural practices related In conclusion, ICOMOS considers that the conditions of to the values of the nominated property. integrity and authenticity have been met. However, ICOMOS notes that due to the configuration of the serial ICOMOS considers that even though the six serial components and the lack of formal buffer zones, the components are small, these adequately represent the integrity of the nominated property could be vulnerable, totality of the cultural landscape that they illustrate and that requiring strict compliance to statutory protection the level of integrity of the six serial components individually mechanisms. Furthermore, ICOMOS considers that and the nominated property as a whole is high. However, regular monitoring and effectively-coordinated noting the irregular and linear shape of some of the serial management are required for retaining the integrity and components, ICOMOS considers that the integrity of the authenticity of the historical settlements. nominated property and its setting is vulnerable and requires careful monitoring. ICOMOS therefore Evaluation of the proposed justification for recommends to consistently utilize the protective inscription mechanisms in place to strengthen the integrity of the ICOMOS considers that the comparative analysis justifies nominated property and its setting. the consideration of the nominated serial property for the World Heritage List. The nominated serial property justifies Authenticity criteria (ii) and (iv), but ICOMOS considers that criterion (v) has not been demonstrated. It meets the requirements of The authenticity of the nominated property is based on the integrity and authenticity. However, ICOMOS considers presence of archaeological, technological, architectural that the integrity of the serial components and their setting and anthropological evidence of the life and functions of could be vulnerable due to their configuration and the lack the cultural landscape during the Industrial Revolution of formal buffer zones. ICOMOS recommends an in-depth until the beginning of World War II. The retainment of the study of the setting and key views of the nominated relict quarries’ landforms and locations as they ceased to property to support the planning framework in the be worked, the physical fabric of the associated protection of the setting of the six serial components. settlements whose buildings conserve original materials, Moreover, ICOMOS considers that the integrity and and the spatial distribution of the elements of the cultural authenticity of the living historical settlements, including landscape, including the railway and road systems which their intangible attributes, are vulnerable to potential in some cases are still in use, provide testimony of the tourism development. These vulnerabilities need to be interactions between landowners, industrialists and further addressed and carefully monitored by the quarry workers with their environment, at different scales, management system, particularly by the Local narrating how this cultural landscape evolved from an Management Plans, the Supplementary Guidance, the agriculture-based society into an industrial centre. Some Risk Management Strategy and the Tourism Strategy. of the cutting-edge technologies developed in the nominated property are being maintained and displayed ICOMOS considers that the state of conservation of the in their original locations, as well as the railways and the nominated property as a whole is good, while some relict use of these for educational and touristic purposes. Ports elements require conservation works, as natural decay retain their original function as they continue to be used, represents the main factor currently affecting the though the emphasis is nowadays on different nominated property. Furthermore, potential factors that commercial and recreational activities rather than on the may affect the nominated property in the future are the export of slate, which is less extensive. development of tourism and its potential impact on the character of the historical villages and settlements, as well The workers’ settlements, towns and villages present as on the language and local culture; the development of different levels of authenticity. In general, they provide a adventure tourism; and the initiation of new mineral mixture of buildings from different time periods, from the activities or development of renewable energy th early quarrying period in the 18 century to the last infrastructure, for which ICOMOS recommends th quarrying period in the 20 century, reflecting the dynamic Environmental Impact Assessments and Heritage Impact

443 Assessments prior to consent. In addition, climate change sensitive maintenance and conservation of traditional represents an imminent threat, especially for the coastal buildings. areas of the nominated property. Specific potential threats for each Component Part have been identified in the draft Each designation (Scheduled Monuments, Listed Risk Management Strategy, with reference to Buildings, Conservation Areas and Registered preventative measures and policy frameworks addressing Landscapes) involves specific conservation guidelines them. developed by the respective authority or entity in charge that programs their actions in different cycles which have Attributes been referred to in the nomination dossier and proposed The original location and overall setting of the nominated Management Plan. A programme of inspections for historic property are attributes which convey its historical value. assets has been carried out in order to determine the state The geological characteristics of the Snowdon massif and of conservation and conservation needs of non-designated its valleys, as well as the landscape views, natural and heritage resources, as well as the potential to be human-made landforms (slate pits and tips), surface and designated in the short-term. underground workings, are important attributes for the understanding of the nominated property and its historical Local Management Plans under development are set to significance as a cultural landscape. The industrial define conservation measures adapted for each type of process and its impacts on the environment and the heritage in coordination with owners, the heritage society are illustrated by the interconnections between the conservation and planning authorities and respective diversity of elements included in the six serial legislation and policies. components: the quarries, their associated industrial infrastructure, the settlements, quarry owners’ Monitoring residences, road and railway systems, quays and ports Monitoring is proposed for the state of conservation and the are tangible attributes that demonstrate the process of sustainable use of the nominated property. In the event of slate quarrying and mining from the source of the mineral a successful inscription, the overall responsibility for raw stone to its end-use and transport as a finished monitoring the nominated property lies with the Slate product. The original form and design, and in most cases, Landscape of Northwest Wales Partnership Steering material and substance and the interrelationships Group. Key indicators for the nominated property as a between these different elements are also relevant whole have been proposed based on existing monitoring attributes, even though the continuity of use and function programmes developed by the institutions in charge of the is only present in the inhabited settlements. In addition, different heritage assets. The management effectiveness the persistence of Indigenous Welsh language, traditional will be monitored based on the measurable outcomes of the cultural practices and festivities originating in the implementation of the proposed Management Plan; quarrying activities of the industrialisation period, as well however, key indicators have not been specified. ICOMOS as the continuous intergenerational transmission of recommends the development of key indicators for traditional quarrying techniques, are intangible attributes monitoring the management effectiveness which would of the nominated property. include the monitoring of the measures in place and the effectiveness of the planning system to protect the ICOMOS considers that the identification of attributes is nominated property and its setting. Streamlining of the comprehensive and supports the justification for monitoring system with the Periodic Reporting inscription. questionnaire would also be useful.

ICOMOS considers that conservation measures and monitoring arrangements are adequate, while actions by 4 Conservation measures and monitoring different owners and authorities in charge of the diverse

heritage resources must remain coordinated in the Conservation measures nominated property as a whole. ICOMOS recommends Conservation activities have been carried out within the the development of key indicators to assess the nominated property since the 1950s by individuals, management effectiveness of the nominated property. voluntary organisations and institutions and corporations, Streamlining of the monitoring system with the Periodic depending on the ownership of each historical asset. As Reporting questionnaire would also be useful. part of the process of developing the nomination, the Slate

Landscape of Northwest Wales Partnership Steering

Group, the lead of the multi-stakeholders partnership working on the nomination, created links with stakeholders 5 Protection and management including quarry-owners, the National Museum of Wales, railway operating companies, individuals and education- Documentation providers in order to share best practice and to offer advice An Inventory of the Nominated Property has been attached and support. The State Party maintains that efforts are to the nomination dossier, as well as Urban Character under way to develop traditional skills’ training to create an Studies, Register of Historic Landscapes and Historic informed workforce with the capacity to respond to the Landscape Characterisation reports. The inventory is needs of the nominated property, and to raise awareness based on a series of archaeological assessments that were amongst communities of the importance of appropriate and undertaken between 2015 and 2019. Other sources of this

444 inventory and photographic archive of the nominated Historic parks and gardens like Penrhyn Castle and Plas property are held by relevant institutions such as the Tan y Bwlch are recognized in the Historic Environment Gwynedd Archaeological Trust, Cadw’s records on (Wales) Act 2016, as Registered Parks and Gardens of designated historic assets in Wales and Gwynedd’s Special Historic Interest which are afforded protection archives, among others, and are accessible online and/or through the Planning system. open to the public. ICOMOS considers that the existing digital databases provide a comprehensive baseline for the The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act future monitoring and management of the nominated 1949 grants the highest level of landscape protection within property. the national planning system to the Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) where three of the serial Legal protection components are totally or partially located. Five of the serial The protection and management of the nominated property components are located totally or partially within areas is set out by Cadw (the Welsh Government’s Historic recognized in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Environment Service) based on the Planning Guidance on Historic Interest in Wales. This is not a statutory designation inscribed World Heritage sites of the Welsh Government’s but provides information to decision makers and landscape national policy guidance Planning Policy Wales 10 (2018) managers to help ensure that the historic character of the following three principles: the statutory designation of landscape is sustained. These landscape designations specific historic assets within the nominated property; the correspond to the surrounding areas of the six serial use of the Spatial Planning system, including policies that components and have been proposed to be used as guide appropriate development; and the collaborative added layers of protection to the nominated property and creation and implementation of a Management Plan its setting in the absence of a formal buffer zone. involving all key stakeholders. Parts of the nominated property are located within or The nominated property and its setting are afforded legal adjacent to various environmental designations including: protection through a diversity of instruments according to Statutory sites designated at international/European level the type of heritage. The different elements within each of as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special the serial components are under various ownerships and Protection Areas (SPAs); at national level as Sites of are subject to different legal arrangements. Some areas are Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and National Nature under the ownership of Gwynedd Council and Snowdonia Reserves (NNRs); at local level as Local Wildlife Sites, National Park Authority, others under individual farmers, Local Nature Reserves and Ancient woodlands. Some of many of whom have managed their land for generations. these designations and Special Landscape Areas protect Many of the key assets, such as Penrhyn Castle and Park, the coastal strips and areas of Component Parts 1 and 5. the National Slate Museum at Llanberis, and the Ffestiniog National Marine Character Areas protect the seascapes and Talyllyn Railways, are operated by charitable of the Menai Straits, Bay and . organizations. Existing protection is the responsibility of public and private sector organizations including Gwynedd Council, Natural There are 17 designated Scheduled Monuments, Resources Wales and Dŵr Cymru - Welsh Water. Some protected under The Ancient Monuments and rare or endangered bird species associated with the Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended by The Historic quarries and surrounding areas are protected under the Environment (Wales) Act 2016, which correspond to the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. In its report, IUCN noted relict quarries and other archaeological sites; and that the nominated property falls within, adjacent to or in 13 proposed Scheduled Monuments to be designated in the surroundings of, important protected areas, notably, the short-term in the event of an inscription. the Snowdonia National Park, an IUCN Protected Area Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape), and which Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas within the six represent habitats for endangered, vulnerable or near serial components have been listed since 1949 under The threatened species according to the IUCN Red List. Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act ICOMOS considers that these designations will contribute 1990 as amended by the Historic Environment (Wales) Act to the conservation of the natural values and the setting 2016. These include workers’ dwellings, vernacular of the nominated property. buildings, places of worship and other social infrastructure, as well as industrial and transport elements. Management system Gwynedd Council has established The Slate Landscape of Conservation Areas have been designated in nine Northwest Wales Partnership Steering Group involving all locations which correspond to the historical settlements relevant stakeholders in the nominated property in order to associated with the slate industrial development. Additional coordinate its overall management. This includes the Conservation Areas are expected to be designated in the Snowdonia National Park Authority, in charge of the legal short-term. protection and management of the Snowdonia National Park and its historic assets, enforcing the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and Cadw, the Welsh Government’s Historic Environment Service, which is in charge of the legal protection and management of the historical assets in the nominated property (Scheduled

445 Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Historic of the Historic Environment in Wales (Cadw 2011). It is Gardens and Parks) as well as all Welsh World Heritage accompanied by an Action Plan that sets the timetable for properties, enforcing the Ancient Monuments and each of the objectives. Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the Planning Act 1990 as amended by the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 The spatial planning system guides compatible and jointly with local planning authorities. Since ownership appropriate development, informed by the Conservation within the nominated property is varied, land-owners, Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic private sector and local administrations are involved in the Environment in Wales (Cadw 2011); Managing Change in management system as being responsible for their heritage World Heritage sites in Wales (Cadw 2017); and the Town assets, including research institutions, charities and and Country Planning Act 1990. Certain applications for organizations in charge of specific historical buildings. developments within World Heritage properties require Individual owners and other organizations receive Design and Access Statements. Large-scale guidance and support from Cadw and Gwynedd Council, developments require an Environmental Impact who supervise monitoring at site level. Assessment, and an Assessment of the Significance of the Impact of Development on Historic Landscapes The Partnership is led by the Partnership Steering Group (ASIDOHL) in accordance with Technical Advice Note 24, which is responsible for the strategic direction. It comprises The Historic Environment. Applications for Scheduled officials and elected members from Gwynedd Council and Monument Consent and for Listed Building and the Snowdonia National Park Authority, representatives Conservation Area consent must be accompanied by from Cadw, the National Museum of Wales, Bangor Heritage Impact Statements according to the Planning University, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Regulations. Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW), the National Trust, ICOMOS-UK, and representatives from the private Visitor management sector. It receives specialist advice from experts in heritage Gwynedd Council is currently reviewing its Tourism conservation, economic regeneration, and tourism. The Strategy. An Interpretation Strategy has been presented Partnership Steering Group has led the drafting of a in the nomination dossier, providing a basis for the future Management Plan that in the event of an inscription will be interpretation and presentation of the six serial adopted as the overarching strategic document components as World Heritage in the event of an complemented by The Slate Landscape of Northwest inscription. The model proposed is intended to support the Wales Joint Supplementary Planning Guidance which will understanding of the industrial landscape and to disperse provide detailed guidance in relation to the established visitors across the region and the nominated property. planning policies (Town and Country Planning Act 1990, Existing visitor infrastructure consisting of tourism Planning (Wales) Act 2015, Eryri Local Development Plan attractions and interpretation centres will be used and no 2016-2031, Anglesey and Gwynedd Joint Local new visitor infrastructure is being planned. Development Plan 2011-2022). A World Heritage Coordinator will be appointed to be in charge of the ICOMOS notes that existing interpretative sites and visitor implementation of the management plan and respective centres are currently not connected and the nominated action plan. property as a whole is not presented in any of the serial components. ICOMOS considers that the Interpretation The Management Plan has been prepared for the period Strategy needs to be implemented for the appropriate 2020-2030, and set to be reviewed in 2025. It will be presentation of the nominated property as a whole. supported by a series of Local Management Plans for heritage resources within each serial component, which Community involvement are still under elaboration. ICOMOS requested the State Socio-economic regeneration across the region has been Party in its Interim Report to provide the completed Local a key motivation for the nomination and the Partnership Management Plans in order to understand better the Steering Group has developed a Community Engagement management at local level and for the individual serial Strategy to inform and involve local communities and components and elements within. The State Party businesses in the process. Local Management Plans and submitted in February 2021 four of the 22 proposed Local Community Destination Plans are being collaboratively Management Plans. ICOMOS considers that these prepared. Community initiatives and non-profit instruments provide further information on the organisations provide platforms for participation in the management of serial components and their elements, interpretation strategy, especially involving youth. and that the completion of all the Local Management Community events have been held throughout the Plans is essential for an effective management of the nomination process to raise awareness. The development nominated property. of the nomination has included a seven-week public consultation on the proposed Management Plan, the The Management Plan is set to bring under one umbrella results of which are available on the Gwynedd Council the diverse designations and respective stakeholders website. stating common objectives for conservation and sustainable development, visitors, interpretation and research strategies for the nominated property following the Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management

446 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the protection and The State Party has proposed a serial nomination of six management of nominated property components located within landscape designations that Legal designations of landscapes and historical assets in afford protection to the nominated property as a cultural conjunction with the Spatial Planning system have landscape. ICOMOS considers that the serial nomination granted an adequate protection to the nominated serial approach has been justified and that the boundaries of property. However, ICOMOS notes the vulnerability of the each serial component are adequate. However, ICOMOS setting due to the configuration of the serial components considers that due to the configuration of the serial and the absence of a formal buffer zone. ICOMOS further components and the lack of a formal buffer zone, a careful notes the vulnerability of the historic character of the living enforcement of the legal and planning mechanisms in settlements and its intangible attributes due to socio- place to ensure the integrity of the nominated property’s economic factors and a potential tourism development proposed Outstanding Universal Value and its setting is scenario. Constant monitoring is recommended to needed. address these vulnerabilities. ICOMOS considers that the setting up of the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales The comparative analysis is thorough and justifies the Partnership Steering Group provides an inclusive consideration of the nominated property for the World governance basis and a good foundation for a Heritage List. ICOMOS considers that the nominated coordinated management. ICOMOS considers that the property has justified criteria (ii) and (iv) as a centre of coordination between the nominated property’s proposed technological innovation in Europe which radiated out Management Plan and Local Management Plans needs across the world and as an outstanding example of a to be ensured. ICOMOS considers therefore that the landscape that illustrates the Industrial Revolution. completion of all Local Management Plans is essential. ICOMOS considers that the nominated property meets ICOMOS further recommends setting key indicators to the conditions of integrity and authenticity. However, monitor the management effectiveness of the nominated ICOMOS notes the vulnerability of the integrity of the property as a whole. nominated property, its setting and the historic character of the living historical settlements, including intangible ICOMOS considers that the protection of the nominated attributes, for which it recommends constant monitoring in serial property is adequate; however, ICOMOS notes that order to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the cultural the setting and living historical settlements are vulnerable landscape. and need careful monitoring and enforcement of protective mechanisms. ICOMOS considers that the The protection and management based on the statutory proposed management system is adequate, and that the designation of historical assets, landscape designations, completion of the Local Management Plans is needed to a comprehensive spatial planning system, the setting up ensure the effective protection and management of the of the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales Partnership nominated serial property. ICOMOS also recommends to coordinate the management system and implement the the development of key indicators to monitor the proposed Management Plan are adequate. Furthermore, management effectiveness. Environmental and Heritage Impact Assessments are an integral part of the planning system. ICOMOS notes that the Supplementary Guidance, Local Management Plans, 6 Conclusion Risk Management Strategy and Tourism Strategy are important instruments providing fundamental guidance for The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales represents an the management of the serial components and for outstanding testimony of the transformation of an addressing their vulnerabilities. Finally, ICOMOS agricultural environment into an industrial landscape, recommends that the common Interpretation Strategy for through a large capital investment in technological the whole series be implemented for the presentation of innovation for resource extraction and transportation the nominated property as a whole. during the Industrial Revolution. The nominated property preserves relict quarries and mines, relict industrial complexes, buildings and machinery, quays, ports, 7 Recommendations harbours in active use, living settlements and railway and road networks which convey the relict functionality of the Recommendations with respect to inscription industrial system. Festivities and Welsh cultural practices ICOMOS recommends that the Slate Landscape of associated with the quarrying traditions are part of the Northwest Wales, United Kingdom of Great Britain and intangible attributes of the nominated property. Northern Ireland, be inscribed on the World Heritage List as a cultural landscape on the basis of criteria (ii) and The state of conservation of the serial property as a whole (iv). is good, while some relict industrial elements are in need of conservation action. Several historical industrial buildings have been adapted to new uses which have allowed their continuous maintenance, without compromising their integrity and authenticity.

447 Recommended Statement of Criterion (iv): The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales Outstanding Universal Value is an outstanding example of a stone quarrying and mining landscape which illustrates the extent of Brief synthesis transformation of an agricultural environment during the Industrial Revolution. Massive deposits of high-quality The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is located in the slate defined the principal geological resource of the United Kingdom, in the mountains of Snowdon massif. Six challenging mountainous terrain of the Snowdon massif. areas together represent an exceptional example of an Their dispersed locations represent concentrated nodes industrial landscape which was profoundly shaped by of exploitation and settlement, of sustainable power quarrying and mining slate, and transporting it for national generated by prolific volumes of water that was and international markets. From 1780 to 1940 this harnessed in ingenious ways, and brought into being industry dominated world production of roofing slates, several innovative and technically advanced railways that transforming both the environment and the communities made their way to new coastal ports built to serve this who lived and worked here. The quarries and mines are transcontinental export trade. The property comprises the monumental in scale, comprising stepped hillside most exceptional distinct landscapes that, together, workings, deep pits and cavernous underground illustrate the diverse heritage of a much wider landscape chambers, massive cascading tips, ingenious water that was created during the era of British industrialisation. systems, and a range of industrial buildings. Outstanding technical equipment and major engineering features Integrity survive. Innovative transport systems linked quarries and processing sites with purpose-built coastal export The property contains all of the essential elements that harbours and with main-line railways. Grand country convey attributes of Outstanding Universal Value. Its houses and estates built by leading industrialists contrast boundaries capture the principal non-active slate- with workers’ vernacular settlements, with their producing areas in Northwest Wales, together with their characteristic chapels and churches, band-rooms, associated industrial heritage that includes the most schools, libraries and meeting-places. significant processing facilities, settlements and transport routes. The protective mechanisms in place should be By the late 19th century the region produced about a third consistently used to strengthen the integrity of the of the world output of roofing slates and architectural property and its setting. slabs. Its use in terraced houses, factories, warehouses and elite architecture contributed to rapid global Authenticity urbanization. It influenced building styles, encouraging The well-preserved cultural landscape retains a high level the shallow-pitched roofs of the Georgian order. of authenticity, and has experienced little intervention Technologies that were innovated, adopted and adapted since the main period of industrial operation. Attributes of in the property include the ingenious application of Outstanding Universal Value are conveyed by physical waterpower, the development of bulk handling systems elements that are clearly identified and understood in and the first known application of the circular saw for terms of date, spatial distribution, use and function cutting stone. These were diffused by specialists and by (including living communities and operational railways), emigration of skilled Welsh quarrymen to the developing form and design, materials and substance, and their slate industries of the United States, continental Europe interrelationships including connectivity and overall and Ireland. The Snowdon massif’s narrow-gauge railway functional and compositional integrity of the series. The systems gained global influence and were adopted from serial property further embodies a vibrant cultural Asia and America to Africa and Australasia. tradition, including slate-working skills and the continued

widespread use of the Welsh language. Key attributes are Criterion (ii): The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales reflected in landscape qualities and features of quarrying exhibits an important interchange, particularly in the including the relict working areas, tips and transport period from 1780 to 1940, on developments in routes, together with associated settlements and social architecture and technology. Slate has been quarried in infrastructure. The historical settlements present different the mountains of Northwest Wales since Roman times, yet acceptable levels of authenticity, which need to be but sustained large-scale production from the late 18th to closely monitored and controlled by the management the early 20th centuries dominated the global market as a system and respective Local Management Plans. roofing element. This led to major transcontinental developments in building and architecture. Technology, Management and protection requirements skilled workers and knowledge transfer from this cultural landscape was fundamental to the development of the The serial property and its setting are afforded the highest slate industry of continental Europe and the United levels of protection through the implementation of existing States. Moreover, its narrow-gauge railways – which legislation: The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological remain in operation under steam today – served as the Areas Act 1979, The Town and Country Planning Act model for successive systems which contributed 1990, The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation substantially to the social and economic development of Areas) Act 1990, The Historic Environment (Wales) Act regions in many other parts of the world. 2016 and through implementation of policies within the Gwynedd and Anglesey Joint Local Development Plan

448 and Snowdonia National Park Authority Local g) Setting up a monitoring framework and key Development Plan. indicators to assess the management effectiveness of the property, Attributes of Outstanding Universal Value have been defined and articulated in The Slate Landscape of h) Integrating the World Heritage attributes in the Northwest Wales Property Management Plan which existing online databases and documentation to establishes the over-arching strategies and mechanisms inform at an early stage about the World by which the serial property will be managed. This is Heritage property, ensuring the consideration of complemented at local level by a series of Local these in all planning processes, Management Plans, developed in collaboration with landowners, which include site-specific information and i) Agreeing with the companies undertaking practical recommendations. Responsibility for the mineral operations in the wider protected area implementation of the Management Plan will sit with a at an early stage on the restoration measures to multi-organisational Partnership Steering Group be undertaken after the cessation of the activity established by the lead organization, to which an to avoid negative impacts on the integrity and appointed World Heritage Coordinator will report. All of authenticity of the property; the serial components of the property lie within areas of Wales that are already subject to strong levels of landscape protection through designation as a National Park and registration as Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest. These will serve as an added layer of protection to the setting and key views into and out of the serial property, through a strict enforcement of the statutory mechanisms in place. There is no active quarrying or mining within the serial property; mineral activity takes place in the wider protected area outside the boundaries of the serial property. The application of existing statutory management procedures will ensure this does not negatively impact upon the Outstanding Universal Value of the serial property.

Additional recommendations ICOMOS further recommends that the State Party give consideration to the following:

a) Developing an in-depth analysis and inventory of the key views of the serial property to serve as a basis for the conservation of the setting,

b) Addressing the conservation issues in the relict quarries, industrial buildings and relict roads,

c) Completing the scheduling and listing of the proposed Scheduled Monuments and Conservation Areas,

d) Completing the Local Management Plans,

e) Completing the Tourism Strategy and implementing the Interpretation Strategy and visitor Management Plan in order to present the World Heritage values at serial component level,

f) Monitoring the effectiveness of the planning system to protect the living urban areas, and considering extending the Conservation Areas in the historical settlements within the serial property,

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Map showing the boundaries of the nominated components