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State Action Plan on Climate Change for the State of Goa for Period of 2020-2030

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State Action Plan on Climate Change for the State of Goa for Period of 2020-2030 Goa’s State Action Plan on Climate Change State Action Plan on Climate Change for The State of Goa for Period of 2020-2030 Prepared in 2019-2020 i Goa’s State Action Plan on Climate Change Suggested citation: Goa State Action Plan on Climate Change, 2020, by Goa State Biodiversity Board prepared through NABARD Consultancy Services (NABCONS) Disclaimer: While all the due care has been taken in ensuring awareness and representative consultations with public, institutions, departments and other stakeholders, primary and secondary relevant research, compiling, editing and reviewing this report, the accuracy of the data included is specific for SAPCC purpose to act at policy level, while using for any other specific purpose shall require necessary validation. ii Goa’s State Action Plan on Climate Change Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Need for State-level action .................................................................................................. 13 2. Goa State Profile ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.1. Location, geography and size ............................................................................................. 15 2.2. Socio-Demographic profile ................................................................................................. 16 2.3. Geophysical profile ............................................................................................................. 17 2.4. Economic Development of the State .................................................................................. 18 2.5. Sectoral profile of State ...................................................................................................... 19 2.6. State specific development issues ....................................................................................... 19 3. Process of Development of SAPCC ........................................................................................... 21 3.1. Guiding Principle in development of SAPCC .................................................................. 21 3.2. Process of development ....................................................................................................... 22 3.3. Stakeholder Consultation Process ..................................................................................... 24 3.4. Key stakeholder feedback .................................................................................................. 26 4. Climate Change in Goa: Observations and Projections .......................................................... 29 5. Climate Vulnerability Assessment ............................................................................................. 57 5.1. Vulnerability assessment .................................................................................................... 57 5.2. Impact and Vulnerability of Vulnerable Group to Climate Change .............................. 59 5.3. Prioritization of sectors for SAPCC .................................................................................. 61 5.4. Climate vulnerability and impacts due to diversion of Mhadei River ….. 62 6. Sectoral Mitigation Strategies .................................................................................................... 63 6.1. GHG Profile of the State .................................................................................................... 63 6.2. Sectoral GHG mitigation strategies ................................................................................... 63 6.2.1. Transportation Sector ................................................................................................. 63 6.2.2. Power Sector ................................................................................................................ 69 6.2.3. Agriculture, Forest, Water, Fisheries and allied Sector .......................................... 74 6.2.4. Environment & Waste Management Sector ............................................................. 77 7. Chapter 7: Adaptation Strategies .............................................................................................. 80 7.1. Water .................................................................................................................................... 80 7.2. Tourism ................................................................................................................................ 92 7.3. Mining .................................................................................................................................. 97 7.4. Agriculture and allied sectors ............................................................................................ 99 7.5. Forest ................................................................................................................................... 99 Goa’s State Action Plan on Climate Change 7.6. Human Health ................................................................................................................... 122 7.7. Habitat, Environment and Waste Management ............................................................ 127 8. Climate Disaster Management with special reference to climate migrants and refugees .. 145 9. Financing of Climate Action Plan ............................................................................................ 149 9.1. State internal finance ........................................................................................................ 150 9.2. Revolving fund for climate change .................................................................................. 152 9.3. Green tax on tourism ........................................................................................................ 152 10. Implementation of SAPCC and Institutional Mechanism for Implementation .............. 153 10.1. Institutional Framework for Implementation of SAPCC ......................................... 153 10.2. Knowledge Management .............................................................................................. 154 10.3. Capacity Building, Awareness Raising and People’s Participation ......................... 155 11. Monitoring and Evaluation of SAPCC ............................................................................... 157 11.1.2. Review and Updating of SAPCC ................................................................................. 158 11.1.3. M&E indicators ............................................................................................................. 158 Appendixes Annexures Abbreviations Goa’s State Action Plan on Climate Change EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Goa is a coastal state with a significant rise in land elevation from sea to 1022 m. It is one of the smallest states in the country and has a coast length of about 105km. It has very high biodiversity both on land and in the marine system. Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the Goa economy. Other important sectors are mining, fishing, and agriculture. Climate change scenario Goa’s mean annual temperature has increased by over 1°C since the beginning of the 20th century till date (1901-2018), much of it during 1990-2018 period. The mean annual rainfall in Goa has increased by 68% over the period 1901-2015. With increasing rainfall the inter-annual rainfall variability in the state has also increased especially since 1970s. While mean annual rainfall in the state has increased, moderate to light rainfall days (IMD category I) in Goa have declined over 1901-2015 period, whereas very heavy and exceptionally heavy rainfall events (IMD category III) in the state have increased by a dramatic more than 100%. Mean annual temperatures (model ensemble) in Goa may increase by around 2°C in 2030s compared to 1901-1950 period, and further to by around 4°C by 2080s under high emission scenarios. Goa will start experiencing heat waves (>40C) beyond the 2040s, as maximum temperature increases by about 5°C towards the century end under high emission scenarios. Minimum temperatures are expected to rise even more by up to 8°C by the century end under the high emission scenarios. The mean annual rainfall in Goa is projected to slightly decline under high emission scenarios, which under low emission scenarios is projected to slightly increase. The flood vulnerability analysis from the state reveals that 14.73% of the land is under 15meter elevation, much of it in the coastal zones, and are severely vulnerable to flooding both from extreme rainfall events and sea-level rise. In terms of vulnerability from floods and sea-level rise the Taluks Salcete, Tiswadi, and Bardez most vulnerable. Vulnerability to Climate Change: In the context of Goa, communities living in low lying areas, informal settlements like slum population, people with disabilities and those whose livelihood dependents mainly on khazan lands and low lying ecosystems including riparian ecosystems are in particular the immediate and most vulnerable groups. Also, four coastal taluks of Bardez,
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