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Theories of Warfare Theories of Warfare French Operations in Indo-China Author Programme Alexander Hagelkvist Officers Programme, OP 12-15 Tutor Number of pages Stéphane Taillat 71 Scholarship provider: Hosting unit: Swedish National Defence Report date: 2015-06-02 Écoles de Saint-Cyr University Coëtquidan (FRANCE) Subject: War Science Unclassified Institution: CREC (le Centre de Level: Bachelor Thesis Recherche des Écoles de Coëtquidan) Alexander Hagelkvist War science, Bachelor Thesis. “French Operations in Indo-China” Acknowledgements First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to the Swedish Defence University for the scholarship that made my exchange possible. Furthermore to Écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan for their hospitality, as well as le Centre de Recherche des Écoles de Coëtquidan. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Director Doare, Principal of the Faculty, for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research. I also want to thank Colonel Renoux for constant support and availability with all the surroundings that concerned my work at the C.R.E.C. And to my supervisor, Stéphane Taillat, who has supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the completion of my Bachelor thesis to his encouragement and effort and without him this thesis, would not have been completed. I am also grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Marco Smedberg, who has provided me with the interest and motivation for my subject. I am thankful and grateful to him for sharing expertise and valuable guidance. I take this opportunity to express gratitude to Guy Skingsley at the Foreign Languages Section, War Studies at the Swedish Defence University for his help and support on the linguistic parts of the thesis. I am also grateful to my partner who supported me through this venture. Finally to Captain Masquelier at the International Department for the support they provided me with during my stay. I also thank Gérard de Boisboissel for making my exchange memorable and filled with experiences from Bretagne. I also place on record my sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture. Page: 2 of 71 Alexander Hagelkvist War science, Bachelor Thesis. “French Operations in Indo-China” Abstract Human nature would usually organize and sort events to help bring order and clarity to your life. This also applies to analysis and studies of war, therefore the aim of this thesis is to determine to what extent the French use maneuver warfare or attritional warfare during operations in Indo-China (today known as Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos). The author’s intent is also to contribute to existing research on the subject of analyzing military operations through maneuver warfare and attritional warfare. The research has been conducted with qualitative literature studies of the war in French Indo-China (1946-1954). The thesis begins with a concept analysis of maneuver warfare and attritional warfare, which renders into an analytical tool. Through the lens of the analytical tool an analysis of four operations during the Indo-China war is conducted. The conclusions of each operation are presented using three levels of warfare (strategic, operational and tactical). The analysis shows that both theories of warfare are present during each operation but on different levels and sometimes both are present at the same level. Therefore the author found that it is not possible to classify French operations in Indo-China as operations based solely upon maneuver warfare or attritional warfare. Key words Maneuver warfare, Manoeuver culture, War of attrition, Attritional warfare, Indo-China. Page: 3 of 71 Alexander Hagelkvist War science, Bachelor Thesis. “French Operations in Indo-China” Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 3 Key words ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Aim and research questions .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Disposition ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Demarcations ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Terminology ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.7 Previous research .................................................................................................................................................... 13 2. Method ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Systematizing ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Concept analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Qualitative literature analysis ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Validity and reliability of research material and method .......................................................................... 18 3. Theoretical framework ............................................................................................. 19 3.1 Maneuver warfare ................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Indicators, maneuver warfare .............................................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Attritional warfare ................................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Indicators, attritional warfare .............................................................................................................................. 37 3.5 Analysis tool ............................................................................................................................................................. 39 4. Analysis .................................................................................................................... 40 4.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 OPERATION LÉA, 1947 ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Analysis of OPERATION LÉA, 1947 .......................................................................................................... 44 4.2.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 4.3 Battle of Hóa Binh, 1951 ...................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 Analysis of Hóa Binh, 1951 ............................................................................................................................ 49 4.3.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 50 4.4 OPERATION LORRAINE, 1952 ..................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1 Analysis of OPERATION LORRAINE, 1952 ............................................................................................ 54 4.4.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 55 4.5 OPERATION CAMARGUE, 1953 .................................................................................................................. 56 4.5.1 Analysis of OPERATION CAMARGUE, 1953 ........................................................................................ 60 4.5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................
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