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TESE a Globalização Da Indústria Aeronáutica O Caso Da Embraer

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TESE a Globalização Da Indústria Aeronáutica O Caso Da Embraer UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA – UnB INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS A GLOBALIZAÇÃO DA INDÚSTRIA AERONÁUTICA: O CASO DA EMBRAER MARIA REGINA ESTEVEZ MARTINEZ BRASÍLIA 2007 MARIA REGINA ESTEVEZ MARTINEZ A GLOBALIZAÇÃO DA INDÚSTRIA AERONÁUTICA: O CASO DA EMBRAER Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Viola BRASÍLIA 2007 MARIA REGINA ESTEVEZ MARTINEZ A GLOBALIZAÇÃO DA INDÚSTRIA AERONÁUTICA: O CASO DA EMBRAER Tese defendida no Curso de Doutorado em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, para a obtenção do título de Doutor, aprovada em.....................................de 2007, pela Banca Examinadora constituída pelos seguintes professores: ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Viola - UnB Orientador ____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Izabel Valladão de Carvalho - UnB ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Héctor Ricardo Leis - UFSC ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexandre de Souza Costa Barros - UniEuro ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Roberto Pio da Costa Filho - UnB ____________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Maria Helena de Castro Santos - UnB Membro Suplente ii “No Brasil, o êxito não tem nada que ver com o mérito, e vice-versa. Ganha quem pode mais, aplaude quem vê chance de ganhar também e reclama quem não se incomoda de ficar fora do jogo, no mais das vezes sendo chamado de hipócrita ou fariseu.” Dora Kramer iii AGRADECIMENTOS A Isadora, Artur e Guilherme, pela cobrança vigilante; a Alcides Lopes Tápias, Cláudio Moreira, Silvio Starling, que me abriram grandes portas; a Carmem Salles, pelo estímulo e ‘carões’ de irmã; a Sara Starling, pela força nos meus retiros no Rio; a Antonini Puppin, engenheiro da Embraer e amigo; a Eduardo Viola, pela mão firme e mente aberta; enfim, a todos que me ajudaram. iv RESUMO Esta tese procura entender o surgimento e desenvolvimento de empresas globais, que pertencem a cadeias produtivas intensivas em conhecimento tecnológico, num ambiente político-econômico hostil e de instituições enfraquecidas como o da maioria dos países de economia emergente ou de industrialização recente. A questão é abordada tendo como centro a teoria da globalização no âmbito das Relações Internacionais, através do estudo da indústria aeronáutica e da análise do caso da Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (Embraer). O período estudado vai de 1994, quando a Embraer é privatizada, a 2004/5. De uma situação quase falimentar em 1993/4, a Embraer passa à posição de terceira maior empresa fabricante de jatos regionais no mundo em 2006. A especialização na fabricação de jatos regionais robustos e econômicos, adequados à realidade brasileira, criou uma cultura engenheira que se somou ao aprendizado inovador das grandes empresas do setor aeronáutico no mundo. A Embraer soube aproveitar suas vantagens comparativas e agregar a elas as características necessárias para sua inserção no mercado global. A cultura da empresa, que como estatal priorizava o conhecimento em engenharia, passou a ser dirigida para o mercado, privilegiando os processos de inovação para atendimento ao cliente. Para entender as mudanças na organização, são usados os conceitos de ‘legados dinâmicos’ e ‘interdependência’: o primeiro atende os aspectos organizacionais e, o segundo, à inserção na economia globalizada. A Embraer deve seu crescimento às vantagens domésticas, que se somam à eficiência administrativa, ao constante investimento na inovação de produtos e processos e à sua capacidade de construir parcerias e alianças estratégicas e de se procurar recursos financeiros fora do âmbito do governo brasileiro. v ABSTRACT This thesis studies global firms that are intensive in technological knowledge and grow in a hostile economical, institutional and political environment in emerging economies and newly industrialized countries. The understanding of the globalization theory supports this study of the aeronautical industry and the case of Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (Embraer). In the period that goes from 1994 (when the Brazilian government sells the firm to private owners) to 2004/5, Embraer has emerged from imminent bankrupt to be the third biggest regional jets manufacturer in the world at the end of this period (2006). The highly specialized manufacture of strong and affordable airplanes was mainly developed on demand by the Brazilian Military Forces. The Brazilian aviation industry made huge investments on education of his engineering work force and focused on the innovation processes and on learning from its partnerships with big international manufacturing firms. Embraer is now a relevant player in the global market and used its learning process to enhance its competitive advantages. During its period as a State-owned firm, it was an engineering-oriented enterprise; after being privatized, there was a change towards a market-driven orientation. Product innovation and clients demands are now priorities for Embraer. From the point of view of the globalization process, these changes can be studied considering the firm’s ‘dynamic legacies’ and levels of ‘interdependence’ as a player of the global economy. Much of Embraer’s success is due to the domestic advantages and efficient management, to the investments on processes and products innovation and to build on knowledge from its strategic partnerships and new financial sources of investment, others than the Brazilian government financing. vi LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES FIGURAS Figura 01 Information technology: the convergence of the technologies of communication and computers 43 Figura 02 Primary factors influencing a nation’s competitiveness 69 Figura 03 The Base Production Chain 139 Figura 04 Different modes of foreign involvement and their contributory influences 147 Figura 05 Cadeia Produtiva Aeronáutica 279 Figura 06 eMarketplace 287 GRÁFICOS Gráfico 01 Growth of world manufacturing production and trade, 1963-88 25 Gráfico 02 The changing distribution of world manufacturing output by major economic group, 1953-85 28 Gráfico 03 The differential manufacturing performance of the United States, western Europe and Japan during the 1980s: annual changes in manufacturing value-added 30 Gráfico 04 Fluxos de IDE e F&As nos países desenvolvidos 1987-2003 53 Gráfico 05 Fluxos de IDE e F&As nos países em desenvolvimento 1987-2003 54 Gráfico 06 Composição do fluxos globais de IDE (1987-2003) 55 Gráfico 07 Fluxos internacionais anuais de investimento direto no exterior e fusões e aquisições transfronteiras em 1990-2001 (us$ bilhões) 96 Gráfico 08 Inflows of FDI by LDC Region, 1975-2000, in Billions of Current Dollars 113 Gráfico 09 Abertura Comercial 118 Gráfico 10 Abertura Financeira 119 Gráfico 11 Número de Fusões e Aquisições na Década de 1990 120 Gráfico 12 Grau de Abertura: Exportações e Importações de B&SNF sobre PIB 123 Gráfico 13 Crescimento Anual do Quantum de Exportação – 1996/2003 – (%) 127 Gráfico 14 Ciclo de Produção 256 Gráfico 15 Evolução do Nível de Emprego total da Embraer 1970-99 (N.º Absolutos) 257 Gráfico 16 Faturamento por Empregado (US$ Mil) 258 Gráfico 17 Capital Votante 273 Gráfico 18 Participação Societária 274 QUADROS Quadro 01 Síntese das Tecnologias-Chave 284 Quadro 02 Fornecedores de 1º Nível do Programa ERJ – 145/140/135 291 Quadro 03 Fornecedores de 1º Nível do Programa ERJ – 170 /190 297 Quadro 04 Parceiros no Programa ERJ 170/190 com projeto de Investimento e/ou instalação no Brasil 301 Quadro 05 Modelo de Market Forescating 306 vii LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 01 Growth of manufacturing prodution in the leading newly industrializing countries 34 Tabela 02 Taxa de crescimento: IDE realizado, exportações e produto mundial, 1983-2000 52 Tabela 03 Composição dos fluxos globais do Investimento Direto Externo, 1979; 1985-2003 52 Tabela 04 América Latina e Caribe: fluxos de IDE recebidos Acumulado 1990- 1999 56 Tabela 05 The World’s top 100 non-financial TNCs, ranked by foreign assets, 2003 (Millioons of dollars and number of employees) 83 Tabela 06 Crescimento do patrimônio dos fundos de pensão (em US$ bilhões) 106 Tabela 07 Multinacional do Terceiro Mundo 116 Tabela 08 Fusões e Aquisições da Década de 1990 120 Tabela 09 Estrutura de Propriedade das Cem Maiores Empresas Brasileiras 121 Tabela 10 Companhias Brasileiras Privadas e Não financeiras com Maior Faturamento em 2000 - * em bilhões de R$ 122 Tabela 11 Capitais Brasileiros no Exterior – Distribuição por Modalidade (1) (Em US$ Bilhões) 134 Tabela 12 A Evolução da Produção das Aeronaves da Embraer (em unidades) 229 Tabela 13 EMBRAER’s Exports 230 Tabela 14 Centros de Serviços próprios da Embraer 243 Tabela 15 Centros de Serviços Autorizados da Embraer nos Estados Unidos 243 Tabela 16 Centros de Serviços Autorizados da Embraer na Europa 243 Tabela 17 Maiores acionistas institucionais na Bovespa – Ações PN 275 Tabela 18 ADR 25 Institutions – Filling Date: 97% of December/03 and 3% as of March/04 275 Tabela 19 Participação Econômica do Setor Aeronáutico Nacional 313 Tabela 20 Produtos da Embraer 318 viii LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS Abinee Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Eletro-Eletrônicos ACI Associação Comercial e Industrial AIABA Associação das Indústrias Espaciais Brasileiras AITLA Associação
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