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Implementering Av Vattenmiljömål På Lokal Nivå En Fallstudie Av Vattenförvaltningen I Ljungby Kommun

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Implementering Av Vattenmiljömål På Lokal Nivå En Fallstudie Av Vattenförvaltningen I Ljungby Kommun Kandidatuppsats Implementering av vattenmiljömål på lokal nivå En fallstudie av vattenförvaltningen i Ljungby kommun Författare: Klas Wigren Handledare: Patrik Standar Termin: VT21 Kurskod: 2PE80E [ ABSTRAKT Linnéuniversitetet Institutionen för pedagogik och lärande Pedagogik, kandidatuppsats 15hp Titel Implementering av vattenmiljömål på lokal nivå – En fallstudie av vattenförvaltningen i Ljungby kommun Engelsk titel Implementation of water environment goals at local level – A case study of the water management in Ljungby municipality Författare Klas Wigren Handledare Patrik Standar Datum Juni 2021 Antal sidor 25 Nyckelord Förändringsarbete, förändringsprocesser, implementering, vattenförvaltning, Agenda 2030, EU:s vattendirektiv, Sveriges miljömål Uppsatsen handlar om implementering av vattenmiljömål på lokal nivå där vattenförvaltningen i Ljungby kommun är föremål för en fallstudie. Implementeringen av Agenda 2030, EU:s vattendirektiv och Sveriges miljömål studeras i en kvalitativ textanalys med hjälp av teorier om implementering och förändringsprocesser samt tidigare forskning. Policydokument och åtgärdsprogram jämförs med utfallet av åtgärder på lokal nivå för att frilägga i vilken grad målen förverkligas. Studien visar att tillsynsvägledningen behöver stärkas och att sanktionsmöjligheter behöver införas för att fattade beslut om vattenmiljömål ska kunna implementeras effektivt och få avsedd verkan. INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING INTRODUKTION .......................................................................................................... 1 BAKGRUND .................................................................................................................... 1 Övergripande om Agenda 2030 ................................................................................ 2 Implementeringen av Agenda 2030 i Sverige ........................................................... 2 Implementeringen av Agenda 2030 på kommunal nivå............................................ 3 Övergripande om EU:s vattendirektiv ...................................................................... 3 Implementeringen av EU:s vattendirektiv i Sverige ................................................. 3 Implementeringen av EU:s vattendirektiv på kommunal nivå.................................. 4 Övergripande om Sveriges miljömål ........................................................................ 5 Implementeringen av Sveriges miljömål på kommunal nivå .................................... 5 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNINGAR ................................................................................... 5 TIDIGARE FORSKNING .................................................................................................... 6 Studier med fokus på gräsrotsbyråkrater i vattenförvaltningen ............................... 6 Studier med flernivåstyrnings-perspektiv på vattenförvaltningen ............................ 7 Studier med fokus på vattenförvaltningen på lokal nivå .......................................... 8 Sammanfattning ...................................................................................................... 12 TEORI ........................................................................................................................... 12 CENTRALA BEGREPP INOM IMPLEMENTERINGSTEORI ................................................... 12 PEDAGOGISKA PERSPEKTIV PÅ IMPLEMENTERING ........................................................ 13 VATTENPEDAGOGISKT PERSPEKTIV ............................................................................. 15 METOD ......................................................................................................................... 16 METODOLOGISKA UTGÅNGSPUNKTER ......................................................................... 16 PLANERING OCH GENOMFÖRANDE ............................................................................... 16 Urval ....................................................................................................................... 16 Insamling ................................................................................................................ 17 Etiska överväganden............................................................................................... 17 Analys ..................................................................................................................... 17 RESULTAT ................................................................................................................... 17 IMPLEMENTERING AV VATTENMILJÖMÅL I LJUNGBY KOMMUN ................................... 17 Agenda 2030 ........................................................................................................... 17 EU:s vattendirektiv ................................................................................................. 19 Sveriges miljömål ................................................................................................... 22 ANALYS/DISKUSSION .............................................................................................. 23 AGENDA 2030 ............................................................................................................. 23 EU:S VATTENDIREKTIV ................................................................................................ 24 SVERIGES MILJÖMÅL ................................................................................................... 26 KONKLUSION ............................................................................................................... 26 REFERENSER ............................................................................................................. 28 INTRODUKTION Bakgrund Denna studie syftar till att redogöra för implementering av vattenmiljömål på kommunal nivå. Ur ett pedagogiskt forskningsperspektiv är detta relevant eftersom implementering är förändringsarbete och då implementeringsprocessen är en lärprocess med inslag av feedback och lärande i alla dess faser. Ett pedagogiskt studium av implementering behöver därför inte inskränka sig till verksamheter som rör skola och utbildning, utan kan appliceras på olika verksamheter, i detta fall vattenförvaltningen. Forskningsnyttan med den här uppsatsen är främst att tillföra kunskap om implementeringen av vattenmiljömål på kommunal nivå. Vatten är en grundförutsättning för allt levande på jorden och därmed också en förutsättning för människors hälsa och en hållbar utveckling. Vatten är också en förutsättning för världens livsmedelsproduktion och energiproduktion (UNDP, 2020). Förenta nationernas utvecklingsprogram, UNDP har därför angett tillgång till vatten och hållbar vattenförvaltning som ett av de globala hållbarhetsmålen enligt Agenda 2030. Ett av delmålen handlar om att skydda och återställa vattenrelaterade ekosystem (UNDP, 2020). På kontinental nivå återfinns EU:s vattendirektiv som har tagits fram för att skapa en likvärdig förvaltning av medlemsländernas vatten. Syftet är att vi ska ta hand om våra vattenresurser så att kommande generationer ska få tillgång till vatten av bra kvalitet i tillräcklig mängd (Vattenmyndigheterna, u.å.). På nationell nivå återfinns Sveriges miljömål, där levande sjöar och vattendrag utgör ett av miljökvalitetsmålen. Målet innebär bland annat att sjöar och vattendrag ska vara ekologiskt hållbara och deras variationsrika livsmiljöer ska bevaras (Naturvårdsverket, 2020). Alla dessa vattenmiljömål måste implementeras av och i vattenförvaltningen för att de politiska intentionerna ska kunna få någon verkan. Att studera vattenförvaltningens implementering av vattenmiljömål har därför utöver sin pedagogiska relevans också en allmän samhällsrelevans. Då det handlar om något så livsviktigt som vatten, samt att det är angeläget att undersöka huruvida demokratiskt fattade beslut förverkligas i enlighet med de politiska intentionerna. 1 Övergripande om Agenda 2030 Agenda 2030 omfattar 17 globala hållbarhetsmål som antogs 2015 av FN:s medlemsländer. Målen ska bidra till socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hållbar utveckling och vara uppnådda till år 2030 (Svenska FN-förbundet, 2019). Det sjätte hållbarhetsmålet handlar om att säkerställa tillgången till och en hållbar förvaltning av vatten och sanitet för alla. Det består sedan av åtta delmål, varav flera har relevans för denna studie, exempelvis delmål 6.6 om att skydda och återställa de vattenrelaterade ekosystemen (Regeringskansliet, u.å.). Implementeringen av Agenda 2030 i Sverige 2016 bildade regeringen en kommitté som gavs uppdrag att stödja och stimulera arbetet med Sveriges genomförande av agendan. I uppdraget ingick att ta fram förslag till en övergripande handlingsplan för genomförandet samt förankra policyn i förvaltningen och samhället i övrigt. 2017 kom ett tilläggsdirektiv som omfattade vissa preciseringar av uppdraget. 2019 presenterades den statliga utredningen Agenda 2030 och Sverige: Världens utmaning – världens möjlighet. I utredningen föreslogs bland annat att: • Riksdagen beslutar om ett nationellt mål för genomförandet av Agenda 2030. Syftet är att få till stånd långsiktighet i beslut och en bred politisk förankring av Agenda 2030. • Regeringen från och med budgetpropositionen för 2022, ger en nulägesanalys och en samlad redovisning av arbetet med Agenda 2030. • Regeringen tillsätter en kommitté som fram till år 2030 kontinuerligt ska ta fram förslag till åtgärder, följa upp och utvärdera genomförandet av Agenda 2030 så att arbetet för att nå agendans mål drivs framåt.
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