Low Emission Strategies for Local Transport - Building the Case for Action

Appendix 1: Low Emission Practice Examples List of practice examples with summary quantified impacts where identified

Contents Integration - table of examples of integrating frameworks/mechanisms adopted by councils to support low emission interventions

Area Snapshot - overview table of area based interventions, structured to highlight links to the Area wide scenario Sites Snapshot - overview table of area based interventions, structured to highlight links to the planning scenario Fleet Snapshot - overview table of area based interventions, structured to highlight links to the council fleets scenario

Area - List of examples of area wide interventions, with summary information (15) Site - List of examples of site based interventions, with summary information (43) Fleet - List of examples of fleet interventions, with summary information (23) (total examples in workbook = 81)

6th April 2011

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1 / 15 Integration

I-code Authority Intervention Function Notes Ref

1 City Region Local Transport Plan Strategic Planning and Delivery High level goal - Reducing emissions from transport to mitigate against climate change and improve local air quality (which will be delivered through our Low Emissions R4 Oversight Strategy): (a) Provide a range of viable low emission travel options, (b) Educate about what travel options are available and when they are most appropriate, (c) Incentivise low emission travel choices, (d) Remove financial barriers to low-emission technologies, (e) Build, maintain and manage the transport network in a way that minimizes emissions. Evidence base includes modelling of impacts on C emissions.

2 Cambridgeshire Air Quality Action Plan Strategic Planning and Delivery Air Quality Action Plan integrated into the Local Transport Plan (LTP2). Proposes a low emission zone for buses and taxis, expansion of road closure programme and 20 mph R13 Oversight speed limits within the central city. Other measures proposed include: proactive stance on land use planning in relation to air quality, continued limitation of parking, full implementation of walking and cycling strategy.

3 York Authority wide Low Emission Strategic Planning and Delivery Aims: (a) Awareness raising, (b) Encouraging uptake of LES at new developments, (c) Reduce emissions from existing building and vehicles through incentives, (d) encourage R14 Strategy Oversight inward investment by providers of low emission technology, fuels and support services. (Note: The Low Emission Strategy for York is currently under development. The aims listed above are not yet Council Policy)

4 Oxfordshire Area Wide Low Emission Strategic Planning and Delivery Oxfordshire County Council is currently producing a Low Emission Strategy for inclusion in the Third Oxfordshire Local Transport Plan 2011-2030. The focus of the strategy is R1.3 Strategy Oversight promoting lower emission vehicles, particularly via proposing a Low Emission Zone for buses in Oxford City, requiring registered local services in the city centre to meet Euro V standards from 1 January 2014. Oxfordshire County Council proposes to ask the Traffic Commissioner to introduce a Traffic Regulation Condition to enforce this; the details will be developed in discussion with stakeholders.

6 South Yorkshire Local Transport Strategic Development and deployment of During 2007 as part of a major change management programme, South Yorkshire LTP Partners established a new management structure based around a Central Strategic Fund R3 Investment Fund Strategic Investment Fund into which the four South Yorkshire Districts and Passenger Transport Executive pooled their capital funding. Partners bid into this fund, with assessment based on fit with LTP transport objectives. This partnership across district boundaries created clearer lines between strategy and delivery. Operational and strategic groups, drawn from across the districts develop business plans, stating aims and objectives for the following year. The approach encourages cooperative working across South Yorkshire, greater transparency and more effective engagement with non transport professionals and stakeholders. The approach has also enabled transport projects to draw on other funding streams to supplement LTP2 allocations. This approach is being continued and developed for LTP3.

7 Liverpool Emission Inventory Provision of strategic information, Information not collated within study - data and assessment 8 Ashton Hayes Low Emission Place Coordinated Action by local people, Ashton Hayes is attempting to become the UK’s first carbon neutral village and since 2006 has successfully reduced its collective carbon emissions by 23%. With over 70% of the R6 groups and organisations village's adults involved in the initial project launch, much of the success of the scheme is attributed to a collective sense of pride and ownership, as well as a growing skills and knowledge base within the community. 7 Mid-Devon Zero/Low Emission Detailed policies/plans See LES Partnership Phase I report Case Study 3 for detailed information (www.lowemissionstrategies.org) - Development

8 York Zero/Low Emission Detailed policies/plans See LES Partnership Phase II, regional group reports for detailed information (www.lowemissionstrategies.org) - Development

9 Sussex Zero/Low Emission Detailed policies/plans See LES Partnership Phase II, regional group reports for detailed information (www.lowemissionstrategies.org) - Development

10 Greenwich Zero/Low Emission Detailed policies/plans See case study in Annexe 3 of LES Partnership guidance: Low Emission Strategies: Using the planning system to reduce transport emissions (www.lowemissionstrategies.org) - Development

11 Thames Gateway Low Emission Regeneration Detailed policies/plans Ebbsfleet Valley is a flagship project in the Thames Gateway regeneration programme. Across the area, 50,000 new jobs and 25,000 new homes are planned over the next 20 R3 Plan years – a large number of which will be in Ebbsfleet Valley. A package of transport interventions were developed combining smaller targeted interventions and wide ranging demand management supported by a high quality public transport network. This included the award-winning Fastrack Rapid Bus Transit – a dedicated bus service across Kent Thameside comprising route A and B. The planning agreement for route A of Fastrack required that the service was fully up and running before any homes were occupied to provide a credible and attractive alternative to the private care for local journeys. Recent surveys indicated that passenger levels have been 50% above expectations and 19% of passengers previously used a car for their trip.

12 Sheffield / South EcoStars Fleet recognition Certification Scheme ECO Stars Fleet Recognition Scheme (Efficient and Cleaner Operations) is a free, voluntary scheme designed to provide recognition, guidance and advice to operators of goods R17 Yorkshire vehicles, buses and coaches across South Yorkshire. The scheme rates individual vehicles and your fleet’s overall road transport operation using star rating criteria, to recognise levels of operational and environmental performance. Each member signing up to the scheme will receive tailormade support to ensure that their fleet is running as efficiently and economically as possible, to help them progress to higher ratings. It is open to operators of all types of commercial vehicles (light goods vehicles, heavy goods vehicles, buses and coaches), across all sectors of activity (own account, hire and reward, private and public sectors, retail, haulage, industrial, parcels, community transport, local registered bus services, longer distance coach services etc) and all sizes. Area Snapshot

Type [1], [4] Intervention Case Examples [2]

A Personalised Support A1 Travel Smart Campaign (A1)

A2 Behaviour Change Campaign Sutton (A3)

Support for Vehicle B B1 Strategic Car Club development [3] Islington (A8), Edinburgh (A9), Westminster (A10) [3] Share/Rental Schemes

B2 Low Emission Car clubs [3] Westminster (A10) [3]

C Fleet Transformation C1 Low Emission Zone (A2), Oxford (A5)

C2 Taxi Emissions Strategy London (A4)

C3 Quality Bus Partnership Barnsley (A11)

D Vehicle Replacement - Subsidy scheme for electric cars Regional - Midlands (A12), also National (A13)

Low Emission E E1 Low Emission Infrastructure Investment Midlands Region (A12), London (A14) Infrastructure

F User-based charging F1 Congestion Charge London (A15), proposal (A6)

G Mass and Public Transport G1 Major Public Transport Investment No examples collated within this study

Notes [1] Classification scheme is (type/intervention) is adapted and developed from: (i) LES Planning Guidance table of measure, (ii) LET (v1.0) typology of planning measures , (iii) LES Partnership planning guidance supplement [2] Case examples are drawn from the draft LES Partnership case studies data base (v1.0) [3] note LES Partnership has sponsored a rapid review of progress and opportunities for car clubs and low emission car clubs (work is ongoing) [4] Additional categories could be incorporated to expand this scheme, for example network optimisation and traffic enforcement (e.g. anti-idling, speed enforcement). Sites Snapshot

Type [1] Intervention Case Examples [2] Count [3]

Construction phase Beyond scope of this report (refer to 'The London Code' for further information) - - (Dealt with elsewhere) Interventions Ref: The control of dust and emissions from construction and demolition best practice guidance', GLA 2006)

A Personalised Support A1 Traditional Travel Plan [4] e.g. Pfizer (S21), Orange (S22), Addenbrooke's Hospital (S26), Marks & Spencer (S32) 30

A2 Travel Centre Northamptonshire - Travel Centres (S38) 1

Support for Vehicle B B1 Bicycle/E- bike rental scheme - - Share/Rental Schemes

Leicester - NBQ (S34), York - Nestle (S41), Greenwich - The Warren (S4), Greenwich - Love Lane (S5), B2 Standard car clubs 6 Greenwich - Kidbrooke (S43)

B3 Low Emission car club - -

B4 Low Emission Taxi Rank Leicester - NBQ (S34) 1

C Fleet Transformation C1 Emission based parking allocation Leicester - NBQ (S34), Dudley - Supermarket (S12), Greenwich - Heart of East Greenwich (S42) 3

C2 Procurement strategy - -

London - The Olympics (S6), Greenwich - The Warren (S4), Greenwich - Love Lane (S5), Greenwich - C3 Low Emission Zone 5 Heart of East Greenwich (S42)

Dudley - Supermarket (S12), Greenwich - The Warren (S4), Greenwich - Love Lane (S), D Vehicle Replacement D1 Green Fleet Investment 5 Greenwich - Peninsular (S3)

Low Emission E E1 Cycling Infrastructure - 1 Infrastructure

York - Nestle (S41), York - Waitrose (35), Dudley - Supermarket (S12), Greenwich - Heart of East D2 Electric infrastructure 7 Greenwich (S42), Greenwich - Kidbrooke (S43)

D3 Biomethane infrastructure - -

F User-based charging F1 Congestion Charge - -

Greenwich Millennium Village (S7), Greenwich Love Lane (S5), Greenwich - The Warren (S4), Greenwich - F2 Emission based parking charge 4 Kidbrooke (S43)

F3 Emission based user charge - -

G Financial Contributions G1 Contribution for strategic investment Mid-Devon - (S1), Greenwich - Heart of East Greenwich (S42), Greenwich - Kidbrooke (S43) 4

Notes [1] Classification scheme is (type/intervention) is adapted and developed from: (i) LES Planning Guidance table of measure, and (ii) LES Partnership planning guidance supplement [2] Case examples are drawn from the draft LES Partnership case studies data base (v1.0),which includes information on 41 site based agreements/plans of which 24 are purely traditional travel plans, 3 relate only to air quality monitoring/management provision and 14 incorporate one or more of the intervention types B to G (some of these also include type A , traditional travel plans) [3] Count refers to the number of interventions recorded on the database (i.e. a single agreement/plan may include more than one intervention => total count i adds up to greater than the number of plans/agreements) [4] Some of the travel plan case examples were implemented at existing sites as a result of alternative drivers rather than via planning application/agreements) Fleet Snapshot

Type Intervention Ref Organisation Sector Vehicles Scale Quantified Benefit

Combined Package

Combined Package Combined Package F1 BT private multi types not identified 30% CO2 reduction

Fleet Reduction

A. Revised Fleet Policy A1. Grey Fleet Policy Review F2 Office for Governmental Commerce public Cars not identified 50% reduction in mileage.

More Efficient Operations

B. Fleet Performance Management (incl tech) B1. Fuel Management System F3 Integral private not identified not identified fuel saving (104 L/vehicle/y)

B2. Monitoring and Re-organisation F4 Premier Watercoolers private LGV 11 drivers/vehicles 14% reduction in mileage

B3. Introduction of Telematics F5 Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council public LGV 42 vehicles 10% – 12% reduction in fuel used 8% reduction in fuel used; 15% B3. Introduction of Telematics F6 Marks and Spencers private LGV >240 vehicles reduction in mileage B4. Speed Limiters on vehicles F7 Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council public LGV (+ others?) not identified 10 – 12% reduction in fuel used

C. Driver Skills Development C1. Smarter Driving F8 South Cambridgeshire District Council public Car 53 drivers fuel saving (18% by employee).

C1. Smarter Driving F9 Government Car and Dispatch Agency public All components? not identified 13% fuel saving

C1. SAFED Driver Training F10 The AA Flatbed HGVs private HGV 8 drivers 5% fuel saving

C2 Anti-Idling Training F11 Allied Bakeries private HGV 89 vehicle fleet 5% fuel saving

Improved Technology Performance

D. Vehicle Modification & Maintenance D1. Particulate Trap retro-fit F12 Denbighshire County Council, Wales public HGV 54 vehicles 8.8g reduction in PM10 per vehicle

D2. Energy Efficient Tyres F13 Walkers Snacks private not identified not identified 4% fuel saving

26 tractor units, 80 semi D3. Wheel Alignment F14 Kidds Transport private HGV 3.0% - 11% fuel saving trailers, 4 rigid lorries

D4. Power Limiter System F15 Mercedes Benz private LGV, HGV not identified 4.1% – 15.8% fuel saving

E. Fleet Vehicle Replacement E1. HGV Replacement (standard) - No example collated --- - Reduction of 268,000 kg of CO2 by the 14 E10. HGV dual fuel conversion F22 Howard Tenens private HGV 14 vehicles vehicles. E2. BioM/Diesel Dual fuel HGV F17 Sainsbury's private HGV 1 vehicle up to 60% CO2 reduction CO2 saving of up to 60% over the E3. Biomethane HGV F18 Leeds City Council public HGV 1 vehicle diesel. (~6.5t CO2 vs diesel vehicle) Reduction of 1,300 tonnes CO2 per E11. Electric HGVs F23 TNT private HGV 100 vehicles annum 31% reduction in fuel consumption compared to Euro 4. Single deck buses E4. Hybrid Buses F19 Transport for London public Buses 56 buses 6–10 mpg; double deck 5–7 mpg. 31% reduction in CO2 compared to Euro 4 92 t reduction of CO2 across the E5. Car & Van Replacement F20 Southwark Council public Cars and Vans 150 vehicles vehicle fleet E6. Hybrid Vans - No example collated - - - -

25 LCVs (plus upgrade of Overall reduction in transport emission E7. Electric Vans F21 Centre Parcs public Vans 100 petrol/diesel vans with of 8.5% Euro 4 compliant models)

E8. Hybrid Cars - No example collated - - - -

E9. Electric Cars - No example collated - - - -

Note: where table indicates 'not identified' - this refers to within the National Case study. Indicated fleet operator may hold additional information on the trials/intervention outcomes. Area

A-code Authority Intervention Reach Mech Notes Ref 1 Lancashire Personalised Support multi-zones campaign In 2006 Lancashire County Council implemented a TravelSmart campaign to reduce the number of trips by car. It supported the Civitas sustainable transport programme in Preston and the R3 Cycling Demonstration Town project in Lancaster. An initial baseline survey and a final evaluation were completed. The campaign targeted 50,000 households in Preston & South Ribble and Lancaster & Morecambe, including Torrisholme. It provided participating households with a wide range of high-quality personalised information, advice and support on local options for walking, cycling and public transport. The final report in September 2008 showed a significant shift to trips by sustainable modes. Reductions in car trips varied from 10% in Preston to 14% in Lancaster & Morecambe, producing an annual reduction in CO2 emissions of 13,100 tonnes.

2 London Low Emission Zone zone traffic Introduced Feb 2008. Primary objective to improve ambient air quality in London (specifically PM10). Phased introduction depending on type of vehicle affected. In operation 24 hrs a day, 365 R5, R14 regulation days a year. Uses cameras to identify registration plates. Operators not meeting necessary emissions standards will be fined a daily charge of £200 (£100 for vans and minibuses) order - Heavier lorries (N3): Heavy diesel-engined vehicles, exceeding 12 tonnes GVW, including goods vehicles, motor caravans, motorised horseboxes, and other specialist vehicles. Required emissions standards: February 2008: Euro III standard for particulate matter (‘phase 1’), January 2012, Euro IV standard for particulate matter (‘phase 4’) - Lighter lorries (N2): Heavy diesel-engined vehicles between 3.5 and 12 tonnes GVW, including goods vehicles, motor caravans, motorised horseboxes and other specialist vehicles Required emissions standards: July 2008, Euro III standard for particulate matter (‘phase 2’), January 2012, Euro IV standard for particulate matter (‘phase 4’) - Buses and coaches (M3): Diesel-engined passenger vehicles with >8 seats plus the driver’s seat exceeding 5 tonnes GVW. Required emissions standards: July 2008, Euro III standard for particulate matter (‘phase 2’), January 2012, Euro IV standard for particulate matter (‘phase 4’) - Large vans (N1 Class I and II): Diesel-engined vehicles between 1.205 tonnes unladen and 3.5 tonnes GVW and motor caravans and ambulances between 2.5 tonnes and 3.5 tonnes GVW. Required emissions standards: October 2010, Euro III standard for particulate matter (‘phase 3’) - Minibuses (M2): Diesel-engined passenger vehicles with >8 seats plus the drivers’ seat below 5 tonnes. Required emissions standards: October 2010, Euro III standard for particulate matter (‘phase 3’)

Since the introduction of the LEZ in 2008, there have been reductions of 3.6% (28 tonnes) of PM10 exhaust emissions, 3.7% (26 tonnes) of PM2.5 exhaust emissions and 2% (529 tonnes) of NOx emissions. There are a number of options available to meet the standards, including reorganisation of fleets, replacement of vehicles, fitting approved filters and converting to gas. There will be changes in 2012 which will approximately double the impact (& benefits) as from existing scheme.

Concentration monitoring: Change in the local component of annual mean pollutant concentrations at each site for PM10, PM2.5, CBLK, NOX and NO2 between 4th February 2006 and 4th February 2009. • NO2 concentrations at all sites except GR9 showed a downward trend. • PM10 concentrations at the two inner London sites (MY1 and HK6) remained steady, whereas concentrations at the outer London sites were more variable with no consistent trend. • PM2.5 concentrations at the outer London sites showed a downward trend. No such trend was evident at the inner London sites. • CBLK concentrations at the outer London sites also showed a steady downward trend. There was no similar trend at the single inner London site monitoring CBLK. • ‘local’ NOX, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at MY1 and BT4 were very similar in the ‘Pre’ period. However, CBLK and NO2 concentrations were approximately twice as high at MY1 as BT4.

3 Sutton Behaviour change campaign wide area campaign Smarter Travel Sutton (STS) is a pilot travel behaviour change programme, which aims to test whether it is possible to encourage a shift from car use by using travel planning and social R3 marketing techniques. The £5m programme is being delivered by Sutton Council and Transport for London. By the end of year two, there was encouraging evidence of its impacts, including cycling levels up by 50% above the outer London trend since the first year, and bus use was up by 13%. Legacy is assured, with many of the pilot projects developed through the pilot programme set to continue.

4 London Taxi Emissions Strategy wide area licensing Required all London taxis be at least Euro III emission standard by June 2008. This was a phased strategy, requiring the retro-fitting of emissions abatement technology of older vehicles prior to R5 this date as a prerequisite to renewal of operating license. Pre-Euro and Euro I vehicles had to be of Euro III emission standard for NOX and PM10 by 30 June 2007, Euro II vehicles by June 2008 (TfL PCO, 2005). This strategy, therefore, effectively treats London taxis in a similar way to Phase 2 LEZ HGVs, however, non-compliance is not possible due to the licensing system (TfL PCO, 2005). As of 1 Jan 2012, all black cabs will need to be no more than 15 years old (BBC news Dec 2010)

5 Oxford Low Emission Zone zone traffic Buses entering the city centre will need to be at least Euro V from 2014. (Buses create up to 80% of pollution in the city centre.) Following the declaration of the low emission zone, the County R1.1 regulation Council, with the City’s support has negotiated a ‘bus qualifying agreement’ with the bus companies which includes: a high frequency service on four key transport corridors; more seats using order fewer high quality double-decker vehicles, better information and faster boarding for passengers. This has resulted in a 25% reduction in bus numbers of the high street and made a significant contribution to delivering a sustainable network with reduced emissions. Area

A-code Authority Intervention Reach Mech Notes Ref 8 Islington Strategic Car Club wide area contract The London Borough of Islington appointed Streetcar as their sole operator of car clubs in 2006. At the time there were 23 cars and less than 200 members in the borough. A single operator R2 Development tender was used both to ensure that residents had access to the maximum amount of bays possible but also to allow local authority and operator to work in close partnership to make the scheme a success. 3 years on, Islington is now seen as the flagship car club scheme in the country. Streetcar membership in Islington stands now at just over 7,500 with 145 cars currently on- street in the borough. What the borough has demonstrated is that, where a Local Authority works closely with their chosen operator as a partner rather than just a supplier, the results can be outstanding. Islington now has plans to continue to grow their car club network to 500 car club bays by 2012 with membership of over 20,000 – in turn, the scheme will have taken thousands of cars off the road, cut CO2 levels in the borough dramatically and created modal change away from private car ownership in an unprecedented way.

9 Edinburgh Strategic Car Club wide area partnership Launched in March 1999 Edinburgh City Car Club is the largest car club in Britain, outside London. It is operated by City Car Club in partnership with the City of Edinburgh Council. It currently R2 Development has over 80 cars, all less than 3 years old, with lower that average carbon emissions and good fuel economy. It has nearly 2500 members (January 09) with currently over 100 new members joining each month. City Car Club cite research showing that each car in a car club typically replaces 8 - 10 privately owned vehicles. Fewer cars mean less congestion and also quieter, cleaner, safer streets. Through progressive improvements in the use of technology – starting with internet booking – and increased reliability, has lead to a steady growth in satisfied members.

10 Westminster Car Club Development wide area Operations Westminster City Council launched on a large scale for maximum impact using a new model whereby the car club is owned and managed internally but run by the operator, Zipcar. Westminster R2 (with Low Emission Vehicles) contract also set up an EV pod dedicated to the car club for use by an all electric Citroën C1 ev'ie, and a hybrid Prius. The council and Zipcar are aiming to have 400 vehicles by 2012 – about 30 per cent of which will be hybrids. Westminster Council has the largest on-street car recharging service in the UK, with 14 dedicated charging points. There are an additional 48 charging points in the council's secure car parks.

11 Barnsley Quality Bus Partnership zone quality Use of EURO emission standards within a quality bus partnership scheme. Euro III low emission buses on all services operating at frequencies of 30 minutes or better and Euro II emission on R6 partnership lower frequency services. The scheme includes the Barnsley Interchange, bus stops within the Town Centre and on the A61 Road Quality Bus Corridor (QBC). Essentially this means most of the routes accessing the town centre have to meet the above emission standards.

12 Midlands Low Emission Infrastructure region investment Secured electric charging points, through the planning process, in the prestigious Highcross shopping centre development. Building on this, Leicester is part of a successful Midlands bid, R1.3 Investment (including Nottingham and Derby), for funds from the second round of the Government’s “Plugged in Places” initiative, for financing infrastructure to support use of electric vehicles. The Plugged in Places project presents us with an ideal opportunity to provide charging facilities for electric vehicles at a range of strategic locations across Leicester. The initiative dove-tails with the Government’s ‘Plug-In-Car Grant’ of up to £5,000 per car for the new wave of electric vehicles to be launched in 2011. Together, these initiatives will enable motorists to switch to electric vehicles.

13 National Low Emission Infrastructure National investment To provide infrastructure as mainstream electric vehicles come to the UK from early 2011, the Government is supporting the 'Plugged-In Places' programme. The scheme offers match-funding Investment to local consortia of businesses and public sector partners to support the installation of a critical mass of recharging infrastructure in lead places across the UK. The Government is supporting three existing Plugged-In Places in London, Milton Keynes and the North East which are already installing recharging points in their areas. In December 2010 the Government R15 announced continued funding for these projects for 2011/12 and 2012/13 as well as funding for five additional Plugged-In Places projects in Northern Ireland, Scotland, , the Midlands and the East of .

14 London Low Emission Infrastructure wide area investment The Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan is aiming to eventually incentivise 100,000 electric vehicles in London. It will include a network of 1,300 charging points, financial incentives (e.g. congestion Investment charge discount, free parking), marketing and communications, and trials of Electric Vehicles within the Greater London Authority fleet. R14

15 London Congestion Charge zone congestion Central London Congestion Charging Zone - A payment of £10 is required each day for each vehicle, travelling within the zone between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm (Monday-Friday only); a fine of charging order between £60 and £180 is levied for non-payment. Transport for London (TfL) administers the charge; Capita Group operated it under contract until 31 October 2009, and IBM took over on 1 November 2009. The system is mostly run on an automatic basis using Automatic Number Plate Recognition. Estimated changes to emissions of between 2002 and 2003. In combination, traffic and speed changes estimated to have reduced emissions of NOx by about 8 percent within the charging zone, with emissions effectively unchanged on the Inner Ring Road. For PM10, the equivalent changes are a reduction of around 6 percent within the charging zone, and a small increase of about 3 percent on the Inner Ring Road. R16 CO2 emissions are more directly related to vehicle-kilometres driven and fuel consumed. The traffic and speed changes observed in the charging zone are estimated to have led to savings of 15.7 percent. On the Inner Ring Road, the observed small increase to traffic flows resulted in a proportionate increase in CO2 emissions, but this was more than countered by the favourable speed trends that were also observed, giving an overall reduction of 8.5 percent. Site PS CC Taxi EPA LEZ GFI ECI CYI EPC CSI S-Ref Council Case Study Agree Date Reach Imp. Mech. AQM LES Notes Ref [A1/2] [B2/3] [B4] [C1] [C3] [D1] [D2] [E1] [F2] [G1] Mid Devon District Council secured a condition for Tesco to contribute £1.2-2m to refurbish R18 the local railway station, upgrade the town bus service and help direct traffic away from Tesco Super single planning 1 Mid Devon 2009 1 1 populated areas nearby to help tackle air quality problems. The improved bus service will Store, Crediton site agreement increase in frequency and serve the railway station, hopefully reducing car-use by visitors to the store. The development: Construction of a sorting office and vehicle depot in Greenwich. R7-8 Low emission strategy: So far as practicable and in order to minimise nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide and particulate emissions to use reasonable endeavours: (i) to ensure the use of low sulphur diesel in the owner’s fleet of vehicles at the development; (ii) to fit single planning particle abatement technology to diesel vehicles when it becomes reasonably practicable; (iii) to 2 Greenwich The Post Office 2000 1 1 site agreement conform with statutory guidelines and (originally from Department of Environment, Transport and Regions, which no longer exists) recommendations; and (iv) to comply with European Union emissions standard banding stage 3 by the year 2004. (Legal costs: The agreement also requires ‘the owner to pay the council’s reasonable legal costs in connection with the preparation of this Deed in the sum of £2500.’) The development: ‘Over the next 15 years, the new riverside community, with homes for 20,000, and R7-8 workplaces for 24,000, alongside places to eat, shop, and relax, will attract people from all over the capital.’ (www.GreenwichPeninsula.co.uk). Low emission strategy: agreed (via 106 agreement) on 23rd Feb 2004. It sets minimum euro-standards for the majority of vehicles entering the development site. Greenwich single planning The transformation is achieved via a combination of parking controls and low emission agreements as 3 Greenwich 2004 1 1 1 Peninsular site agreement shown in the table below. Review clause: The agreement includes the following review clause: The developer to ‘at the dates set for periodic review, to submit to the council for approval a review of the operation of the low emission zone, including the low emission zone controls over the preceding period and proposals for the following period shall use all reasonable endeavours to obtain the council’s approval thereto.’ The development: Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, exemplifies a mixed urban development and forms part of R7-8 an entire regeneration of a historic riverside location in London. Ultimately, the 76 acre site will form a new neighbourhood in London. This mix of commercial, residential and leisure facilities will be complete by 2015 (www.royal-arsenal.co.uk) . Low emission strategy: The agreement requires the developer to submit to the council for approval details of a ‘low emission zone’ and ‘low emission zone controls’. The low emission zone must aim ‘to prohibit the most polluting vehicles within the development scheme while promoting the use of the cleanest vehicles.’ The agreement goes on to outline more detailed provisions to be included for both The Warren, single planning 4 Greenwich 2006 1111 11 1 construction and operational phases of the development. The latter includes measures to manage Royal Arsenal site agreement emissions from both commercial and residential vehicles using the site. For the operational phase, ‘reasonable endeavours’ are required to ensure that commercial vehicles comply with Euro 5 by 2012 (plus a ‘target quota’ complying with Euro 6). For residential vehicles, the emphasis is on using parking controls to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. A combination of measures is suggested, which include parking permits, car share schemes, car clubs and information provision. The agreement also includes provision for the developer to purchase, site and operate an air quality monitoring station to operate until 10 years after completion of the last residential property.

The development: Major mixed use scheme comprising 960 residential accommodation, community R7-8 and/or offices, retail store, retail, food and drink units, as well as 1,172 parking spaces and cycle parking. The whole borough is an Air Quality Management Area for nitrogen dioxide and particulates. Woolwich town centre has a good Public Transport Accessibility Level of 6 (PTAL=6). Low emission strategy: Construction phase measures: approved method statement required, to include: monitoring to targets, regular report, and adherence to available best practice (e.g. Mayor’s Best Practice Guidance). Transport measures: Provision of a car club; emissions based charging for 500 residential parking spaces (annual Love Lane, charge ranging from £0 to £300 depending on VED banding); Controls on parking permits and transfers; single planning 5 Greenwich Woolwich Town 2007 1 11 11 1 Provision of ten electric vehicle charging points within the residential car park, 50% of delivery vehicles site agreement Centre and 50% home delivery vehicles to meet Euro 5 rating by store opening and to be using bio-fuel (plus 100% within 5 years). Additional non-transport emissions measures: 10% renewable energy commitment; BREEAM excellent rating, CHP plant including community heating; Monitoring contribution: £16,000 per annum for ten years towards Greenwich Council’s environmental monitoring; Reporting: Low emission zone implementation report required at time of store opening and subsequently after five and ten years respectively.

The Olympic Park will be designated as a (temporary) Low Emission Zone (LEZ) during the Games: The R7-8 Olympic Park LEZ will permit entry only to vehicles less than five years old and that meet best practice noise and emission standards; LEZ criteria will also be set for fleet contract specifications, thereby extending the benefits of reduced emissions and noise across all Olympic venues and facilities; Air and The Olympics, single planning 6 London 2004 1 1 noise pollution impacts of demolition, site remediation and construction will be reduced by following London 2012 site agreement the London Code of Construction Practice. Work is underway to develop and implement these measures. Plans include a stronger focus on carbon dioxide emissions in tandem with air quality (further information: http://www.london2012.com/contact-us.php). Site PS CC Taxi EPA LEZ GFI ECI CYI EPC CSI S-Ref Council Case Study Agree Date Reach Imp. Mech. AQM LES Notes Ref [A1/2] [B2/3] [B4] [C1] [C3] [D1] [D2] [E1] [F2] [G1] The development: Greenwich Millennium Village is the first of the Government’s Millennium R7 Communities. It covers 72 acres of the Greenwich Peninsula, and is grouped into communities arranged around a village green and newly created lake. The development comprises almost 3000 homes plus Greenwich significant commercial space (www.greenwich-village.co.uk). single planning 7 Greenwich Millennium 2006 1 1 Low emission strategy: The strategy applies to all vehicles using the car parking facilities within site agreement Village Greenwich Millennium Village (sections 1C, 1D and village square). It stipulates emission based parking charges, which incentivise vehicles which are A-banded for CO2 and also those which are Euro 4 compliant.

Low emission strategy: The owner is required, prior to implementation, to submit to the council for R7 approval a low emission strategy. The strategy should seek ‘by a variety of means to manage construction emissions and to encourage, educate and advise the occupiers of the dwellings with regard to low emission standards from private motor vehicles.’ The strategy is to identify methods of reducing emissions which shall include: use of public transport; and measures to encourage occupiers to purchase motor vehicles that meet low emission standards. single planning More detailed provisions lay out requirements of the strategy to manage both construction and 8 Greenwich Tripcock Point 2006 1 1 1 site agreement operational phase emissions. For the operational phase, ‘reasonable endeavours’ are required to ‘actively promote low emission travel behaviour’ amongst residents, employees, visitors and suppliers entering the site. The prime mechanism of doing this will be the site travel plan with its associated travel plan coordinator. The agreement also includes provision for siting of an air quality monitoring station and for financial contributions to support its installation and operation (£160k).

The development: Redevelopment of Queen’s Hospital site to provide 360 dwellings and a meeting hall. R7 Low emission strategy: Agreed via 106 for the developer to pay £12,600 for ‘air quality initiatives within the administrative area of the council, which are of benefit to residents living in the development’. Monitoring costs: ‘Upon completion of this Deed the Owner shall pay the Council the sum of £1000 as a single planning 9 Croydon Queens Hospital 2005 1 contribution towards the cost of monitoring this agreement.’ site agreement Legal costs: ‘The owner shall pay the Council’s reasonable legal costs for the preparation and completion of this Deed upon the date of this Deed.’

Financial contribution secured for ‘A programme of air quality mitigation, improvement and monitoring R7 single planning in connection with the Development, to be prepared and implemented by the Council.’ A sum of £75k 10 Bristol Broadmead 2002 1 site agreement was allocated for monitoring work, with a further £400k for mitigation measures.

Site A: A planning application was received for a residential development within an existing technical R7 breach area (AQMA). The air quality impact assessment submitted in support of the application demonstrated that levels of nitrogen dioxide would deteriorate slightly as a direct result of the development. A sum of £5000 was requested for air quality initiatives, which was put towards the cost of operating a new NOx analyser in the vicinity of the proposed development. The wording on the agreements reads: 'To pay the Air Quality Initiative Contribution to the council prior to the occupation of more than 50% of the dwellings developed on the land pursuant to the planning permission.' planning Site B: A planning application was received for a 5 story office block within an existing area of technical 11 York Two sites in York 2002 2 sites 1 agreement breach (AQMA). On the basis of the additional traffic movements generated by the development, a sum of £5000 was requested for air quality initiatives, which was put towards the cost of operating a new NOx analyser in the vicinity of the proposed development. The following restrictions and conditions applied: To apply any payment received to the designated scheme within 5 years of first occupation of any part of the office block comprised in the Development, and to repay this amount to 'The Owner' on demand any sum not applied or utilised in accordance with the conditions in the agreement.

Supermarket development, asked for innovative contributions and conditions, including installation of R6 single planning 12 Dudley Supermarket not identified* 1 1 11 charging points and a commitment to review the associated fuel technology every 5 years, and a site agreement dedication to emission friendly fleet vehicles Legal and single not Legal and General at their HQ at Kingswood have implemented a rule that every employee that drives R8 13 Kingswood, Surrey not identified* 1 General site identified* to work must come by another mode one day a week. Sandy Park Rugby Ground, Exeter (Devon CC) R8 Sandy Park single not 41% by non car mode. 14 Exeter (Devon CC) not identified* 1 Rugby Ground site identified* Measure supplemented with improved PT and cycling links; concessionary fares; coach parking; CPZ and marketing campaign. Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust: R8 Plymouth multiple not From 90% to 54% of staff arriving by car. 15 Plymouth Hospitals NHS not identified* 1 sites identified* Restricted and charged parking permit allocation. Supplemented with improved PT services; discounted Trust PT tickets and car sharing promoted to staff. Staff driving to work has fallen from 44% to 32% (excluding car sharers). R8 University of single not Restricted and charged parking for staff supplemented with improved pedestrian and cycling 16 Bristol not identified* 1 Bristol site identified* infrastructure; free shuttle bus to local station; discounted annual PT ticket and car sharing service.

14% drop in staff arriving by car. R8 Corporate Travel Addenbrookes multiple not 17 not identified* 1 Measure supplemented with improved PT services, improved cycling infrastructure, reduced availability Plan NHS Trust: sites identified* of parking etc. Egg charge 75p per day for the use of on-site car parking at their site on the edge of Derby. The revenue R8 Corporate Travel single not 18 Egg not identified* 1 is used to subsidise Egg employees’ use of a local bus service and to run a shuttle service free of charge Plan site identified* during out of office hours periods. Site PS CC Taxi EPA LEZ GFI ECI CYI EPC CSI S-Ref Council Case Study Agree Date Reach Imp. Mech. AQM LES Notes Ref [A1/2] [B2/3] [B4] [C1] [C3] [D1] [D2] [E1] [F2] [G1] Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust: R8 Oxford Radcliffe multiple not 4% reduction in staff arriving as car drivers. 19 Oxford Hospitals NHS not identified* 1 sites identified* Annual parking charge for staff with entitlement restrictions. Supplemented with improved Trust: infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists; PT fare discounts and inter site shuttle bus. A reduction of 9% in staff cars arriving on site. R8 Corporate Travel single not Staff receive incentive payments to car share or use sustainable modes of transport equivalent to 20 Vodafone not identified* 1 Plan site identified* around £1,000 per year. Vodafone also provide 10 free staff bus services providing links to PT Hubs, local towns and villages. Daily £2 ‘cash-out’ scheme has reduced the number of cars driven to the company’s Sandwich site by R8 20%. single not 21 Sandwich Pfizer not identified* 1 8% reduction in single occupancy vehicle use. site identified* Car sharing website set up, car sharing breakfasts and general promotion. Supplemented by shuttle bus to nearest town and subsidised public bus services.

Staff driving to work reduced from 79% to 27%. R8 Orange, Temple single not Facilitated by office relocation. Parking is very limited and allocated spaces to individual employees on a 22 Bristol not identified* 1 Point site identified* needs basis. PT is improved at this location and high quality cycle facilities have been introduced.

BP, Sunbury: R8 single not 12% reduction in staff arriving as a car driver. 23 Sunbury BP not identified* 1 site identified* As well as the free shuttle bus other measures included improvements to public PT services (less effective) and cycling infrastructure. Oracle Corporation, Reading: R8 Oracle single not 24 Reading not identified* 1 The buses and other travel plan actions have reduced the number of cars coming to Thames Valley Corporation site identified* business park by 13%. GlaxoSmithKline Brentford, Middlesex: R8 Brentford, single not 25 GlaxoSmithKline not identified* 1 The company has 130 staff who cycle to work each day (5% of staff trips to work) and over 300 Middlesex site identified* registered cyclists. Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge: R8 Addenbrooke’s single not Achieved 26% of employees cycling to work. The package of measures includes a salary sacrifice scheme 26 Cambridge not identified* 1 Hospital site identified* for cycle purchase, 1,600 cycle spaces on site, showers and lockers, promotional events, a Bicycle Users Group (BUG) and intranet information. Motors, Crewe: R8 single not Achieved 11% of its staff cycling to work by promotion through its Travel Plan and by offering weekly 27 Crewe Bentley Motors not identified* 1 site identified* draws for a £50 gift voucher and monthly draws for a £100 prize (walkers and car sharers are also included in the draw) Bluewater (Retail and leisure centre), Greenhithe, Kent: R8 Bluewater (Retail Recruiting locally has helped to limit staff car travel to Bluewater, where 42% of employees arrive by single not 28 Greenhithe, Kent and leisure not identified* 1 public transport. When the centre first opened, new retail staff were recruited from postcodes where site identified* centre) future bus routes were planned. In addition, the company created a ‘learning shop’ with local job centres and a college, so that local people could be retrained for jobs on site.

The Ethical property Company, with offices in Oxford, Sheffield, London and Bristol offers a £500 R8 Oxford, Sheffield, Ethical property multiple not 29 not identified* 1 relocation package per member of the household for any employee who moves to within cycling London and Bristol Company sites identified* distance of the workplace. This has achieved an 11% take-up. IBM, at its offices at North Harbour, Portsmouth encourages home working and mobile working through R8 North Harbour, single not the provision of laptops to employees and other measures such as a ‘homeconnect’ telephone number 30 IBM not identified* 1 Portsmouth site identified* that separates business and personal calls at the home location. The impact of home working is easily quantified by reducing annual car travel by the appropriate %.

Wycombe District Council - ‘four day a week pledge’: Staff who signed agreed to travel to work without R8 Wycombe multiple not a car at least one day each week and were entered into a £1,500 holiday prize draw. The council now 31 Wycombe not identified* 1 District Council sites identified* offers a monthly draw for £25. To claim the money winners have to prove that they travelled one day without a car in the previous week. Around a fifth (20%) of staff enter each month.

Marks and Marks and Spencer Financial Services: Staged incentives are offered to those who car share one day or R8 Corporate Travel Spencer multiple not more a week. Staff who complete six months of car sharing on this basis can choose between a range of 32 not identified* 1 Plan Financial sites identified* offers related to driving, such as a car service. Those completing a further 12 months receive £50 worth Services of Marks and Spencer vouchers. As a result 31% of staff car share once a week or more. Proposal put to Leicester (not yet adopted) for development of new business quarter: R9 Leicester New Not yet planning (i) EV infrastructure (20% all parking places access to charging point; wiring for min of 50% in future); (ii) 33 Leicester Local Zone 111111 11 Business Quarter agreed agreement priority parking for electric taxis; (iii) promotion of EV through employee travel plans, visitor promotions, procurement of contractors; (iv) car club; (v) cycle infrastructure; (vi) monitoring.

Waitrose store in York was previously an MFI furniture store, it therefore did not require full planning R10 permission to become a food retail outlet. It did require a 'variation of historical use sec52 agreement' to which section 106 agreements were attached. Proposed development would increase car park capacity from 165 spaces to 176. As part of the application for the variation of use a traffic assessment was undertaken which indicated increased traffic flows. York requested that part of the mitigation should be the installation of two electric vehicle charging points at the store. The sec 106 agreement single planning 34 York Waitrose Feb-10 1 1 1 required a travel plan for the store to be submitted to CYC before the store could operate. site agreement Measures: - Installation of two electric car recharging bays in disabled spaces and marked for dual use, unless after 5 years they are in constant use, and will be made exclusively electric. - 33 customer cycle parking spaces (including 3 for cycles with trailers), located adjacent to site access and secure and covered, 12 staff cycle spaces, provision of footpaths, Travel coordinator, staff walking and cycling incentives, carsharing and guaranteed ride home, home delivery Site PS CC Taxi EPA LEZ GFI ECI CYI EPC CSI S-Ref Council Case Study Agree Date Reach Imp. Mech. AQM LES Notes Ref [A1/2] [B2/3] [B4] [C1] [C3] [D1] [D2] [E1] [F2] [G1] Northamptonshire is a key component of the Milton Keynes – South Midlands (MKSM) growth area. R3 Northamptonshire Transport Strategy for Growth set a target of 20% modal shift from new developments. To help reach this target all large developments will be served by a Travel Centre. Funded by Section 106 contributions, these centres will provide residents of new developments with information about smarter travel choices, such as: ●● Public transport routes, timetables, stops and ticketing information; ●● Obtaining tickets, vouchers and incentives for sustainable activities including public transport; ●● Applications for parking permits, car clubs, cycle hire, walking and other activities; ●● Local maps of cycling and walking paths; multiple planning School transport options; 35 Northamptonshire Travel Centres various dates 1 ●● sites agreement ●● Personalised travel planning services; and ●● Details on the location of local businesses, services and amenities. These services will be available before all residents have moved in so that modal shift can be encouraged before habits and travel patterns become established. Larger developments will be served by an on-site centre, complemented by a travel centre website. For smaller developments an on-line ‘virtual travel centre’ will be used. Northamptonshire County Council have been working with a marketing company to develop distinctive branding that can be used within centres, on the websites and on promotional materials.

The proportion of students cycling and walking to Lancaster University has almost doubled in less than R3 two years according Travel Plan surveys results from the University. Over ten per cent of students living off-campus now cycle to the University, up from just over five per cent 21 months ago. In the same period, the numbers of students walking to the University has also doubled from just over 3 per cent to over 6 per cent. The proportion of staff cycling to work is one of the highest in Lancashire at just over 13 per cent and fewer students and staff are now driving to the campus. Corporate Travel Lancaster single corporate 36 - 1 The survey findings reveal that almost a third of all postgraduate research students living off-campus are Plan University site plan regularly cycling. Lancaster University Travel & Environment Co-ordinator, Philip Longton, said: “It is really encouraging to see more and more people taking up cycling. To have more postgraduate research students accessing the campus on bicycles rather than in cars as either drivers or passengers is a great achievement.” Overall, student car use dropped by 4.8% between February 2006 and November 2007.

Cambridge Science Park (CSP) is one of the 29 voluntary travel plan schemes which the Highways Agency R3 has sponsored. A total of 71 employers are based on the science park, employing around 5,000 staff. The scheme was developed by the Highways Agency in joint partnership with Cambridgeshire County Council to bring businesses together to form a travel plan network. A number of sustainable travel Corporate Travel Cambridge single corporate initiatives were implemented in 2007 including a car share scheme and web-based journey planning 37 - 1 Plan Science Park site plan information. The scheme has been very enthusiastically supported from the outset by employers and staff. After one year of operation the scheme had reduced am peak hour trips into the site by 97. This translates into an annual benefit of £250k pa, producing a Benefits Cost Ratio of 15:1, more than twice as high as other comparable Agency schemes. These results correlate well with the Smarter Choices report conclusions. draft sec 106 stage for electric charging points and car club provision R10, R1.3 Not yet single planning 38 York Nestle 1 11 1 A section 106 agreement has been secured on the Nestle South mixed use development for provision of agreed site agreement 3 EV charge points and £2,270 towards diffusion tube monitoring in the vicinity Have secured a low emission condition on a few developments close to town centre and areas of AQO R1.3 exceedence. The condition seeks an emission reduction approach as opposed to standard air quality approach. 'No development shall commence until the developer has developed a scheme detailing and multiple planning where possible quantifying what measures or offsetting schemes are to be included in the development 39 Maidstone Various Sites various dates 1 sites agreement which will reduce the transport related air pollution of the development during construction and when in occupation. The report should be submitted to and approved by the Local Planning Authority, prior to development. The developer should have regard to the DEFRA guidance from the document Low Emissions Strategy -using the planning system to reduce transport emissions January 2010. "

Buckinghamshire County Council: R8 15% reduction in staff arriving as car drivers. Buckinghamshire multiple corporate 40 Buckinghamshire - 1 Supplemented with marketing and info campaign, walking campaign and parking restraint. County Council sites plan Achieved a 6% increase in walking. This represents roughly half of the overall mode shift attributed to the Travel Plan that includes the promotion of walking and the provision of lockers and showers

S106 Agreement contributions being used be to deliver 3 measures: R1.3 • Evaluation of travel plan once the development has been occupied multiple planning 41 Leeds Various Sites - 1 1 • I year free membership of City Car Club & includes £50 travel , to be provided for all residents, or 1 in 8 sites agreement persons for a Business development • Pump prime funding towards provision of a City Car Club car, for appropriate developments Site PS CC Taxi EPA LEZ GFI ECI CYI EPC CSI S-Ref Council Case Study Agree Date Reach Imp. Mech. AQM LES Notes Ref [A1/2] [B2/3] [B4] [C1] [C3] [D1] [D2] [E1] [F2] [G1] Mixed-use scheme comprising community facilities, 600 residential units (50% of which will be R12 affordable), 3,000 sq m of retail units / restaurants, open space, parking and associated servicing facilities (500 sq m of affordable space for business use) S106 agreement: - contribution of £150,000 towards improvement of transport infrastructure (bus stop improvements and improvements to public transport links); - provision of car club parking spaces; - travel plan (encourage sustainable travel, targets for reduction of car parking and single car use, targets for increase in staff/residents using sust. transport, survey and monitoring) - provision of electric charging points for electric cars - implementation of 'low emission transport scheme' requiring submission and approval by council prior Heart of East to commencing each phase of work - aims to prohibit the most polluting vehicles, while promoting use Greenwich of cleanest vehicles (includes monitoring): (mixed use ----during construction phase: (i) all HGVs and LGVs (3.5 tonnes and over) shall have emission standards development - planning equivalent to Euro 4; (ii) all non-road mobile machinery shall use ultra low sulphur diesel; (ii) all non- 42 Greenwich Mar-09 single site 111 11 1 1 English agreement road mobile machinery shall comply with current/previous EU Directive Staged Emission Standards Partnerships, (97/68/EC, 2002/88/EC, 2004/26/EC); (iv) non-road mobile machinery shall be fitted with diesel First Base, Land particulate filters conforming to a defined a demonstrated filtration efficiency; (v) the ongoing Limited) conformity of plant fitted with a diesel particulate filter shall be ensured through programme of on-site checks. ----during operation phase: (vi) 'reasonable endeavours' to ensure commercial vehicles meet Euro 4, with target quotas of at least 50% Euro 5 or better by 1 Jan 2011; (vii) 'reasonable endeavours' to introduce a minimum standard of Euro 5 for 100% commercial vehicles by 1 Jan 2013 at the latest, with further target quotas for Euro 6 emission standard, or clean vehicles - by 1 Jan 2015, carry out and submit proposals/timetable for the introduction of at least 50% Euro 6 vehicles by 2018; (viii) 'reasonable endeavours' to incentivise all residential parking so as to prevent or reduce emissions to the atmosphere of CO2 (e.g. through promotion of car share schemes or car clubs, advice and information to raise awareness of impact of vehicle emissions). Managed parking shall ensure all vehicles on commencement of use are Euro 4, with a requirement that at least 50% of vehicles will be Euro 5 by Jan 2011. 100% Euro 5 to be achieved by 1 Jan 2013 Mixed-use development: 4,000 residential units; 29,498m2 of non-residential comprising 4,855m2 retail R12 and leisure, 5,450m2 office, 4,884m2 community, 5,911m2 hotel, 2,785m2 supermarket,3,205m2 GP surgery and 2,408m2 replacement primary school, New access, car parking and open space s106 agreement: - contribution towards bus enhancements (if assessment shows that they are necessary) up to a cumulative maximum contribution of £2.5 million; - provision of bus stops if required; - establish car club and encourage car sharing by occupiers, ensure that car club spaces are always made Kidbrooke available, ensure car club is available to all employees, businesses and residents in the vicinity of the planning 43 Greenwich (mixed use Oct-09 single site 111 1 1 11 development; agreement development) - Car park management plan including requirement that no occupiers hold parking permits for on-street parking, and supplement for parking based on CO2 emissions (100g/km VED band A = no surcharge; 101- 120g/km VED bands B and C; 121-150 VED bands D, E and F; 151-200 VED bands G, H, I and J; 201-255 VED bands K, L and M) - Electric charging points for electric cars - Travel Plan (encourage sustainable travel, targets for reduction of car parking and single car use, targets for increase in staff/residents using sust. transport, survey and monitoring - Low Emission Transport Scheme

Total Count 8 30 16 6 135571 4 4 Percentage 19 70 37 14 2 7 12 12 16 2 9 9

Notes Where table indicates 'not identified*' - this refers to within the National Case study. Source reference provides additional information over that presented in the summary table above Key for planning intervention columns: AQM: provision relating to air quality monitoring/management, PS: Personalised Support, LES: provision includes one or more of the LES categories: CC (Car clubs), Taxi Fleet

F-Ref Case Study Notes Ref

Since 2005, a range of measures have been implemented by BT including: (i) Specifying carbon efficiency in procurement and ensuring all vehicles are fit for purpose, (ii) Daily vehicle checks are completed by drivers; while operational managers undertake regular vehicle safety, condition and loading inspections, (iii) Trials of alternative fuels and 1 BT R11 technologies with electric vans introduced in 2010, (iv) The use of supporting IT and GPS systems, (v) A thorough Driver Skills Development and Monitoring Programme including SAFED => Fuel usage has decreased (unquantified). Fleet CO2 emissions have decreased by 30% since 2005

Office for Governmental Commerce reviewed their arrangements for Grey Fleet Usage in August 2005 – policy introduced that for all return car journeys over 100 miles, staff should use a hire car through corporate contract, rather than their own vehicle. In April 2006, for any grey fleet journey over 100 miles, had to be signed off by Director. Through 2 OGC R11 Unquantified, a reduction through reduced mileage and transfer to newer vehicles. 50% reduction in Q1 2006/7 mileage – over whole year a reduction of 85,000 miles Net saving of £29,000 per annum through reduced mileage payments. Health and Safety benefits of using newer vehicles.

Between 2005 and 2008, Integral implemented a Fuel Management System. This included monitoring driver fuel usage through reassigning fuel cards to drivers instead of vehicles. 3 Integral Text alerts were used to inform drivers if they had filled up at expensive filling stations or didn’t provide their mileage when using their fuel card. Reduction of 2,800l per week R11 £5,000 per month saving on fuel across the company

Premier Watercoolers operate 11 technicians, each with their end light goods vehicle. In 2008, as a result of rising fuel costs at the pump and as a result of average mileages standing at 39,000 miles per annum (impacting on Lease Contract costs), the company looked to reduce their costs. The company was already using a fuel card to meet all fuel 4 Premier Watercoolers costs, but did not have a formal method for reviewing the mileage run rate on a routine basis. As such the company scheduled a quarterly review of mileage run rates, reviewed R11 local recruitment practices, establishing working stocks of equipment in secure storage facilities close to the technician’s home and implemented a process for recording van mileage at the start of every working day in a standardised format. 14% reduction in vehicle mileage (monthly baseline of 3232 miles compared to 2,765 a year later.

Following trials in 2007, Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council’s introduced the Trakm8 telematics system into its light commercial vehicle (LCV) fleet, with the aim for all Kings Lynn and W. Norfolk 42 vehicles to have the package by March 2010. Benefits have included financial savings, increased productivity and improved employee safety as well as a reduction in carbon 5 R11 Council emissions, with the Council able to know the exact location of vehicles. The system provides information on vehicle location, mileage, speed and stop/start patterns. => 10-12% reduction in fuel used , 10 – 12% reduction in CO2 emissions (assumed)

In 2003, Marks and Spencer chose to equip its General Merchandise distribution operation and vehicle fleet with a system comprising in-cab computer equipment, a handheld terminal for the driver and a control centre. Collecting real-time information, it provides analysis of actual performance against planed and reported feedback to monitor 6 Marks & Spencers R11 performance against KPIs. The system was installed in 2000 as a pilot scheme to provide environmental and customer service benefits, however it has since played such a major role in streamlining costs that it has been rolled out to over 240 vehicles. 8% improvement in fuel consumption. 15% reduction in vehicle mileage

From 2010, Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council are fitting speed limiters to all panel vans, 4x4s, car derived vans, tippers and flat bed vans on the fleet, and to new Kings Lynn and W Norfolk vehicles as they join the fleet in the following 2 years. In addition to improving driver behaviour, this is expected to reduce wear and tear and maintenance costs. 10 – 12% 7 R11 Council reduction in fuel used, 10 – 12% CO2 reduction (assumed)

As part of the Workplace Travel Plan, South Cambridgeshire District Council, a smarter driving training programme was completed by 47 essential car users and seven casual users. South Cambridgeshire District The trial was considered so successful that the Council aimed to have their 30 depot-based drivers complete the programme. , 18% reduction in fuel consumption per employee, 8 R11 Council 18% reduction in CO2 emissions per employee (assumed) Annual employee saving of £340

The Government Car and Dispatch Agency is committed to improving the standards of their drivers and as part of this, concentrates on putting their drivers through the NVQ in Government Car and Dispatch Road Passenger Transport (including Safer and Smarter Driving), and has commendations for those not involved in an accident per a year and carry out daily maintenance checks, 9 R11 Agency including tyre pressure. Journeys are now better planned leading to savings. 13% reduction in fuel consumption between 2007 and 2008, 13% reduction in CO2 between 2007 and 2008 (assumed), 3% mileage decrease between 2007 and 2008

The AA Vehicle Recovery Fleet consists of 7.5, 10 and 12T vehicles. Eight AA recovery patrol drivers attended a one-day SAFED training course in February 2004. Between 1.9% to 10 The AA R11 5% reduction in fuel usage 4 weeks after training. A 17% reduction in fuel usage on training day Based on a 9% reduction in fuel use, a reduction of 4.27 tonnes of CO2 per vehicle

The West Bromwich Depot of Allied Bakeries comprises 89 vehicles - 61 rigid vehicles for store deliveries and 28 articulated vehicles, used for trunking. Anti Idling training was 11 Allied Bakeries carried out for all drivers across the fleet in January 2007. MPG increased from 11.34 to 11.97 (a 5% Improvement. Fuel saving of 59,300l of diesel per annum. Financial saving of R11 £50,405 per year Fleet

F-Ref Case Study Notes Ref

In 2004, Denbighshire County Council received £320,000 from the Welsh Assembly Government to fit all of its vehicles above 3.5 tonnes GVW (a total of 54 vehicles) with 12 Denbighshire County Council R11 particulate traps. These particulate traps included the EMINOX CRT (Continuously Regenerating Trap). 0.474 kg of particulate matter per a year from all 54 vehicles

A trial by Walkers Snacks (Distribution) Ltd of Energy efficient tyres within part of its fleet. resulted in a 4% reduction in fuel consumption in the first six months after fitting energy 13 Walkers Snacks efficient tyres to part of its fleet. R11 4% fuel reduction in first six months 4% reduction in CO2 emissions (assumed) If applied fleet wide saving estimated at £240,000 per year

Kidds Transport is a Lancaster-based company employing 30 drivers and runs a 12-hour operation from Monday to Friday. The company's fleet consists of: 26 tractor units, 80 semi trailers, 4 rigid lorries performing pallet daily deliveries on a multi-drop operation in and around Lancaster, Morecombe, Barrow and Kendal. In 1996, the company 14 Kidds Transport R11 implemented an ongoing wheel alignment programme. Improved MPG from 6.5 9 on one example vehicle. 3.8% - 18.6% fuel reduction for articulated lorries 3.0% - 11% fuel reduction for on rigid lorries. Reduction of 3 – 18.6% in CO2 emissions (assumed) Improved tyre threads (Steered axle, Drive axle, Super single) life span of 10 -22%

In 2010, Mercedes Benz has been trialling a fuel saving system with operators including Sainsbury's, Ocado, Parcelforce and Ginsters. The system limits the amount of power 15 Mercedes Benz available to vans and HGVs when hauling part loads so that the engine works as efficiently as if it was hauling a full load. This also limits engines revs, only allowing higher revs R11 when carrying a heavy load or tackling a hill. A reduction of 4.1 – 15.8% over 40,000 miles of testing. A reduction of 4.1% – 15.8% (assumed)

From September 2008, Sainsbury's carried out delivery trials from their Bristol Depot to a store in Dartmouth (500km roundtrip) using a duel fuel bio-methane and diesel 6 Axyle 17 Sainsbury's Articulated vehicle. The vehicles were able to operate on an 80% bio-methane 20% diesel mix. Following the trials, further expansion of such vehicles was planned. Up to 60% R11 decrease in CO2 In 2007, Leeds City Council compared a bio-methane fuelled Econic waste collection vehicle on two routes for a period of 6 months. This was to determine fuel consumption, usability and reliability. The vehicle was compared against a standard diesel-fuelled Econic (Euro 5) plus a Seddon-Atkinson Euro 3 vehicle operating on the same routes. Up to 0.5 18 Leeds Council R11 extra mpg by the Bio-Methane fuelled vehicle compared to Diesel. CO2 saving of up to 60% over the diesel. A saving of around 6.5t of CO2 versus a diesel vehicle during the first three months of the trial. In 2006, Transport for London started a programme to trial up to 60 hybrid buses. The trial eventually encompassed 56 single and double deck buses using series, parallel and combined hybrid systems, employing different battery technologies supplied by four diesel bus manufacturers. Initially there were issues with reliability requiring systems to be 19 TfL reworked but these were overcome. By 2012 TfL will have 300 hybrids in service and after 2012 all new buses entering the fleet will be hybrid technology. 31% reduction in fuel R11 consumption compared to Euro 4. Single deck buses achieved 6–10 mpg and double deck 5–7 mpg, equating to fuel savings of up to £5,000 per year. 31% reduction in CO2 compared to Euro 4 In 2010, LB Southwark, as part of its ongoing fleet replacement programme replaced a number of vehicles (including vans and cars) with replacements which were electric hybrids (with stop start technology) or fuelled by liquid petroleum gas and diesel. Where applicable, particulate filters have also been specified for diesel vehicles. In total, 150 vehicles 20 Southwark Council R11 within the fleet, out of 320 vehicles, have been upgraded as of Oct 2010. A reduction of 92t of CO2 across the vehicle fleet. Lower fuels costs could save £115,000 per a year. Exemptions from London Congestion Charge could save £175,000 per year.

Following a Green Fleets Review, Centre Parcs have introduced electric vehicles to the fleet so that of the 138 strong LCV fleet, 18% are electric vans (twenty two Aixam and three electric vehicles). The vehicles are located at three villages. However, at Longleat and the planned Woburn, hilly terrain makes the existing electric van technology unsuitable. Other measures have included replacing almost 100 ageing petrol and diesel-engine vans with new low-emission diesel models - Euro4-compliant (Ford Transit Connect 21 Centre Parcs and Mercedes Vito models). There has also been a reform of company car policies with incentives for purchasing lower emission models, promotion of car sharing and tele- R11 working . Total transport emissions reduced by 8.5% year on year reduction in CO2 emissions equating to a reduction of 176.25 tonnes of CO2. Across five year operating cycle, estimated operating cost reductions of 20%.

Conversion of 14 Mercedes Benz Actros HGVs to run on a mixture of natural gas and diesel. Installed natural gas fuelling station at their Andover distribution site. The company initially installed a temporary gas fuelling station at their Andover distribution site. They monitored fuel consumption, vehicle and refuelling station reliability and 22 Howard Tenens R11 operability to ensure the equipment met with performance and economic expectations. After completion of a successful trial, Howard Tenens installed a natural gas station at the site. Reduction of 268,000 kg of CO2 by the 14 vehicles.

TNT ordered 100 x 7.5T Smith Newton electric delivery , which will eventually replace a fleet of diesel vehicles and will be put to use on urban routes. Estimated reduction of 23 TNT R11 1,300 tonnes of CO2 per annum. £160 per week saving on electricity, rather than diesel costs. References

Ref Document R1.1 LEF Meeting 1 Report and Presentation R1.2 LEF Local News Round Up (Meeting 2) R1.3 LEF News Update (Meeting 3) R2 Carplus, Low Emission Car Clubs for a Healthier, Equitable and Sustainable Transport Future, Nov 2009 , Delivering Sustainable Low Carbon Travel: An Essential Guide for Local Authorities, November R3 2009 R4 Preferred Strategy - A New Mobility Culture for Merseyside (Liverpool City Region Local Transport Plan 3) http://www.letstravelwise.org/content188_LTP3-Consultation.html R5 Ben Barrett PhD thesis R6 Student Case Studies, www.goingcarbonneutral.co.uk R7 LES Guidance R8 LET S1 (and references therein) R9 Leicester Case Study R10 Email from Liz with s106 agreements R11 Background Report by TTR for the NCP R12 Emails from Carolyn Birch and Tanya Murat (LB Greenwich) - providing s106 agreements R13 Cambridge City Council: http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ccm/content/environment-and-recycling/pollution-noise-and- nuisance/air-pollution/air-pollution-in-cambridge.en R14 Presentation to the Low Emission Forum (31/01/11) - see LEF meeting report R15 DfT: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/olev/infrastructure/ R16 TfL: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/FourthAnnualReportFinal.pdf R17 ECOStars: http://www.care4air.org/ecostars/index.html R18 www.lowemissionstrategies.org/newsitems/09_10_oct/news_tesco_eco_store.html