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Open Scholarship and the Need for Collective Action Knowledge Exchange University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc. Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2019 Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Knowledge Exchange Cameron Neylon, Curtin University, Australia Rene Belsø, DEIC, Denmark Magchiel Bijsterbosch SURF, the Netherlands Bas Cordewener Knowledge Exchange See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons, Scholarly Communication Commons, and the Scholarly Publishing Commons Knowledge Exchange; Neylon,, Cameron; Belsø,, Rene; Bijsterbosch, Magchiel; Cordewener, Bas; Foncel, Jérôme; Friesike, Sascha; Fyfe, Aileen; Jacobs, Neil; Katerbow, Matthias; Laakso, Mikael; and Sesink, Laurents, "Open Scholarship and the need for collective action" (2019). Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc.. 128. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom/128 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc. by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Knowledge Exchange; Cameron Neylon,; Rene Belsø,; Magchiel Bijsterbosch; Bas Cordewener; Jérôme Foncel; Sascha Friesike; Aileen Fyfe; Neil Jacobs; Matthias Katerbow; Mikael Laakso; and Laurents Sesink This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom/128 Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Published October 2019 © Knowledge Exchange and authors 2019 Title: Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Lead Author and editor: Cameron Neylon, Curtin University, Australia Contributing authors: - Rene Belsø, DEIC, Denmark - Magchiel Bijsterbosch, SURF, the Netherlands - Bas Cordewener, Knowledge Exchange - Jérôme Foncel, University of Lille, France - Sascha Friesike, Berlin University of the Arts and Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society, Germany - Aileen Fyfe, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom - Neil Jacobs, Jisc, United Kingdom - Matthias Katerbow, DFG, Germany - Mikael Laakso, Hanken School of Economics, Finland - Laurents Sesink, Leiden University, the Netherlands DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3454688 All content published can be shared (CC BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Preface 3 Preface The first draft of this book was written through the medium of a five day ‘Book Sprint’, using the Book Sprints method1 which took place from 7 to 11 September 2018 in Berlin, Germany. Several additions and revisions have been made to complete the final book presented here. Participants and contributing authors Acknowledgements go to: to the resulting book are: ` Faith Bosworth - Book Sprints facilitator ` Rene Belsø, DEIC, Denmark ` Sarah James – Knowledge Exchange office ` Magchiel Bijsterbosch, SURF, the Netherlands ` Juliane Kant – DFG/Knowledge Exchange. ` Bas Cordewener, Knowledge Exchange Co-lead KE activity ‘Economy of Open Scholarship – conceptual models’ ` Jérôme Foncel, University of Lille, France ` Barbera Rühling - Book Sprints CEO ` Sascha Friesike, Berlin University of the Arts and Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked ` Verena Weigert - Jisc/Knowledge Exchange. Society, Germany Lead KE activity ‘Economy of Open Scholarship – conceptual models’ ` Aileen Fyfe, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom Footnotes ` Neil Jacobs, Jisc, United Kingdom 1 Book Sprints Ltd - booksprints.net ` Matthias Katerbow, DFG, Germany ` Mikael Laakso, Hanken School of Economics, Finland ` Cameron Neylon, Curtin University, Australia (lead author and editor) ` Laurents Sesink, Leiden University, the Netherlands Open Scholarship and the need for collective action 4 Preface Contents Preface 3 Executive summary 6 Introduction 10 Three stories 10 Open Scholarship 12 Three fundamental changes 12 The Knowledge Exchange Open Scholarship Framework 15 A focus on the economic arena 16 Conclusion – economics, markets and collective action. Frames for analysis 16 Terminology 17 Actors, their interests and powers 20 Defining the levels of granularity: micro, macro, and meso 20 Micro-level actors 21 Meso-level actors 22 Macro-level actors 23 Interactions between the levels 24 Conclusion – the meso-level is required for a transition to Open Scholarship 25 The shaping and organisation of research 27 The history of disciplines and research communities 27 Supporting communications: publishers and publishing 30 Universities and the emergence of an academic job market 33 Conclusion – history has shaped a complex system 35 When values and motives clash 37 Responsibility clashes: who does what work and where? 38 Revenue clashes: who pays, who gets paid, and how much? 40 Conclusion – understanding the interactions of institutions is crucial 42 Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Preface 5 Analysing scholarship with economic models 45 The changing nature of the scholarly environment 45 The exchange of goods in markets 47 The interaction between market conditions and the goods they can produce 48 Examples of scholarly goods and markets 50 Analysing action at the community level 60 Public good features of digital knowledge goods 60 Network externalities and capital 62 Rebuilding institutional capital 63 Examples of market competition failures and network effects 64 Hidden goods. Markets and exchange beyond money 67 Conclusion – disruption is an opportunity to build and rebuild institutional capital 68 Institutions and collective action 70 Networks and capital. A short recap 71 Gravitational hubs and the accumulation of capital 71 Institutional capital and the governance of hubs 74 The governance of scholarly common pool resources 76 Managing for change 78 Consequences for stakeholders 79 Plan S through the lens of collective action 84 Conclusion 86 Understanding the landscape 89 Where next? 91 References 93 Open Scholarship and the need for collective action 6 Executive summary Executive summary Aim and background A focus on the economic arena and on meso-level actors Background and rationale Many of the challenges in navigating the transition to The aim of this book is to enhance community Open Scholarship are economic, either in the sense of understanding of the mechanisms and processes that being directly financial, or in the sense of being related can enable Open Scholarship to reach its full potential. to incentives. We therefore focus on the economic arena. The book is the result of a Knowledge Exchange (KE) Our conclusion is that it is challenging to capture the full (knowledge-exchange.info/about-us) activity to details of the economy of Open Scholarship in terms of explore the economy of Open Scholarship across six existing models. Application of economic theory and European countries (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, analysis techniques to Open Scholarship needs further the Netherlands and the UK) and beyond. exploration and development. In September 2018, Knowledge Exchange brought An important aspect of the scholarly landscape and the together eleven experts from across these countries. transition to Open Scholarship is the diversity of actors These experts are all currently involved in exploring the involved. These can be described as ‘micro’ (individuals development of Open Scholarship, and include such as researchers, or support staff, users of research researchers, policy makers and information systems or employees of service providers), ‘meso’ (groups, providers. Through the medium of a five day ‘book communities or organisations such as universities, sprint’ we prepared a first draft of the released document, disciplines, scholarly societies or publishers) and ‘macro’ combining our different perspectives and experiences (‘system-spanning’ actors that provide structure to into a coherent text that could aid progress. whole countries or regions, such as funders and governments). Insufficient attention has been paid to The discussions and findings in this book are inspired the incentives, actions and influences of meso-actors, by KE's Open Scholarship Framework2. It models Open and therefore a major focus of this book is on meso- Scholarship as a combination of levels (micro-, meso- actors. We conclude that the key to making progress and macro-level actors), arenas (political, economic, is to better understand and overcome challenges of social, technical) and research phases (discovery, collective action.3 planning, project phase, dissemination), in order to better understand the challenges to make scholarship more open. Footnotes 2 knowledge-exchange.info/event/os-framework 3 A variety of publications on (aspects of) community and collective action have been published, this book refers to several of them. In general, collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective (see Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action). Open Scholarship and the need for collective action Executive summary 7 The shaping and organisation of research Analysing action at the community level Our systems of disciplinary organisation, research Community and collective action provides one such model communications and publishing, as well as of for the provision of ‘public-like’
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