TEA Party Exposed by ANONYMOUS Political Party

ANONYMOUS Political Party would like to take the pleasure to introduce

The TEA Party /// Tobacco Everywhere Always this DOX will serve as a wake-up call to some people in the Tea Party itself … who will find it a disturbing to know the “grassroots” movement they are so emotionally attached to, is in fact a pawn created by billionaires and large corporations with little interest in fighting for the rights of the common person, but instead using the common person to fight for their own unfettered profits.

The “TEA Party” drives a wedge of division in America | It desires patriots, militias, constitutionalists, and so many more groups and individuals to ignite a revolution | to destroy the very fabric of the threads which were designed to kept this republic united |

WE, will not tolerate the ideologies of this alleged political party anymore, nor, should any other individual residing in this nation. We will NOT ‘Hail Hydra”!

United as One | Divided by Zero ANONYMOUS Political Party | United States of America www.anonymouspoliticalparty.org

Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaires

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Mon, 2013-02-11 00:44 BRENDAN DEMELLE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR E- Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big NEWSLETTER Get our Top 5 stories in your inbox Tobacco and Billionaires weekly.

A new academic study confirms that front 12k groups with longstanding ties to the tobacco industry and the billionaire Koch Like DESMOG TIP JAR brothers planned the formation of the Tea Help us clear the PR pollution that Party movement more than a decade clouds climate science. before it exploded onto the U.S. political scene.

Far from a genuine grassroots uprising, this astroturf effort was curated by DESMOGBLOG SPECIAL REPORT wealthy industrialists years in advance. Many of the anti-science reddit operatives who defended cigarettes are currently deploying their tobacco- inspired playbook internationally to evade accountability for the fossil fuel industry's role in driving climate disruption.

The study, funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health, traces the roots of the Tea Party's anti-tax movement back to the early 1980s when tobacco companies began to invest in third party groups to fight excise taxes on cigarettes, as well as health studies finding a link between cancer and How Unconventional Gas Threatens our secondhand cigarette smoke. Water, Health, and Climate

Published in the peer-reviewed academic journal, Tobacco Control, the study titled, 'To quarterback behind the scenes, third party efforts': the tobacco industry and the Tea Party, is not just an historical account of activities in a bygone era. As senior author, Stanton Glantz, a University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) professor of medicine, writes:

“Nonprofit organizations associated with the Tea Party have longstanding ties to tobacco companies, and continue to advocate on behalf of the tobacco industry's anti-tax, anti- regulation agenda.”

The two main organizations identified in the UCSF Quarterback study are Americans for Prosperity and Freedomworks. Both groups are now “supporting the tobacco companies' political agenda by mobilizing local Tea Party opposition to tobacco taxes and smoke-free laws.” Freedomworks and Americans for Prosperity were once a single organization called Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE). CSE was founded in 1984 by the infamous Koch Brothers, David and Charles Koch, and received over $5.3 million from tobacco companies, mainly Philip Morris, between 1991 and 2004.

http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/02/11/study-confirms-tea-party-was-created-big-tobacco-and-billionaires[8/1/2014 11:59:38 AM] Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaires

In 1990, Tim Hyde, RJR Tobacco's head of national field operations, in an eerily similar description of the Tea Party today, explained why groups like CSE were important to the tobacco industry's fight against government regulation. Hyde wrote:

Democracy is utterly dependent upon “… coalition building should proceed along two tracks: a) a grassroots an electorate that is accurately organizational and largely local track,; b) and a national, intellectual informed. In promoting climate change track within the DC-New York corridor. Ultimately, we are talking denial (and often denying their about a “movement,” a national effort to change the way people think responsibility for doing so) industry has about government's (and big business) role in our lives. Any such done more than endanger the environment. It has effort requires an intellectual foundation - a set of theoretical and undermined democracy. ideological arguments on its behalf.” There is a vast difference between putting forth a point of view, honestly held, and intentionally sowing the The common public understanding of the origins of the Tea Party is that it is a seeds of confusion. Free speech does popular grassroots uprising that began with anti-tax protests in 2009. not include the right to deceive. Deception is not a point of view. And However, the Quarterback study reveals that in 2002, the Kochs and tobacco- the right to disagree does not include backed CSE designed and made public the first Tea Party Movement website under a right to intentionally subvert the public awareness. the web address www.usteaparty.com. Here's a screenshot of the archived U.S. Tea Party site, as it appeared online on Sept. 13, 2002: read more

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http://clashdaily.com/2014/03/dont-doubt-tea-party-still-continues-go-global/[8/1/2014 12:08:20 PM] Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on August 1, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com TC Online First, published on February 8, 2013 as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 Research paper ‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea Party Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana, Stanton A Glantz

▸ Additional material is ABSTRACT Tea Party tax protests in April 2009,10 the town hall published online only. To view Background The Tea Party, which gained prominence protests about the proposed healthcare reform in please visit the journal online in the USA in 2009, advocates limited government and August 20091 and the Taxpayers’ March on (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ 11 tobaccocontrol-2012-050815). low taxes. Tea Party organisations, particularly Washington the following September 2009. They Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks, oppose continued to facilitate and support many of the Department of Medicine, University of California smoke-free laws and tobacco taxes. local chapters and leaders that arose from the early 5 San Francisco, Center for Methods We used the Legacy Tobacco Documents events in 2009. AFP and FreedomWorks continued Tobacco Control Research and Library, the Wayback Machine, Google, LexisNexis, the to facilitate local Tea Party activities by Education, San Francisco, Center for Media and Democracy and the Center for co-sponsoring rallies,11213creating talking points California, USA Responsive Politics (opensecrets.org) to examine the and organisational tips for supporters,14 15 supply- 16 Correspondence to tobacco companies’ connections to the Tea Party. ing literature for local Tea Party groups and pro- Stanton A Glantz, Department Results Starting in the 1980s, tobacco companies viding training sessions.1317FreedomWorks was a of Medicine, University of worked to create the appearance of broad opposition to founding partner of the 2010 Contract from California San Francisco, tobacco control policies by attempting to create a America (recalling the Republican Party’s 1994 Center for Tobacco Control ’ 18 Research and Education, Room grassroots smokers rights movement. Simultaneously, Contract with America). 366 Library, 530 Parnassus, they funded and worked through third-party groups, As of 2012, AFP and FreedomWorks were sup- San Francisco, such as Citizens for a Sound Economy, the predecessor porting the tobacco companies’ political agenda by CA 94143-1390, USA; of AFP and FreedomWorks, to accomplish their economic mobilising local Tea Party opposition to tobacco [email protected] and political agenda. There has been continuity of some taxes and smoke-free laws.19 20 This support for Received 1 October 2012 key players, strategies and messages from these groups the tobacco companies’ agenda continues the Accepted 29 January 2013 to Tea Party organisations. As of 2012, the Tea Party tobacco industry use of AFP and FreedomWorks’ was beginning to spread internationally. predecessor organisation, Citizens for a Sound Conclusions Rather than being a purely grassroots Economy (CSE), as a third-party ally since at least movement that spontaneously developed in 2009, the 1991 (figure 1). Moreover, starting in the 1980s, Tea Party has developed over time, in part through major US tobacco companies attempted to manu- decades of work by the tobacco industry and other facture an astroturf citizen ‘smokers’ rights move- corporate interests. It is important for tobacco control ment’ to oppose local tobacco control policies. advocates in the USA and internationally, to anticipate These smokers rights’ groups had grassroots mem- and counter Tea Party opposition to tobacco control bership in several localities, but were created, coor- policies and ensure that policymakers, the media and the dinated and funded by the cigarette companies.21 public understand the longstanding connection between Although the Tea Party is widely considered to the tobacco industry, the Tea Party and its associated have started in 2009,9 this paper presents a histor- organisations. ical study of some of the tobacco companies’ early activities and key players in the evolution of the Tea Party. Many people in the smokers’ rights INTRODUCTION effort or the tobacco companies went on to Tea The Tea Party, a loosely organised network of grass- Party organisations. Moreover, while the Tea Party started in the USA, it is beginning to spread inter- roots coalitions at local and state levels, is a complex 22–26 social and political movement to the right of the nationally. In 2012 FreedomWorks expanded traditional Republican Party that promotes less the movement internationally, training activists in 1–4 30 countries, including Israel, Georgia, Japan, government regulation and lower taxes. It is 22 often characterised as a grassroots movement that Nigeria and Serbia. This international expansion – spontaneously arose in 2009.4 5 However, it has makes it likely that Tea Party organisations will be also been cited as an example of corporate ‘astro- mounting opposition to tobacco control (and other turfing,’5 defined as a movement that ‘appears to be health) policies as they have done in the USA. grassroots, but is either funded, created or conceived by a corporation or industry trade associ- METHODS ation, political interest group or public relations We conducted a standard snowball search27 of the – firm.’6 8 National organisations funded by corpora- Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, an online tions, particularly Americans for Prosperity (AFP) archive of over 80 million pages of previously secret To cite: Fallin A, Grana R, and FreedomWorks, played an important role in tobacco industry documents. Initial search terms Glantz SA. Tob Control structuring and supporting the Tea Party in the included: CSE, tobacco tax, Food and Drug Published Online First: 5 – [please include Day Month initial stages. They provided training, communica- Administration (FDA) and tobacco (1993 1996), Year] doi:10.1136/ tion and materials for the earliest Tea Party activities, Racketeer Corrupt and Influenced Organisations tobaccocontrol-2012- including the first ‘Tea Party’ on 27 February (RICO), Kessler (1999–2006), Department of Justice 050815 2009.19FreedomWorks organised the nationwide (DOJ) (1999–2006) and lawsuit (1999–2006). We

FallinCopyright A, et al. Tob ControlArticle2013; author0:1–10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815(or their employer) 2013. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence. 1 Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on August 1, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com

Research paper

Figure 1. Connections between the tobacco industry, third-party allies and the Tea Party, from the 1980’s (top) through 2012 (bottom). The thick black line connects CSE with its direct successor organisations. Online supplementary tables S1 and S2 provide more details on the linkages depicted in this figure. used the Wayback Machine (archive.org) to access old versions of Lobbying efforts are facing increasing difficulty. Even national the CSE, AFP and FreedomWorks’ websites (since 1997) and representatives from tobacco states are losing heart for defending Google, LexisNexis, the Center for Media and Democracy smokers’ rights and sustaining the tobacco industry. The power of the vested interest of the tobacco industry has not been fully (sourcewatch.org and PRwatch.org), Center for Responsive 34 Politics (opensecrets.org) and AFP (americansforprosperity.org) brought to bear in sustaining smokers [sic] rights. ’ ’ and FreedomWorks (freedomworks.org) websites internal search As of 2012, key personnel from the smokers’ rights groups engines. Internal Revenue Service Form 990s were obtained from had founded or worked at firms that consulted for Tea Party 2002 to 2010 using Guidestar and Foundation Finder for CSE, groups (figure 1). CSE FreedomWorks, FreedomWorks and AFP.Searches were con- In the 1990s, RJR’s smokers’ rights groups were organised ducted from September 2011 to March 2012. We refer to CSE through a network of field coordinators who recruited members, ‘ ’ and Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation as CSE, AFP and held meetings and provided meeting agendas, letters to editors ‘ ’ Americans for Prosperity Foundation as AFP, and FreedomWorks and elected officials, a telephone script for contacting elected ‘ ’ and FreedomWorks Foundation as FreedomWorks. officials and petitions.33 By the mid-1990s, RJR was using public relations firms Ramhurst and Walt Klein & Associates to help RESULTS coordinate their smokers’ rights groups. Ramhurst was formed in Figure 1 provides an overview of the connections the tobacco 1993 with support from RJR and run by former RJR smokers’ industry has with organisations and key players in the Tea Party. rights group coordinators, James Ellis and Doug Goodyear35 36 Online supplementary table S1 provides details of key organisa- (past vice president of Walt Klein & Associates in North tions involved with the tobacco industry and the Tea Party and Carolina, see online supplementary table S2). By 1994 Ramhurst online supplementary table S2 provides histories of key was coordinating RJR’s smokers’ rights groups, providing ‘the individuals. field personnel necessary to implement and execute various pro- grammes and activities related to RJR’s national grassroots pro- Historical context for tobacco industry third-party efforts gramme,’37 with Walt Klein & Associates providing ‘ancillary The tobacco industry historically worked through ‘third-party’ services necessary to support the field force.’37 – allies28 32 because of its low credibility with the public. By the Another smokers’ rights group, NSA, was created in 1993 by late 1980s, confronted with increasing success of the local grass- Philip Morris.34 Philip Morris worked with its PR firm, roots non-smokers’ rights movement, RJ Reynolds (RJR) and Burson-Marsteller to create and plan the implementation of the Philip Morris began creating and facilitating ‘smokers’ rights’ NSA.38 They positioned the NSA as independent of the indus- groups to oppose smoke-free laws.28 33 The smokers’ rights try, even though Philip Morris conceived the idea and provided groups were an important component of the tobacco industry’s almost all the funding34 39 40 (figure 1). NSA leadership was third-party advocacy efforts in the 1980s and early 1990s. tied heavily to Philip Morris. NSA president Tom Humber A July 1993 Philip Morris draft plan to create what became the (figure 1 and online supplementary table S2) had been a National Smokers Alliance (NSA) described the political Burson-Marsteller senior vice president where he handled the environment: Philip Morris account and, before that, Brown & Williamson

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Research paper director of government affairs. Gary Auxier, who also worked Richard Fink, former professor of economics at George Mason on the Philip Morris account at Burson-Marsteller, became NSA University, who has worked for Koch Industries since 1990.351 vice president.41 The NSA participated in promoting the CSE supported the agendas of the tobacco and other industries, ‘Enough is Enough’ campaign led by (Roger) Ailes including oil, chemical, pharmaceutical and telecommunications, Communication that advocated the full range of tobacco indus- and was funded by them.52 In 2002, before Tea Party politics – try policy positions.42 44 were widely discussed in the mainstream media, CSE started its The smokers’ rights groups’ publications disputed the health US Tea Party (http://www.usteaparty.com) project, the website of effects of second-hand smoke, promoted ‘choice’ and individual which stated ‘our US Tea Party is a national event, hosted con- rights and encouraged smokers to defend their rights and free- tinuously online and open to all Americans who feel our taxes doms.45 Some of these appeals made direct reference to the are too high and the tax code is too complicated.’53 Between Boston Tea Party. For example, a 1989 issue of Philip Morris 1991 and 2002 the tobacco companies, mainly Philip Morris, Magazine included a section on excise taxes that compared that provided CSE with at least US$5.3 million (see online supple- kind of taxation with the taxes being opposed during the mentary table S3). Philip Morris gave CSE US$250 000 annu- Boston Tea Party.46 In 1993, Massachusetts smokers’ rights ally in the early 1990s to start six state chapters.41 groups distributed a mailing entitled ‘Protect your right to Philip Morris (PM) designated CSE a ‘Category A’ public smoke!’ that included ‘Tea Party’ language to describe oppos- policy organisation for funding.54 ‘Category A’ organisations ition to tobacco taxes: ‘New Englanders don’t like unfair taxes were ‘the largest and most important/sustained relationships’ —remember the Boston Tea Party?—and they’re fighting mad that were assigned a ‘PM senior relationship manager’ to put over proposals in Washington to raise the federal tax on cigar- them at the ‘centre of a network of information-sharing among ettes from 24 cents a pack to $1.24 or maybe even $2.24 a PM people involved with the organisation’ and ‘[assure] system- pack.’47 The tobacco industry and their allied organisations have atic and ongoing relationship activities’.54 In response to an been using the ‘Tea Party’ metaphor to oppose taxation since at internal 1999 email asking whether CSE was worth its current least the 1980s. level of funding, Philip Morris’ vice president of federal govern- The smokers’ rights groups proved ineffectual at protecting ment affairs replied: tobacco industry interests, particularly at stopping local smoke- They are adding this level of value. They have provided signifi- free laws and they were phased out in the late 1990s and early cant grassroots assistance, in the nature of several thousand calls 2000s. In a parallel effort, the industry broadened its reach by to the Hill on the lawsuit [likely the federal RICO lawsuit against funding and collaborating with existing third-party advocacy the major cigarette companies discussed below] direct lobbying organisations and institutes under a unified theme of freedom, on the lawsuit, some media as well as continuing a very useful choice and less government. In 1990, Tim Hyde, RJR director level of activity on FET [federal excise tax]/prescription drugs [a of national field operations, outlined a strategy for RJR to proposal to expand Medicare and fund prescription drugs with a create ‘a movement’ resembling what would later emerge as the tobacco tax]. Throughout the August [Congressional] Recess they Tea Party by have been very active on our behalf in the field in key states with key Members.55 build[ing] broad coalitions around the issue-cluster of freedom, choice and privacy… During the 1990s, the tobacco industry was facing a multi- tude of threats. CSE helped the industry oppose these challenges … coalition-building should proceed along two tracks: a) a grass- (see online supplementary table S4), including the roots, organizational and largely local track; b) and a national, Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) second-hand smoke intellectual track within the D.C.-New York corridor. Ultimately, “ ” risk assessment (1992), the Clinton healthcare reform plan we are talking about a movement, a national effort to change – the way people think about government’s (and big business’) role which included a tobacco tax (1993 1994), the Occupational ’ in our lives. Any such effort requires an intellectual foundation–a Safety and Health Administration s (OSHA) proposal to regulate set of theoretical and ideological arguments on its behalf.48 workplace smoking (1994–2001), FDA regulation of tobacco products (1994–1996) and the DOJ RICO case against the fi ’ Another RJR eld coordinator later described the company s tobacco industry (filed in 1999), as well as tobacco taxes motivation for involving and organising third-party organisa- (throughout the 1990s). tions: ‘In about the third year [of the RJR smokers’ rights groups], there was an emphasis on coalition building—anti-tax groups were a natural. You didn’t have to defend your position Opposing the EPA report on second-hand smoke on tobacco because a tax is a tax is a tax to these guys.’33 In In the early 1990s, the tobacco companies made a major effort 1992, Auxier, then at Burson-Marsteller, submitted a public to block the EPA risk assessment that designated second-hand – relations strategy proposal to the Coalition Against Regressive smoke a Class A (human) carcinogen.29 30 56 One strategy was Taxation,49 an industry effort to fight tobacco and other excise to advocate new risk assessment standards that would make it taxes.50 It read, ‘Grounded in the theme of “The New impossible to identify second-hand smoke as a carcinogen.30 57 American Tax Revolution” or “The New Boston Tea Party”, the In August 1992 CSE sponsored a conference with an ‘over- campaign activity should take the form of citizens representing regulation’ message, with other industry allies and it featured the widest constituency base mobilised with signage and other Vice President Dan Quayle,30 who had previously expressed attention-drawing accoutrements such as lapel buttons, hand- interest in the effort to change the risk assessment require- outs, petitions and even costumes.’49 ments.58 Humber wrote to Philip Morris vice president of corporate affairs ‘to outline … unified and synergistic Citizens for a Sound Economy recommendations for dealing with the ongoing battle over ETS CSE, one of the third-party ‘anti-tax’ tobacco industry partners, [environmental tobacco smoke, what the tobacco companies call was a think tank dedicated to free market economics. CSE second-hand smoke]’ reporting that ‘B-M was involved in both (which split into AFP and FreedomWorks in 2004) was concept and execution of a strategy that made sure that media co-founded in 1984 by David Koch, of Koch Industries, and coverage of the [CSE conference’s] message regarding over-

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Research paper regulation superseded the political noise surrounding the VP’s Throughout 1995 CSE worked to discredit the FDA and push appearance’.57 Despite the efforts of the industry and their for major limitations on its authority. CSE published critical com- allies, the EPA released the report in December 1992 identifying mentary about the FDA,65 and ran full page ads in Congressional second-hand smoke as a Class A carcinogen.59 Monitor and the Washington Times.66 Their ‘Death by Regulation’ radio ads accused the FDA of being slow to approve drugs, thus Opposing healthcare reform leading to unnecessary death67 (see online supplementary table The tobacco industry waged a major campaign between 1993 S4). CSE also opposed funding a modernised FDA building, one 67 and 1994 to oppose President Bill Clinton’s healthcare reform of Kessler’s priorities. CSE chairman, C Boyden Gray, testified efforts, particularly the US$0.75 cigarette tax to help finance against the building in Congress, citing the FDA’s ‘overregulation’ it.32 The tobacco industry worked with a broad coalition against and ‘growing bureaucracy,’ and attacked FDA’s slow approval of 67 the proposed reform, which included CSE and RJR’s smokers’ drugs. CSE also tried to reallocate FDA resources to ‘product rights groups (coordinated by Ramhurst) and others. According approval process’ by partnering with former CSE fellow represen- to a document that appears to be a report to Philip Morris CEO tative David McIntosh (R-IN) to freeze the Office of the 68 Mike Miles, Commissioner’sbudget. In 2000, after a tobacco industry lawsuit, the Supreme Court fi ’ To ght Clinton s proposed $.75 per pack excise tax increase, we ruled that the FDA did not have authority to regulate tobacco are also working behind the scenes to oppose the Clinton package products.69 as a whole. The House Energy and Commerce Committee will be a key battleground over the Clinton health care plan and we are giving $400 000 to Citizens For A Sound Economy—a free market Opposing the federal RICO lawsuit against the tobacco industry based grassroots organization—to run a grassroots program aimed President Clinton announced in his 1999 State of the Union “ ” 60 at swing Democrats on the Committee. address that the DOJ was planning a case against the tobacco CSE campaigned against healthcare reform between 1993 and industry to recover smoking-induced Medicare funds under the 70 1994, including media appearances, organising community RICO Act. In February 1999, Philip Morris’s vice president of events and coordinating protests during town hall meetings (see federal government affairs outlined three strategic goals for online supplementary table S4).32 61 fighting the lawsuit: (1) to fight the US$20 million dollar appropriation for the lawsuit; (2) ‘bar consideration or defeat any Opposing the OSHA regulation of smoking in workplaces legislation that enhances the ability of the DOJ to successfully ’ In the mid-1990s, RJR hired the public relations firm bring a cause of action against the tobacco industry; (3) exert ‘ ’ fi 71 Mongoven, Biscoe & Duchin to run the ‘Get Government Off political pressure to block ling of the lawsuit. Our Back’ (GGOOB) coalition primarily to oppose OSHA regu- CSE supported these goals during 1999 (see online supple- lation of workplace second-hand smoke (as well as FDA regula- mentary table S4). CSE president Paul Beckner wrote to senate tion of tobacco products).31 CSE was one of 39 GGOOB majority leader Trent Lott (R, MS) and house speaker Dennis ‘ members, 18 of which were tobacco industry-funded and three Hastert (R, IL), On behalf of our 250 000 grassroots members, ’ more that had split off from tobacco industry-funded groups. I urge you to oppose the federal government s proposed lawsuit GGOOB promoted an October 1994 resolution calling for as well as any legislation to facilitate this unprecedented action.’72 CSE members and staff contacted policymakers,73 smaller government and fewer regulations and fought smoke- 73 74 75 76 free laws (see online supplementary table S4). drafted commentaries, aired ads and sent out action alerts against the case.73 (see online supplementary table S4) On 22 July 1999 Congress rejected DOJ’s appropriation Opposing the FDA request.70 (The lawsuit was then funded by the Departments of In February 1994, the FDA started investigating regulating nico- Defense, Health and Human Services and Veterans Affairs.) The tine as a drug and cigarettes and smokeless tobacco as drug- industry and its third-party allies failed to stop the lawsuit, delivery devices.62 In March 1994 Philip Morris CEO Miles which the DOJ filed on 22 September 1999.70 The next day, recognised that ‘The Administration has emerged as clearly anti- CSE’s Michele Isele Mitola was quoted in the Washington tobacco. … [including FDA Commissioner David] Kessler’s recent Times: ‘We see this as a political ploy to find ways to raise more trial balloon on FDA regulation on the industry. This will also get revenue to fund their [the government’s] tax-and-spend worse…it seems to me that we need to seriously reconsider agenda.’77 CSE continued opposition until at least 2002, whether our current passive defence strategy is the right strategy, encouraging supporters to ask newly elected President George or whether we have ‘less to lose’ by being more ferocious’.63 W Bush to end the lawsuit.78 These efforts failed, with federal The political landscape changed after the November 1994 judge Gladys Kessler ruling in 2006 that the major cigarette mid-term elections, when Republicans took control of Congress. companies and their affiliated organisations constituted a con- A Philip Morris October 1995 draft action plan established the tinuing racketeering enterprise to defraud the public.79 long-term goal of ‘creat[ing a] political environment where “moderates” of both parties on the Hill can vote for legislation that divests FDA of any power to regulate tobacco because they Opposing tobacco taxes are convinced that FDA is already failing miserably in accom- CSE opposed state tobacco taxes (see online supplementary plishing its “core mission.”64 They partnered with CSE ‘to quar- table S4). For example, in 1996, the Tobacco Institute (then the terback behind the scenes, third-party efforts to launch, publicise tobacco companies’ political and lobbying arm) provided New and execute a broad non-tobacco-based attack on the many fail- Jersey CSE with US$40 00080 to fight a tobacco tax increase ings of the FDA with respect to its currently authorised statutory using mailings, radio advertisements and patch through calls.81 activities [emphasis added]’.64 CSE and the Washington Legal A Ramhurst representative recruited industry allies including the Foundation (another tobacco industry-funded think tank) were New Jersey CSE president, New Jersey smokers’ rights group the primary third-party groups designated ‘to monitor and help president and Grover Norquist of Americans for Tax Reform, to direct multi-front action plan.’64 write opinion editorials opposing the tax.82

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Research paper

CSE opposed national-level tobacco taxes including a 1999 AFP and FreedomWorks oppose tobacco taxes and proposed US$0.55 increase.83 CSE’s Michele Isele Mitola sent a smoke-free laws copy of CSE’s anti-tobacco tax mailer materials to Beverly As of 2012, AFP and FreedomWorks were continuing to McKittrick (Philip Morris’s director of federal policy, tobacco support the tobacco industry’s broad policy agenda (see online and legislative counsel and Washington relations) for review. supplementary table S4), including opposing the EPA113 114 and The mailer contained CSE materials, including one-pagers healthcare reform.115 These organisations have been fighting entitled, ‘Big Government/Tobacco Tax’ and ‘Extinguishing state tobacco taxes and smoke-free laws since at least 2006 (see Tobacco Taxes.’84 online supplementary table S4). There was also crossover in employment between CSE and Both organisations mounted grassroots efforts in opposition the tobacco companies (see online supplementary table S2). For to tobacco taxes in the states and in 2012 were participating in example, Michele Isele Mitola left CSE, where she had held the campaign against a proposed tobacco tax initiative in several positions throughout the 1990s, to work at Philip California.116 AFP and FreedomWorks have advanced standard Morris.85 As of 2012, she was vice president, public affairs at industry arguments against tobacco taxes,117 118 including Forum Strategies and Communications, a communication and tobacco taxes are regressive,119 120 adversely affect busi- outreach firm; all four leaders of Forum Strategies had worked ness20 121 122 and shift sales to surrounding states, the internet, – at Altria/Philip Morris.86 89 or the black market.123 124 In 2009, FreedomWorks fought a proposed tobacco tax increase in Arkansas with an ‘Enough is CSE becomes Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks Enough!’ advertisement, recalling the tobacco industry cam- Between 2003 and 2004, CSE (a 501(c)4) and CSE Foundation paign from the late 1980s and 1990s.42 125 AFP used the same (a 501(c)3) reorganised and changed names. CSE Foundation message to oppose a tobacco tax initiative (Proposition 29) in became AFP. CSE merged with Empower America to become California in 2012.126 FreedomWorks. Empower America was an organisation ‘devoted AFP and FreedomWorks have opposed smoke-free laws across to ensuring that government actions foster growth, economic the country since at least 2006 (see online supplementary table well-being, freedom and individual responsibility’90 (see online S4). AFP and FreedomWorks credited their grassroots members supplementary table S1). According to the late former Senator with defeating the 2007 North Carolina smoke-free law.19 127 Jack Kemp, the last chair of Empower America, the merger Echoing well-established tobacco industry arguments and the occurred because ‘by merging the policy expertise of Empower patriotic rhetoric of the smokers’ rights groups,45 they argued America with CSE’s grassroots machine, FreedomWorks provides for private property rights,127 128consumer choice129 and – the freedom movement with an organisation that has unprece- limited government.130 132 dented scale, reach, experience and impact.’91 Both AFP and FreedomWorks included senior CSE leaders. Dick Armey, former Republican house majority leader, was the Other third-party groups: tobacco industry and Tea Party FreedomWorks chairman as of 2012. He had also been CSE affiliations chairman,92 and served as an AFP consultant in 2003.93 In 2001, Humber announced that the NSA would be dissolved, FreedomWorks president as of 2012, Matt Kibbe, was a CSE with some of its funds being transferred to the Center for vice president for 8 years.94 AFP was first led by president Individual Freedom (CFIF, figure 1),133 134 which Humber Nancy Pfotenhauer,93 a CSE vice president,95 and since 2006, founded in 1998.135 Its mission is to ‘protect and defend indi- Tim Philips.96 Philips came from Century Strategies, a company vidual freedoms and individual rights guaranteed by the U.S. he helped to form with Ralph Reed (of the Christian Coalition) Constitution.’136 As of 2012, CFIF’s president was former NSA (see online supplementary table S1).97 Pfotenhauer later led spokesperson Jeffrey Mazzella137 138 and CFIF’s corporate MediaSpeak Strategies,98 an AFP consultant group99 (figure 1). counsel and senior vice president was former NSA attorney There was also staff continuity between CSE, AFP and Renee Giachino.139 140 FreedomWorks. For example, Peggy Venable and Slade O’Brien The National Center for Public Policy Research (NCPPR, who led the Texas and Florida CSE chapters, became AFP state figure 1), which promotes ‘principles of a free market, individ- directors.76 100 101 ual liberty and personal responsibility [as] the greatest hope for AFP and FreedomWorks maintained policy continuity with meeting the challenges facing America in the 21st century,’141 CSE and were using ‘Tea Party’ rhetoric before 2009.102 For has been a longstanding tobacco industry ally and employs or example, in 2007, FreedomWorks’ chairman Dick Armey and collaborates with individuals who worked for the tobacco indus- – president Matt Kibbe, proposed ‘the Boston Tea Party as a model try. Philip Morris funded NCPPR in the 1990s,142 144 and of grassroots pressure on an overbearing central government.’103 NCPPR was a member of RJR’s GGOOB.31 NCPPR also Tea Party rhetoric was also espoused by other libertarian-oriented opposed FDA regulation of tobacco145 and the DOJ RICO groups including Ron Paul’s Campaign for Liberty, which has lawsuit against the tobacco industry.146 In 2012 NCPPR was state chapters, and the Sam Adams Alliance.104 continuing efforts, such as its ‘Occupy Occupy D.C. Smoke-in’ to protest about taxes on smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes.147 Consultants to AFP and FreedomWorks Thomas Borelli, also an NCPPR senior fellow and his spouse, The public relations firms FLS Connect105 and DCI Group, Deneen Borelli, an NCPPR fellow (as well as a FreedomWorks’ co-founded in part by Tom Synhorst,106 consulted for AFP and fellow148) worked for Philip Morris for over 20 years and have FreedomWorks107 108 (figure 1 and online supplementary table spoken at Tea Party events (figure 1 and online supplementary S2). DCI Group’s leadership as of 2012 included Synhorst, table S2). While at Philip Morris, Thomas Borelli served on its Hyde and Goodyear,109 all of whom were with RJR’s smokers’ public policy advisory council, which reviewed and prioritised rights programme in the 1990s.36 110 Dan Combs, a DCI Group public policy grants for funding and designated CSE a Category partner as of 2012, had been CSE’s director of grassroots and A public policy organisation for funding.54 Dana Joel Gattuso, a mobilisation.111 DCI Group also lobbied the New York City NCPPR senior fellow, had been CSE’s deputy director of regula- Council for Altria (Philip Morris) in 2011 and 2012.112 tory affairs.149

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Steve Milloy, who served as co-director of NCPPR’sFree Party. For example, David Koch was a co-founder of CSE and Enterprise Project with Tom Borelli,150 helped the industry AFP Foundation,3 and Koch foundations have supported these contest the link between second-hand smoke and disease.29 groups.168 169 Koch Industries is a conglomerate, with multiple Milloy directed The Advancement of Sound Science industries including chemical and refining.170 Both CSE and Coalition151 (TASSC, figure 1), which was created for Philip AFP have campaigned for fewer governmental restrictions on Morris in 1993 by the public relations firm APCO Associates, as environmental policies.171 172 part of the effort to undermine the EPA’s second-hand smoke Another example of broader corporate support for a Tea risk assessment.29 Though TASSC was eventually disbanded, Party-related organisation is through the CCF (figure 1), which Milloy maintained http://junkscience.com as of 2012152 (see has received funding from the food, restaurant and agribusiness online supplementary table S2). industries, including Coca-Cola, Monsanto and Wendy’s The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) is another International.173 This organisation has opposed the Institute of example of a Tea Party-related organisation with strong roots in Medicine’s strategies to prevent obesity, including taxing swee- the tobacco industry. In 2002, Guest Choice Network became tened beverages, incentivising opening grocery stores in ‘food the CCF to oppose efforts by ‘the anti-consumer forces [to] deserts’ and implementing restaurant zoning laws.174 In June expand their reach beyond the restaurants and taverns, going 2012, the CCF ran a full-page advertisement in the New York into your communities and even your homes.’153 Lobbyist Times opposing New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg’spro- Richard Berman created Guest Choice Network in 1995, with posal to end the sale of super-sized sugary drinks in New York US$600 000 in startup funds,154 as well as continued funding City as a policy to fight childhood obesity. Echoing rhetoric – from Philip Morris.155 157 It was meant to appear as ‘a used years earlier to oppose smoke-free restaurants, the headline restaurant-driven programme’ to oppose smoke-free restaurants proclaimed, ‘The nanny: you only thought you lived in the land that was not ‘owned’ by Philip Morris.158 of the free.’175 It is important for policymakers to be aware of the corporate DISCUSSION funding sources for organisations that work to influence public The tobacco companies have refined their astroturf tactics since policy. AFP and FreedomWorks are registered as public charities at least the 1980s and leveraged their resources to support and and social welfare organisations under the US tax code sections sustain a network of organisations that have developed into 501(c)3 or 501(c)4, which, as of 2012, do not have to disclose some of the Tea Party organisations of 2012 (figure 1). In many their donors.176 Greater transparency of funding sources for ways, the Tea Party of the late 2000s has become the ‘move- these organisations would allow policymakers and the public to ment’ envisioned by Tim Hyde, RJR director of national field evaluate more critically messages and activities of these organi- operations in the 1990s,48 which was grounded in patriotic sations. Requiring groups to disclose corporate funding sources values of ‘freedom’ and ‘choice’ to change how people see the before engaging in lobbying activities would be one way to role of ‘government’ and ‘big business’ in their lives, particularly improve transparency. with regard to taxes and regulation. Because of the lack of transparency in funding for third-party While it is well known that corporations can influence policy, advocacy groups and coalitions, members of the general public, this case study demonstrates the extent to which a particular the media and policymakers, may not know who funds and coor- industry has leveraged its resources to indirectly affect public dinates the coalitions and may unwittingly aid a corporate policy. The tobacco companies funded one of the main Tea agenda. Although AFP and FreedomWorks oppose smoke-free Party predecessor organisations, CSE, as well as other conserva- laws, a 2011 survey on support for smoke-free laws tive organisations, including the Cato Institute,159 American found that the proportion of people who favour smoke-free laws Enterprise Institute,160 Americans for Tax Reform,161 the was similar among those who identify with, and those who Washington Legal Foundation162 and the American Legislative oppose, the Tea Party177 (72% and 75%, respectively, in states Exchange Council (ALEC)163 164 to support the companies’ without smoke-free laws, p=0.145 by χ2 and 77% and 87% broader economic and political agendas. In parallel to the Tea in states with smoke-free laws, p=0.139). Tea Party supporters Party’s expansion outside the USA, in 2012, ALEC advanced also favour preserving Medicare,1 which does not align with AFP tobacco industry arguments to campaign against cigarette plain and FreedomWorks’ opposition to government-run healthcare. packaging policies in Canada, Australia and the UK and the Many factors beyond the tobacco industry have contributed to European Union’s ban on snus.165 the development of the Tea Party.9 Anti-tax sentiment has been The tobacco companies amplified the benefit of funding these linked to notions of patriotism since the inception of the USA individual organisations by integrating them into coalitions to when the colonies were protesting against taxation by the fight on behalf of favourable tobacco industry positions (ie, British.178 In addition, the Tea Party has origins in the ultra-right GGOOB, which included CSE), a prime example of astroturf- John Birch Society of the 1950s, of which Fred Koch (Charles and ing.31 In addition, this tactic has continued, as the Tea Party David Koch’s father) was a founding member.9 Often, social organisations, AFP and FreedomWorks (descendants of CSE; movements gain prominence from complicated connections with figure 1) were part of a coalition called Californians Against established political institutions.179 Although the Tea Party is a Out Of Control Spending, which received a majority of funding social movement, it has been affiliated closely with, and somewhat from tobacco companies. As such, they served as a public face incorporated into, the Republican Party.9 This may be due in part for Philip Morris and Reynolds American’s campaign against to the increased conservatism of politically active Republicans the tobacco tax initiative in California (Proposition 29).166 The since 1970s and the increased polarisation of American politics.180 leadership of the California AFP chapter appeared on campaign Although AFP and FreedomWorks have campaigned for very con- materials and publicly represented the No on 29 campaign in servative policies since the 1980s (as CSE), they capitalised on the the media.116 126 167 changing political realities following President Barack Obama’s The tobacco companies were not the only source of corporate election in 2008. In particular, they harnessed anti-government support for CSE. Other corporate interests have funded and sentiment arising from the confluence of the mortgage and influenced the network of organisations that support the Tea banking bailout, President Barack Obama’s stimulus package and

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Research paper the Democratic push for healthcare reform, which provided them Contributors ATF and RG collected the data and drafted the paper. All three with the opportunity for more successful grassroots-level Tea Party authors participated in the analysis of the data and preparation of the ﬁnal paper. organising.1 In addition, the conservative media, including Fox Funding This research was funded by National Cancer Institute grants CA-113710 News and the network of conservative talk radio hosts and blog- and CA-087472. The funding agency played no role in the selection of the research gers, provided a uniﬁed forum to amplify these messages.1 The topic, conduct of the research or preparation of the manuscript. SAG is American Legacy Foundation Distinguished Professor in Tobacco Control. tobacco industry has played a part in building this network, both – by working with Roger Ailes181 184 (who subsequently became Competing interests None. Fox News CEO) and funding the National Journalism Center Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. which ‘train[s] budding journalists in free market political and eco- Data sharing statement All source materials are publicly available. nomic principles.’56

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May 2012). freedomworks.org/press-releases/freedomworks-defeats-north-carolina-smoking-ban 98 MediaSpeak Strategies. About Nancy. 2011. http://www.mediaspeakstrategies. (accessed 11 Jan 2012). com/about-nancy/ (accessed 16 Mar 2012). 128 Weeks B, Americans for Prosperity Kansas. Property rights should control Kansas 99 Internal Revenue Service. Americans for Prosperity Foundation Form 990 2009. smoking decisions. 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110628220118/http:// 100 Americans for Prosperity. Afp-Texas State Director: Peggy Venable. 2008. http:// www.americansforprosperity.org/print/11000 (accessed 24 Oct 2012). web.archive.org/web/20101119120703/http://americansforprosperity.org/ 129 Woolverton P. “Weakened Smoking Ban Bill clears hurdle in house” Fayetteville 012510-afp-texas-state-director-peggy-venable (accessed 9 Jan 2012). Observer. (Fayetteville, North Carolina). 2 Apr 2009. 101 Americans for Prosperity. Americans for Prosperity Welcomes Slade O’Brien as 130 Americans for Prosperity Texas. AFP Texas newsroom: press release: smoking bans Florida State Director. 2011. http://americansforprosperity.org/newsroom/ limit freedom and prosperity; citizen group opposes intrusive government policies. 062711-americans-prosperity-welcomes-slade-obrien-florida-state-director-0/ 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20110208195825/http://www. (accessed 20 Mar 2012). americansforprosperity.org/press-release-smoking-bans-limit-freedom-and- 102 Americans for Prosperity Texas. Statement by Peggy Venable, Afp-Texas Director: prosperity-citizen-group-opposes-intrusive-government-p (accessed 24 Oct 2012). at the Texas Taxpayer Tea Party Event. 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/ 131 Americans for Prosperity Texas. AFP Texas Newsroom: hearing on freedom issues. 20110215221427/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/statement-peggy- 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110131191539/http://www. venable-afp-texas-director (accessed 11 Jan 2012). americansforprosperity.org/hearing-freedom-issues (accessed 24 Oct 2012). 103 Zernike K. Tea Party confidential: how GOP Insurgents Borrow from the left to 132 Hanna J. Casino exemption complicates push for smoking ban. The Associated move America Right. 2010. http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/6439/ Press State & Local Wire (Topeka, Kansas). 17 Jan 2010. tea_party_confidential/ (accessed 4 Feb 2013). 133 [no author]. Daily Clip Report. Tuesday, 30 January 2001 (20010130). 2001. RJ 104 Burghart D, Zeskind L. Origins of the Tea Party. Institute for Research & Education Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qws17a00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012). on Human Rights, 2010 19 October 2010. http://mail.teapartynationalism.com/ 134 Dellman F. U.S. Tobacco Weekly Tw01-05. 2001. Lorillard. http://legacy.library.ucsf. issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/the-report/origins-of-the-tea-parties (accessed 4 edu/tid/rbr33c00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012). Feb 2013). 135 Center for Individual Freedom. About CFIF: W. Thomas Humber. 2012. http://cfif. 105 Center for Public Integrity. Campaign consultants. FLS-DCI. [no date]. http://www. org/v/index.php/about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/8-w-thomas-humber iwatchnews.org/print/6639 (accessed 29 May 2012). (accessed 12 Apr 2012). 106 Miller L. Center for Media and Democracy. Powers Behind the Throne. 2004. 136 Center for Individual Freedom. Our Mission. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/about-cfif/ http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2004Q4/powers.html (accessed 9 Mar 2012). mission (accessed 6 Apr 2012). 107 Internal Revenue Service. Freedomworks Inc Form 990 2008. 137 Fuquay J. Youth fires up forces against public smoking. 2000. http://lubbockonline. 108 Internal Revenue Service. Americans for Prosperity Form 990 2009. com/stories/120700/loc_120700024.shtml (accessed 12 Apr 2012). 109 DCI Group. Our People. 2011. http://www.dcigroup.com/who-we-are/our-people 138 Center for Individual Freedom. Jeffrey L. Mazzella. 2012. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/ (accessed 6 Apr 2012). about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/2-jeffrey-mazzella (accessed 29 May 2012). 110 RJ Reynolds Public Issues Department. 1992 Operating Plan. 13 September 1991. 139 Center for Individual Freedom. About Cfif: Renee L. Giachino. 2012. http://cfif.org/ RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xhl33d00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012). v/index.php/about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/9-renee-giachino (accessed 2 Apr 111 DCI Group. Dan Combs: partner. 2011. http://www.dcigroup.com/who-we-are/ 2012). our-people/dan-combs (accessed 6 Apr 2012). 140 Humber T. [Letter from Tom Humber with the National Smokers’ Alliance to Alice 112 NYC Lobbyist Search. Welcome to the Nyc Lobbyist Search! http://www.nyc.gov/ Osburn-Mccann with General Motors]. 9 July 1997. Philip Morris. http://legacy. lobbyistsearch/search (accessed 6 Apr 2012). library.ucsf.edu/tid/aff38d00 (accessed 29 May 2012). 113 Americans for Prosperity. Talking points: EPA’s regulation of greenhouse gases. 141 National Center for Public Policy Research. About us. 2008. http://www. http://americansforprosperity.org/files/ANPR%20Talking%20Points%201.2.pdf nationalcenter.org/NCPPRHist.html (accessed 29 May 2012). (accessed 11 Jan 2012). 142 [no author]. Public Policy Grants. 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ 114 Steinhauser B. Tell Senator Ben Nelson to Fight the EPA! 2012. http://www. tid/qqw87d00 (accessed 18 May 2012). freedomworks.org/blog/bstein80/tell-senator-ben-nelson-to-fight-the-epa (accessed 143 Ridenour A. [Letter from Amy Moritz Rideour with National Center for Public 29 May 2012). Policy Research to Frank Gomez with Philip Morris]. 26 June 1998. Philip Morris. 115 Americans for Prosperity South Carolina. An Obamacare update. 2011. http://web. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zoo67c00 (accessed 18 May 2012). archive.org/web/20110727201433/http://americansforprosperity.org/ 144 [no author]. 1998 Public Policy Contributions 17 Dec. 1998. Philip Morris. http:// 062011-obamacare-update (accessed 11 Jan 2012). legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fwo83c00 (accessed 18 May 2012). 116 No on 29. About us. http://www.noon29.com/about-us (accessed 16 May 2012). 145 Peterson E. Docket #95n-0253. 13 Nov. 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library. 117 Campbell R, Balbach ED. Mobilizing public opinion for the tobacco industry: the ucsf.edu/tid/kul53a00 (accessed 18 May 2012). consumer tax alliance and excise taxes. Tob Control 2008;17:351–6. 146 Ridenour A. A federal tobacco lawsuit: bad economics, bad law and bad 118 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Responses to misleading and inaccurate cigarette governing. July 1999. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hfn65a00 company arguments against state cigarette increases [no date]. http://www. (accessed 18 May 2012). tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0227.pdf (accessed 4 Feb 2013). 147 The National Center for Public Policy Research. ‘Occupy Occupy D.C. smoke-in’ set 119 Americans for Prosperity Illinois. State Leaders Want It Both Ways on Tobacco Tax, for Thursday 2012. http://www.nationalcenter.org/PR-SmokeIn_021512.html Smoking Ban Illinois Chapter of Americans for Prosperity Says. 2007. http://web. (accessed 24 Feb 2012). archive.org/web/20110625121912/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/state- 148 FreedomWorks. Diverse Tea: Deneen Borelli. http://blogs.freedomworks.org/ leaders-want-it-both-ways-tobacco-tax-smoking-ban-illinois-chapter-americans- DiverseTea/?p=15 (accessed 16 Feb 2012). prosperity-says (accessed 25 Oct 2012). 149 Center for Environmental and Regulatory Affairs, The National Center for Public 120 Brandon A. Take the anti-tax message directly to Florida lawmakers. http://www. Policy Research. Dana Joel Gattuso: Senior Fellow. http://www.nationalcenter.org/ freedomworks.org/press-releases/take-the-anti-tax-message-directly-to-florida-lawm bios/gattuso.html (accessed 16 Feb 2012). (accessed 11 Jan 2012). 150 National Center for Public Policy Research. Press release: top corporate watchdogs 121 Contact: Joe Calomino, Americans for Prosperity Illinois. Americans for Prosperity: form new free enterprise project at National Center for Public Policy Research. cigarette tax increase would cost jobs, feed state’s out-of-control spending habits. 2008. http://www.nationalcenter.org/PR-Free_Enterprise_Project_100108.html 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110625043207/http://www. (accessed 2 Apr 2012). americansforprosperity.org/americans-prosperity-cigarette-tax-increase-would-cost- 151 Milloy S. Annual Report. 7 January 1998. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf. jobs-feed-states-out-control-spending-habi (accessed 24 Oct 2012). edu/tid/any77d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

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Research paper

152 Milloy S. About Steve Milloy. n.d. http://junkscience.com/about-steve-milloy/ 168 Center for American Progress Action Fund. The Koch Brothers: what you need to (accessed 24 Apr 2012). know about the ﬁnanciers of the radical right 2011. http://www. 153 Center for Consumer Freedom. The Guest Choice Network is now the Center for americanprogressaction.org/issues/2011/04/pdf/koch_brothers.pdf Consumer Freedom—at Consumerfreedom.Com. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/ 169 Koch Industries Inc. Americans for Prosperity. 2011. http://www.kochfacts.com/kf/ 20020124091734/http://guestchoice.com/index.html (accessed 24 Apr 2012). americans-for-prosperity/ (accessed 16 May 2012). 154 Trach B. [Letter from Barbara Trach with Philip Morris to Richard Berman with the 170 Koch Industries Inc. About. 2000–2012. http://www.kochind.com/About_Koch/ Guest Choice Network]. 21 December 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf. default.aspx (accessed 22 Aug 2012). edu/tid/sup27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012). 171 Citizens for a Sound Economy. Environmental reform: CSE and the environment. 155 Philip Morris USA. [Philip Morris Voucher to the Guest Choice Network]. 29 May. 1999. http://web.archive.org/web/19991012224707/http://cse.org/cse/environment. 1996. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jas94c00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012). html (accessed 22 Aug 2012). 156 Culley E. [Letter from Elizabeth Cully with Philip Morris to Rick Berman with Guest 172 Americans for Prosperity. Welcome to the Hot Air Tour. 2009. http://web.archive. Choice Network]. 8 November 1998. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ org/web/20090314094647/http://www.hotairtour.org/ (accessed 22 Aug 2012). xsp27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012). 173 Jacobson M. Lifting the veil of secrecy from industry funding of nonproﬁt health 157 Philip Morris USA. Voucher. 16 Dec. 1996. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf. organizations. Int J Occup Environ Health 2005;11:349–55. edu/tid/fvp27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012). 174 Center for Consumer Freedom. Institute of Medicine’s new obesity-prevention 158 Berman R. [Letter from Richard Berman with Berman and Company to Barbara strategies miss the mark. 2012. (accessed 26 Sep 2012). Trace of Philip Morris U.S.A]. 5 September 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library. 175 Center for Consumer Freedom. [Ad criticizing Mayor Bloomberg’s ban on large ucsf.edu/tid/ewk06c00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012). sugary drinks]. The New York Times, A5; 2012. 159 CATO Institute. Annual Report 2010. 2010. http://www.cato.org/about/reports/ 176 The Campaign Legal Center. [Organization type and disclosure rules under the annual_report_2010.pdf Internal Revenue Code]. nd. http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/attachments/ 160 American Enterprise Institute. [Contribution Receipt]. 5 August 1996. Philip Morris. CLC_501c_disclosure_chart.pdf (accessed 26 Sep 2012). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pto83c00 (accessed 18 May 2012). 177 Mellman Group. Nationwide Survey of 1,000 Registered Likely Voters Conducted 161 [no author]. Public Policy Grants Proposed 2000 Budget. 2000/E. Philip Morris. July 5–10, 2011 by the Mellman Group, Inc. For the Campaign for Tobacco-Free http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oqe79h00 (accessed 18 May 2012). Kids. 2011. 162 Griscom T. [Letter from Thomas Griscom with RJR Nabisco to Daniel Popeo with 178 Lavoie RL. Patriotism and Taxation: The Tax Compliance Implications of the Tea Washington Legal Foundation]. 29 September 1995. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy. Party Movement. Loy LAL Rev 2011;45.1:39–86. library.ucsf.edu/tid/zxl61c00 (accessed 18 May 2012). 179 Karpowitz CF, Monson JQ, Patterson KD, et al. Symposium: tea time in America? 163 Landman A. ALEC and the Tobacco Industry. 2011. http://www.prwatch.org/news/ the impact of the Tea Party movement on the 2010 midterm elections. PS: Pol Sci 2011/07/10787/alec-and-tobacco-industry (accessed 15 Jul 2012). Politics 2011:303–9. 164 Graves L. A CDM Special Report on Alec’s Funding and Spending. 2011. http:// 180 Abramowitz AI. Grand old Tea Party: partisan polarization and the rise of the Tea www.prwatch.org/news/2011/07/10887/cmd-special-report-alecs-funding-and- Party movement. In: Rosenthal L, Trost C, eds. Steep: the precipitous rise of the spending (accessed 27 Sep 2012). Tea Party. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012:195–211. 165 Doward J. U.S Free market group tries to half sales of cigrettes in plain packets in 181 Cherry JR. [Letter from James Cherry with Lorillard to Roger Ailes]. 8 September UK. 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jul/15/cigarettes-plain-packets- 1988. Lorillard. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jpi44a00 (accessed 25 May 2012). alec-koch-brothers (accessed 27 Sep 2012). 182 Nicoli D, Reese RS. FET Ad Targeting. 2 August 1993. Philip Morris. http://legacy. 166 Nagourney A. A $1 cigarette tax starts a $47 million brawl in California. 2012. library.ucsf.edu/tid/tqq88h00 (accessed 25 May 2012). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/us/in-california-a-battle-over-a-plan-for-1-a- 183 Fuller C. Project. Speeches. Inventory of speeches. 24 March 1993. RJ Reynolds. pack-cigarette-tax.html?_r=0 (accessed 28 Sep 2012). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dyh23d00 (accessed 25 Mar 2012). 167 North J. Proposition 29 could raise $735m; opponents question fund use. 2012. http:// 184 Ehlrich S. Enough Is Enough campaign udpate. 21 September 1993. Philip Morris. abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/state&id=8658901 (accessed 16 May 2012). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xbf77e00 (accessed 29 May 2012).

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'To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts': the tobacco industry and the Tea Party

Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana and Stanton A Glantz

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Wed, 2013-05-22 15:10 GUEST SUBSCRIBE TO OUR E- IRS Sleuths Were on the Right Track: Big NEWSLETTER Get our Top 5 stories in your inbox Tobacco Created Tea Party in 1994 weekly.

This is a guest post by Pam Martens, 59 cross-posted with permission from Wall Street On Parade. Like DESMOG TIP JAR On February 25, 2013, James Hepburn, Help us clear the PR pollution that clouds climate science. writing at Daily Kos, made the emphatic assertion in a headline that “Big Tobacco Had Nothing to Do With Tea Party Formation.” That is likely to be the one headline that will haunt Mr. Hepburn to DESMOGBLOG SPECIAL REPORT his grave. reddit

I decided to follow in the treacherous footsteps of the IRS and engaged in that unforgiveable sin: I targeted the “tea party” as a key word search at the legacy tobacco document archive. Resting quietly in the archive is full blown proof that Big Tobaccodirectly created multiple Tea Parties in 1994 as push back against a planned increase in the Federal Excise Tax How Unconventional Gas Threatens our (FET) on cigarettes. Water, Health, and Climate

In fact, Big Tobacco not only created the Tea Party, it has promoted it over decades, pumped millions into marketing it, and pulled it out of its magic hat every time it needed to produce an overnight, spontaneous “grassroots” movement.

Hepburn was nit-picking an article at Huffington Post by Brendan DeMelle that characterized an exhaustive study by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) as confirming that the “Tea Party Was Created By Big Tobacco.” Hepburn writes: “This is unfortunate because one, it isn’t true, and two, it overshadows the true origins of the Tea Party which is still largely unknown and far more interesting.”

DeMelle and the UCSF researchers were focusing on the hundreds of documents linking Big Tobacco with funding and plotting with third party nonprofits to create Tea Party groups – chiefly, the Koch brothers’ Citizens for a Sound Economy and its progeny, Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks. Hepburn believed the UCSF researchers had failed to show a Big Tobacco company had directly created a Tea Party group. But that wasn’t the thrust of the UCSF researchers’ work – they were investigating the corporate front groups posing as nonprofit grassroots movements.

But direct links to Big Tobacco do exist as a simple search through the trove of tobacco documents obtained in court battles prove. On June 2, 1994, the

http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/05/22/irs-sleuths-were-right-track-big-tobacco-created-tea-party-1994[8/1/2014 12:19:16 PM] IRS Sleuths Were on the Right Track: Big Tobacco Created Tea Party in 1994 | DeSmogBlog

Associated Press wrote: “Kentucky farmers, taking a cue from the Boston Tea Party, will pitch sulks of tobacco into the Kentucky River next week to show their disgust with efforts by President Clinton and others to raise federal tobacco taxes. About 3,000 growers and their families are expected….” The Associated Press reported that the Council for Burley Tobacco was sponsoring the demonstration.

But that wasn’t who actually was behind the event. In a March 14, 1995 Democracy is utterly dependent upon memo from Brian Waddle of the Jack Guthrie & Associates public relations firm, an electorate that is accurately Waddle reveals that his client, the New York City division of Philip Morris under the informed. In promoting climate change supervision of Jay Poole, a Vice President of Philip Morris, had “orchestrated” the denial (and often denying their protest. Waddle writes: responsibility for doing so) industry has done more than endanger the “We’ve had tremendous success over the years in staging events to increase public environment. It has undermined democracy. debate and to generate coverage on the excise tax issue. Last year, we orchestrated ‘The Kentucky Tobacco Party,’ a rally and re-enactment of the Boston There is a vast difference between Tea Party at our state’s capitol on behalf of growers to protest the proposed FET putting forth a point of view, honestly [Federal Excise Tax] increase. Nearly 4,000 farmers attended the event which held, and intentionally sowing the seeds of confusion. Free speech does resulted in hundreds of stories across the country, including placement with The not include the right to deceive. New York Times, USA Today, the CBS Evening News, CNN, PBS and many others. Deception is not a point of view. And We were also the front-page story of every daily and weekly newspaper in the the right to disagree does not include state of Kentucky.” a right to intentionally subvert the public awareness. The same year, on August 2, 1994, 400 tobacco growers and warehousemen staged read more a Tea Party in Greenville, Tennessee, throwing bales of tobacco into a creek. The event was widely covered by local broadcast media and the Associated Press.

(Dumping tobacco into rivers and creeks? And this is supposed to be good public relations? What part of marine life ecosystems don’t these tobacco people understand?)

An unsigned memorandum dated September 2, 1994 from public relations firm Ramhurst revealed that R.J. Reynolds was behind the Greenville demonstration.

The memo says it will summarize activities undertaken as part of the Federal Excise Tax effort, noting:

“We received more favorable coverage from the ‘lost jobs, displaced farmer’ argument than any other. From the early meetings and accompanying publicity (400 growers in Greenville, NC, 600 in Danville, VA, Fairness for Farmers rally at the state capitol in TN) to the recent spate of ‘get-tough’ media hits (tea party in KY, tractor rally in VA, tea party in TN, tobacco burning in SC) there has been an ongoing effort to keep this story in the news. There’s no way tobacco congressman (sic) can miss the activity level (and the intensity) of this key constituency group.” MOST POPULAR ITEMS

According to the UCSF researchers, Ramhurst was formed in 1993 with support Heather Zichal, Former Obama Energy from R.J. Reynolds and was run by former RJR smokers’ rights group coordinators, Aide, Named to Board of Fracked Gas James Ellis and Doug Goodyear. By 1994, Ramhurst was executing various Exports Giant Cheniere programs related to the tobacco company’s national “grassroots” program. Revealed: Heather Zichal Met with Cheniere Executives as Obama Energy Now that this is all cleared up, maybe we can get meaningful hearings in Congress. Aide Before Board Nomination

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http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/05/22/irs-sleuths-were-right-track-big-tobacco-created-tea-party-1994[8/1/2014 12:19:16 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

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Citizens for a Sound Economy

Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) was a powerful What Is CMD? industry-funded think tank that promoted deregulation, Donate Here low taxes, and policies favorable to its corporate ALEC Exposed donors. When the group was still active, the consumer Outsourcing America Exposed advocacy organization Public Citizen wrote, "While CSE Koch Exposed purports to be a grassroots voice of consumers, it is, FrackSwarm more accurately, a front group for corporate lobbying CoalSwarm interests that refuses to reveal its funding sources."[1] NFIB Exposed [2] CSE was co-founded in part by David H. Koch, was Follow the money in the Koch wiki . Fix the Debt funded principally by the Koch brothers ($7.9 million State Policy Network between 1986 and 1993, according to the Center for Toxic Sludge [3] Public Integrity), and continued to maintain strong This article is part of the Recent Changes links with them during its existence.[4] In 2003, an Tobacco portal on How To internal rift between CSE and its affiliated Citizens for a Sourcewatch funded Sign Up to Edit Sound Economy Foundation (CSEF) led to a split in from 2006 - 2009 by the Contact Us which CSEF was renamed as a separate organization, American Legacy Help Write History called Americans For Prosperity. Foundation. Research In July 2004, CSE announced it was merging with Corporations Empower America to create FreedomWorks.[5] Edit an Article This article is Correct Errors Main article: FreedomWorks part of the Search Effectively Center for Find FAQs Koch Wiki Media & Explore Our Index The Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are the Democracy's Blow the Whistle right-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries. spotlight on front groups and Find the Home Page As two of the richest people in the world, they are corporate spin. Other Info key funders of the right-wing infrastructure, including the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) Other Policies and the State Policy Network (SPN). In

Google AdSense SourceWatch, key articles on the Kochs include: Koch Brothers, Koch Industries, Americans for Tools Prosperity, American Encore, and Freedom Partners.

Contents [hide] 1 Ties to the Koch Brothers 2 Activities 2.1 Fighting for Corporate Donors' Interests 2.2 Laying Groundwork for the Tea Party 2.3 CSE Backed Nader to Split Vote in 2004 2.3.1 FEC Complaint Against CSE http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

2.4 "Grassroots" Opposition to Health Care Reform (1990s) 2.5 Opposition to Clinton Energy Tax (1990s) 2.6 Campaigning for Bank Deregulation (1980s) 3 History 4 Personnel 4.1 Board of Directors 4.2 Former Directors 4.3 Other Personnel 5 Funding 5.1 Donors 5.2 Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation 6 Affiliations 7 Former Contact information 8 Articles and Resources 8.1 Related SourceWatch Articles 8.2 External Resources 8.2.1 1990s 8.2.2 2000 8.2.3 2001 8.2.4 2002 8.2.5 2003 8.2.6 2004 8.2.7 2007 8.3 References

Ties to the Koch Brothers

CSE was co-founded in part by David H. Koch,[6] was funded principally by the Koch brothers ($7.9 million between 1986 and 1993, according to the Center for Public Integrity),[7] and continued to maintain strong links with them during its existence.[4] After founding the Cato Institute and the Mercatus Center, according to the New Yorker, the Kochs had "concluded that think tanks alone were not enough to effect change. They needed a mechanism to deliver those ideas to the street, and to attract the public’s support."[8] CSE was founded to be a "sales force" for those ideas, as David Koch explained to the Weekly Standard.[9] Richard Fink, the first president of CSE, had previously founded the Mercatus Center, a think tank at George Mason University, with backing from the Kochs. Fink has also been on the boards of Koch Industries, Freedom Partners, and two of the Koch Family Foundations.[10]

Activities

Fighting for Corporate Donors' Interests In a 2000 story on CSE, the Washington Post described it as one of the think tanks that play an "often hidden role as a weapon in the modern corporate political arsenal. The groups provide analyses, TV advertising, polling and academic studies that add an air of authority to corporate arguments -- in many cases while maintaining the corporate donors' anonymity."[4] While then- president Paul Beckner denied that CSE tailored its views to match those of financial backers, the Washington Post found that many of CSE's activities appeared to coincide with the interests of corporate donors. A report by the nonprofit Public Citizen found that CSE's work often benefitted its donors:

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

"For instance, more than $1 million in contributions from the tobacco giant Philip Morris came when CSE was opposing new cigarette taxes. Donations totaling $1.25 million from US West coincided with CSE's lobbying for phone deregulation that would let US West offer long- distance service. Florida's three biggest sugar companies contributed nearly $700,000 when CSE fought a federal plan to protect the Everglades by restricting sugar cane growing on several thousand acres of land."[1]

Laying Groundwork for the Tea Party In a 2013 study, researchers at the University of California-San Francisco found links between the Tea Party movement and "tobacco industry efforts to oppose smoking restrictions and tobacco taxes beginning in the 1980s," as reported by the university.[11] "If you look at CSE, AFP and Freedom Works, you will see a number of the same key players, strategies and messages going back to the 1980s," said lead author Amanda Fallin, PhD, RN, also a CTCRE fellow. "The records indicate that the Tea Party has been shaped by the tobacco industry, and is not a spontaneous grassroots movement at all."[11]

CSE Backed Nader to Split Vote in 2004 While CSE generally backed conservative causes, in June 2004 it mobilized supporters in an attempt to place consumer activist Ralph Nader on the presidential ballot in Oregon. "We disagree with Ralph Nader's politics, but we'd love to see him make the ballot," Russ Walker, the Oregon director of CSE told Associated Press. CSE, along with other groups supporting incumbent President George W. Bush, reportedly aimed to draw votes away from Democratic challenger John Kerry.[12] In spring 2004, the Nader campaign was not able to gather the signatures necessary to be listed on the Oregon ballot.[13] In late June the Oregonian reported that Lee Coleman, a member of the Oregon State Republican Central Committee, said that a message left on his answering machine urging his support for the Nader ballot had included a return number of the Bush-Cheney campaign office in Oregon. Spokesman for the Bush campaign, Steve Schmidt, told the Oregonian that no paid campaign staffers were making calls to help Nader but said that some volunteers may have made calls from the campaign's office. "The campaign certainly understands that when Republican volunteers see that there are Democrat volunteers trying to restrict the choice and keep Ralph Nader off the ballot, that they should work to expand choice," Schmidt said.[12] In July 2004, the Wisconsin chapter of CSE told the New York Times that "it was preparing to follow Oregon's example, by urging Republicans to sign petitions" when Nader's petition drive began in August.[14]

Nader was on the ballot in 34 states in 2004, including Wisconsin but not Oregon.[15] He received 411,304 votes (one percent) in the election.[16]

FEC Complaint Against CSE On July 1, 2004, CNN reported that the Washington, D.C. advocacy group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) had filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission about the activities of the Oregon branch of Citizens for a Sound Economy and the Oregon Family Council with regard to the Nader 2004 campaign for president.[17] The complaint argued that the use of phone banks to encourage conservatives to attend a Nader nominating convention was an illegal in-kind contribution to the Nader campaign.[18] Matt Kibbe, president of CSE at the time, "denied the the calls were coordinated with either the Bush or the Nader campaigns," according to CNN.[18]

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"Grassroots" Opposition to Health Care Reform (1990s) As reported by Rolling Stone, CSE played a role in fighting health care reform during the Clinton administration, funded in part by tobacco giant Phillip Morris. Health care reform proposed by the Clinton administration was to be funded in part by taxes on tobacco. Memos archived in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library "offer a detailed picture of the cigarette maker's [Philip Morris'] behind-the-scenes moves to defeat the Clinton health care reform in '94," according to Rolling Stone.[19] The memos include plans to pay CSE for a "grassroots" campaign aimed at Democrats in swing states: "The House Energy and Commerce Committee will be a key battleground over the Clinton health care plan, and we are giving $400,000 to Citizens For A Sound Economy -- a free market based grassroots organization -- to run a grassroots program aimed at 'swing' Democrats on the Committee. "We have also targeted the Democratic swing votes through third party groups, such as Citizens for a Sound Economy... As a result of the controversy emanating at the grassroots level, Subcommittee Chairman Waxman could not produce the votes to pass legislation out of his Subcommittee."[19]

Opposition to Clinton Energy Tax (1990s) According to the New Yorker, in the 1990s CSE "waged a successful assault on Clinton’s proposed BTU tax on energy, for instance, running advertisements, staging media events, and targeting opponents. And it mobilized anti-tax rallies outside the Capitol -- rallies that NPR described as "designed to strike fear into the hearts of wavering Democrats."[8]

Campaigning for Bank Deregulation (1980s) In the aftermath of the Wall Street crash of 1987, CSE reportedly "launched the effort to repeal Glass-Steagall protections keeping banks from gambling in securities," according to The Nation.[20] The law, which according to the New York Times had been passed in 1933 to create a "firewall between commercial banks, which take deposits and make loans, and investment banks, which underwrite securities," was finally repealed under the Clinton administration in 1999. During the Clinton years, CSE's Richard Fink "was also a member of the Democratic Leadership Council, which heavily influenced some but not all of Bill Clinton's policies," according to Lisa Graves.[21]

History

CSE was founded in 1984 by the Koch brothers along with Richard Fink and Matt Kibbe. Fink had previously headed the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, but according to the New Yorker, the Kochs had "concluded that think tanks alone were not enough to effect change. They needed a mechanism to deliver those ideas to the street, and to attract the public’s support."[8] According to the Weekly Standard, David Koch described CSE as "a sales force that participated in political campaigns or town hall meetings, in rallies, to communicate to the public at large much of the information that these think tanks were creating […] Almost like a door-to-door sales force that some of the cosmetics organizations have."[9] The Kochs provided some $7.9 million in support to CSE between 1986 and 1993.[8] In 1984 Charles G. Koch, David H. Koch, and J. P. Humphries asked Rich Fink to develop a concept for a new organization that could advocate free-market policies effectively in Washington. Fink (now executive vice president at Koch Industries) produced a 110-page business plan, and CSE, along with the CSE Foundation, started operations later that year. Fink became the first president. Koch Industries and the Koch Family Foundations continued to give substantial

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financial support to the CSE and the CSE Foundation throughout their organizational tenure. In 1988, Jim Miller, President Reagan's Director of the Office of Management and Budget, joined CSE's staff and board of directors.[22] This helped raise the profile of CSE enormously. Until then, it had campaigned mostly on tax issues (advocating a low, flat-rate tax), but now it started focusing on legal and regulatory issues, starting with a telecommunications and financial services. In 1989, Wayne Gable succeeded Rich Fink as President.[23] (Gable later served as Managing Director of Federal Affairs at Koch Industries.)[10] That year, CSE Foundation rescued the Tax Foundation from financial trouble and restructured its management and board of directors.[24]

In 1991, Gable went on to become president of the Tax Foundation,[10] and Paul Beckner took over as president.[25] That year, CSE launched Citizens for Congressional Reform, which went on to become U. S. Term Limit. In 1993, C. Boyden Gray became Chairman,[26] and CSE led a major press and public relations campaign to defeat the Clinton administration's 1993 proposal for an energy tax.[8] The Nation later reported, "While the Koch Foundations could not legally lobby against the tax, CSE rallied public opposition, especially in Oklahoma, where then-Senator David Boren agreed to help kill the tax.[27] See also CSE huffs and puffs with Big Tobacco and "Free market environmentalism?".

Personnel

(as of July 2004)

Board of Directors C. Boyden Gray, Co-Chairman Dick Armey, Co-Chairman J. Clyde Ballard, Director Jim Burnley, Director Charles Hilton, Director Bill Jaeger Matt Kibbe Thomas Knudsen, Director David H. Padden, Director Richard Stephenson, Director

Former Directors James C. Miller III

Other Personnel Joel Bucher Wayne Gable Scott A. Hodge Karen Lotter/Hickey Lawrence A. Kudlow, economic counsel Clyde Wayne Crews, Jr. Jeffrey A. Nesbit, former head of communications[28]

Funding

CSE -- which was a 501(c)(4) tax-exempt organization -- had a related funding arm, the Citizens http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

for a Sound Economy Foundation (CSEF), which was a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. In 2002, CSE had revenues of $3,590,890 and expenses of $3,726,684, based on data provided by Public Citizen.[1]

Donors The Washington Post reported in 2000 that, "although the Kochs and a stable of wealthy individuals and foundations have continued to provide a base of support, corporate contributions now constitute the bulk of CSE’s income, which has grown from $4 million in 1991 to $ 15.5 million in 1998."[4] Corporate contributors mentioned by the Washington Post included: Exxon Corporation Phillip Morris US West Inc Hertz Corp DaimlerChrysler Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group Huizenga Holdings Association of American Railroads Microsoft General Electric Publix Super Markets Emerson Electric Co AlliedSignal Inc. Johnson & Johnson U.S. Sugar Corp Florida Crystals Corp. Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida

Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation According to the annual report filed by the Foundation, the board members to CSE and CSEF were shared. (The 2002 return also notes three other organizations -- the Taxpayer Action League, the Tax Foundation, and Citizens for the Environment -- as related entities with the same board members. The Tax Foundation and Citizens for the Environment were, according to CSEF's IRS return, created during 1998.) According to Media Transparency, between 1985 and 2002, CSEF received $16,928,712 in 108 separate grants from only twelve foundations: Castle Rock Foundation Earhart Foundation JM Foundation Koch Family Foundations (David H. Koch Foundation, Charles G. Koch Foundation, Claude R. Lambe Foundation) John M. Olin Foundation, Inc. Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation Philip M. McKenna Foundation, Inc. Scaife Foundations (Scaife Family, Sarah Mellon Scaife, Carthage)[29] In 2002, CSEF gained $920,000 in grants from three of these foundations, accounting for a little under one-quarter of the organisation's revenue. The Claude R. Lambe Foundation gave most, contributing $700,000 for general operating costs, while the Scaife Foundation donated $175,000 and the John M. Olin Foundation $45,000.[29] http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

Other CSE funders (not included in above funding total) have included: Archer Daniels Midland DaimlerChrysler ($25,000) Enron General Electric Koch Industries F.M. Kirby Foundation Philip Morris (>$1 million) U.S. West ($1 million) ExxonMobil ($75,000) Exxon ($175,000) Hertz ($25,000) Microsoft ($380,000) U.S. Sugar Corp. ($280,000)[1]

Affiliations

CSE was a member of Project Relief, an alliance of corporations, trade associations, think tanks and law firms formed in December 1994 to promote the regulatory reform components of the House Republican "Contract with America." It was a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition, an industry-funded campaign sponsored by the National Consumer Coalition (an industry-funded front group) to spread skepticism about the science of global warming. It also belonged to the Health Benefits Coalition, which lobbies on behalf of the healthcare industry and has spent millions of dollars opposing a Patients' Bill of Rights and other patient protection proposals. CSE used the PR services of Smith & Harroff, a political consulting and advertising agency.[30] Other organizations with which CSE collaborated include: Consumers for World Trade Competitive Enterprise Institute Council for Government Reform (formerly known as the National Center for Privatization) Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment

Former Contact information

Organization no longer active. Citizens for a Sound Economy 1523 16th Street, NW, 2nd Floor Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202) 783-3870 Fax: (202) 232-8356 Toll Free: 1-888-564-6273 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cse.org

Articles and Resources

Related SourceWatch Articles Koch Brothers Koch Family Foundations Americans for Prosperity http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

Freedom Partners Cato Institute Heritage Foundation Koch Universities Koch Network Knowledge and Progress Fund American Encore DonorsTrust Donors Capital 60 Plus Generation Opportunity

External Resources "Organized Crime Ring " Killer Koch's Citizens for a Sound Economy, Dossier by Lion Kuntz

1990s "Tobacco Strategy " (internal company memorandum), Philip Morris, March 1994. "Notes for Jim (Re: Steve Parrish Presentation) " (internal company memorandum), Philip Morris, December 1994. David Nicoli, "Legal Analysis of January 1995 Activities ," memo to Kathleen Linehan, January 26, 1995. Robert Parry, "Petrodollar Scholars ," The Nation, August 26, 1996.

2000 Philip Morris, "Budget ", Bates No 2079041604, 2000 (approximate). Philip Morris, "Core allies , Bates No 2077285640, 2000 (approximate). Dan Morgan, "Think Tanks: Corporations' Quiet Weapon," Washington Post, Jan. 29, 2000. A Brief History of Citizens for a Sound Economy , (part of "Attachment to CSE President Paul Beckner's Response to Remarks Made by Oracle CEO Larry Ellison"), news release, Citizens for a Sound Economy, June 29, 2000. Center for Public Integrity, Stealth PACs Revealed , organizational report, February 9, 2000. Marianne Holt and Kathryn Wallace, Here are the groups targeted by 'no-soft-money' pledge in New York race , Center for Public Integrity, October 3, 2000.

2001 Annual conference schedule , Conservative Political Action Committee 2001 conference. Jim Burns, "Conservatives Must End Government Funding Of Non-Profits ," Conservative News Service, February 15, 2001. Citizens for a Sound Economy, "State Board of Education Did Their Homework :Vote is Right Decision for Texas Schoolchildren, Media Release, November 19, 2001.

2002 Citizens for a Sound Economy, "letter to President George W. Bush ", Bates No 2085235064, January 31, 2002. Curtis Moore, "Rethinking the Think Tanks ," Sierra Magazine, July/August 2002.

2003 Shawn Zeller, "'Free Market' Crusaders," National Journal, January 11, 2003: "Just two weeks into her tenure as president and CEO of the newly formed Americans for Prosperity, Nancy Pfotenhauer is brimming over with ideas and enthusiasm for her new mission. ... Pfotenhauer http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

said that AFP -- the nonprofit advocacy group that recently replaced the CSE Foundation after Citizens for a Sound Economy and the CSE Foundation parted ways -- wants to 'change the way decisions are made [by state and local governments], particularly on spending." Statement by CSE Chairman, Former House Majority Leader Dick Armey " (CSE news release), October 31, 2003: "A note of clarification following recent media reports: Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) has not launched a new advocacy group. A recent dispute between CSE and what is now called Americans for Prosperity resulted in a split between the two organizations." Steve Law, "Activist group brings money, draws concern", Statesman Journal(Salem, Oregon), November 1, 2003. Diane Carman, "Textbooks held to bogus litmus tests ", Denver Post, November 12, 2003.

2004 Brad Cain, "Oregonians soundly defeat tax increase, triggering cuts to services", Associated Press, February 4, 2004. Jeff Mapes, "Nader's 1,000 fail to show ", Oregonian, April 6, 2004. Citizens for a Sound Economy, Americans for Tax Reform, Citizens Against Government Waste, "National, State Forces Unite to End Courtroom Chaos; Announce Launch of www.endlawsuitabuse.org Online Petition", Media Release, May 3, 2004. Brad Cain, "Conservatives seek to help Nader - and ultimately Bush", Associated Press, June 24, 2004. "GOP helps Nader Get On Oregon Ballot ", Mandate Media, June 24, 2004. Jeff Mapes, "Nader getting support from unlikely voters : conservative groups hope to draw votes from Democratic candidate Sen. John Kerry," Oregonian, June 25, 2004. Center for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, "CREW files FEC complaint against Citizens for Sound Economy, The Oregon Family Council, Nader for President 2004 and Bush-Cheney '04: Prohibited in-kind corporate contributions at issue ", Media Release, June 30, 2004. Melanie Sloan, "Amended Complaint ", Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, June 2004. Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Phone Script: Conservatives for Ralph Nader? ", Media Release, June 27, 2004. (This is a slightly different, later version of CSE's phone script for Nader.) "Group: Bush allies illegally helping Nader in Oregon: Complaint filed with Federal Election Commission ", CNN, July 1, 2004. Michael Janofsky and Sarah Kershaw, "Odd Alliances Form to Get Nader on Ballot ", New York Times, July 1, 2004. Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Left-Wing Attack Groups Target CSE: Liberal groups in panic over CSE strategy highlighting similarities between Kerry and Nader ", Media Release, July 2, 2004. Carla Marinucci, "GOP donors funding Nader/Bush supporters give independent's bid a financial lift ", San Francisco Chronicle, July 9, 2004 Carla Marinucci, "Nader defends GOP cash: Candidate says he's keeping money ", San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2004. "Grant Data Matrix, Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation ," MediaTransparency.org, visited July 13, 2004. Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Michigan CSE Turns Out Members for Nader Ballot Push : State chapter sends email to members and activates phone tree on eve of deadline, Media Release, July 14, 2004. Kevin Bogardus, Koch's low profile belies political power , Center for Public Integrity, July 15,

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

2004. "Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) and Empower America Merge to Form FreedomWorks ", Media Release, July 22, 2004.

2007 Jonathan Weisman, "With Insurance Policy Comes Membership: Unbeknown to Some, Those Signing Up With Firm Are Joining Conservative Group ", Washington Post, July 23, 2006.

References 1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Public Citizen, "Corporate Shill Enterprise ," organizational Report, October 6, 2000, accessed July 2, 2014. 2. ↑ Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey, and Neela Banerjee, Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power , Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. 3. ↑ Cited in Jane Mayer, Covert Operations , The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. 4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dan Morgan, "[http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/Dan-Morgan-Post-Story_1-29- 00.pdf Think Tanks: Corporations’ Quiet Weapon; Nonprofits’ Studies, Lobbying Advance Big Business Causes]," Washington Post, January 29, 2000, p. A01, archived by ucsusa, accessed July 2, 2014. 5. ↑ Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) and Empower America Merge to Form FreedomWorks ," press release, July 25, 2004. Archived by Internet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014. 6. ↑ Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey, and Neela Banerjee, Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power , Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. 7. ↑ Cited in Jane Mayer, Covert Operations , The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. 8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Jane Mayer, "Covert Operations ," New Yorker, August 30, 2010. 9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Matthew Continetti, "The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics ," Weekly Standard, April 4, 2011. 10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Freedom Partners, Board Members , organizational website, accessed July 2, 2014. 11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Elizabeth Fernandez, "Study: Tea Party Organizations Have Ties To Tobacco Industry Dating Back To 1980s ," University of California-San Francisco, news release, February 8, 2013, accessed July 7, 2014. 12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jeff Mapes, "Nader getting support from unlikely voters ," The Oregonian, June 25, 2004, archived by FreedomWorks, accessed July 2, 2014. 13. ↑ Jeff Mapes, "Nader's 1,000 fail to show ," The Oregonian, April 6, 2004, archived by Internet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014. 14. ↑ Michael Janofsky and Sarah Kershaw, "Odd Alliances Form to Get Nader on Ballot ," New York Times, July 1, 2004. 15. ↑ Ralph Nader , CNN candidates page, 2004 election, accessed July 2, 2014. 16. ↑ Nader Fast Facts , CNN, page updated February 18, 2014, accessed July 2, 2014. 17. ↑ Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, "CREW Files FEC Complaint Against Citizens for a Sound Economy, Oregon Family Council, and Others ," organizational press release, June 30, 2004. 18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Group: Bush allies illegally helping Nader in Oregon ," CNN, July 1, 2004. 19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Tim Dickinson, "Echoes of Philip Morris and Hillarycare ," Rolling Stone, October 1, 2009. 20. ↑ Lisa Graves, "ALEC Exposed: The Koch Connection ," The Nation, July 12, 2011. 21. ↑ Lisa Graves, "The Koch Cartel: Their Reach, Their Reactionary Agenda, and Their

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

Record," The Progressive, July/August 2014. 22. ↑ Hoover Institute, James C. Miller III , organization biography, accessed July 2, 2014. 23. ↑ Wayne Gable , organization biography, C-SPAN, accessed July 2, 2014. 24. ↑ Albert B. Crenshaw, "Research Group Buys Troubled Tax Foundation ," Washington Post, archived on Highbeam.com, October 9, 1989, accessed July 2, 2014. 25. ↑ Paul Beckner , organizational biography, CSPAN, accessed July 2, 2014. 26. ↑ C. Boyden Gray , organizational biography, CSPAN, accessed July 2, 2014. 27. ↑ Robert Parry, "Sidebar: Petrodollar Scholars ," The Nation, 1997, archived by Internet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014. 28. ↑ "Tax's Demise Illustrates First Rule Of Lobbying: Work, Work, Work" . New York Times (1993). Retrieved on 2009-09-22. 29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Media Transparency, Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation , grants report, archived by Internet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014. 30. ↑ Smith & Harroff, Corporations, Associations, and Coalitions , past clients, organizational website, accessed July 2, 2014. This article may include information from Tobacco Documents Online .

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http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM] David H. Koch - SourceWatch

Page Discussion Read View source View history

David H. Koch (Redirected from David Koch) What Is CMD? David H. Koch is one of the billionaire brothers who Donate Here co-own Koch Industries, one of the largest privately- ALEC Exposed held companies in the world.[1] The New Yorker has Outsourcing America Exposed described David Koch and his brother Charles Koch as Koch Exposed "longtime libertarians who believe in drastically lower FrackSwarm personal and corporate taxes, minimal social services CoalSwarm for the needy, and much less oversight of industry— [2] NFIB Exposed especially environmental regulation." The Kochs have built and bankrolled a powerful network of foundations, Fix the Debt Follow the money in the Koch wiki . State Policy Network think tanks, and politically active organizations that try Toxic Sludge to influence elections and policy. Learn more about Recent Changes David Koch is an executive vice president and board corporations VOTING to member of Koch Industries, and chairman and chief How To rewrite our laws. executive officer of Koch Chemical Technology Group, Sign Up to Edit LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Koch Industries, Contact Us which he has led since 1970.[3] David leads the David H. Help Write History Koch Foundation. Forbes listed his net worth as $41.5 Research Corporations billion as of July 2014, tied with his brother Charles as the Edit an Article sixth wealthiest person in the world.[4] Correct Errors Search Effectively Koch Wiki Find FAQs The Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are the Explore Our Index right-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries. As Blow the Whistle The Koch Brothers: Charles (L) and two of the richest people in the world, they are key Find the Home Page David (R) funders of the right-wing infrastructure, including the Other Info American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and the State Policy Network (SPN). In SourceWatch, key Other Policies articles on the Kochs include: Koch Brothers, Koch Google AdSense Industries, Americans for Prosperity, American Encore, and Freedom Partners. Tools

Contents [hide] 1 Koch Brothers Early History 1.1 Relationship to John Birch Society 2 The Koch Fortune 3 Koch Brothers Early Activism, 1960-1980 3.1 David Koch Runs for Vice President as Libertarian, 1980 3.2 Charles Koch Calls for the Development of a “Well Financed Cadre” 4 Building the Koch Cadre, Non-Electoral Activity 4.1 Bankrolling American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM] David H. Koch - SourceWatch

4.2 Funding Judicial Junkets 4.3 Bankrolling the Tea Party 5 Electoral Activity 5.1 "Triad" Campaign Finance Scheme Avoids Disclosure Laws, 1996 5.2 The Koch Donor Network 5.3 Building a Post-Citizens United $400 Million Dark Money Web 5.4 Koch Funded Dark Money Groups Investigated and Fined in California 5.5 Involvement in Scott Walker Race and Recall Election in 2010 5.6 2012 Post-Election Audit 5.7 Future Commitment to Politics 6 News and Controversies 6.1 Funding Walker Campaign and WI Club for Growth 6.2 Calls President Obama "A Hardcore Socialist" 6.3 Argues Climate Change Might Be Beneficial 7 Philanthropy 8 Affiliations 9 Articles & sources 9.1 Trivia 9.2 Sourcewatch articles 9.3 References 10 External links

Koch Brothers Early History

Charles Koch (b. 1935) and David Koch (b. 1940) are two of the four children of Fred Koch and Mary Koch. Fred Koch founded Wood River Oil and Refining Co. in 1940; it had been renamed Rock Island Oil & Refining Co. by 1961 and was renamed Koch Industries by Charles Koch in 1967.[5] Fred Koch was also a founder and executive committee member of the far-right John Birch Society, known for opposing the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act and communism.[6] The senior Koch's views are thought to have influenced the Koch brothers' pro-business, anti- union agenda. Lisa Graves noted that "The Kochs' mistrust of public education can be traced to their father, Fred, who declared that the National Education Association was a communist group and public-school books were filled with “communist propaganda,” paranoia that extended to all unions, President Eisenhower and the “pro-communist” Supreme Court."[7] Echoing this anti-union fervor, David Koch has stated that Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's attack on public unions was “critically important."[8]

He also accused President Barack Obama of being "a hardcore socialist."[9]

Relationship to John Birch Society Fred Koch was a founding member of the John Birch Society. In the 1960s, Charles Koch opened a John Birch Society bookstore with Bob Love, a friend of his father.[10] At the time, the Society was campaigning against the civil rights movement, calling for the impeachment of Chief Justice Earl Warren, who had ordered public school desegregation in Brown v. Board of Education, and accusing President John F. Kennedy of "treason" in ads shortly before his assassination. [6] Charles and Love didn't resign from the Society until 1968. The split was reportedly due to disagreement's about the Society's support for the Vietnam War.[6] Charles shared his isolationist position with Robert LeFevre's all-white "Freedom School," which he funded and on whose board he sat. Charles had also encouraged his brother, David, to attend a Freedom School retreat, according to Sons of Wichita.[10]

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM] David H. Koch - SourceWatch

The Koch Fortune

Charles Koch took over his father's Rock Island Oil and Refinery Company, becoming president and chairman in 1967 and renaming it Koch Industries [6] Since then, the company's revenues grew from just over $100 million to over $115 billion in 2014. The Koch brothers' fortunes have also grown dramatically in that time, increasing from $375 million each in 1984 to some $17 billion each in 2008--and a staggering $41 billion each in 2014, just a few years after the 2008 economic crisis. In addition to successful investments and expansion of its resource extraction operations over the years, Koch Industries has engaged in commodity speculation and created new types of derivatives.[11] The Nation has reported that Koch Industries was "among the largest traders (including Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley) speculating on the price of oil in the summer of 2008,"[12] afterwards also playing a prominent role in lobbying against regulation of the derivatives market, according to Bloomberg Businessweek.[13] Koch Industries has been involved in many investigations and indictments related to the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. A list of lawsuits involving Koch Industries can be accessed here: Legal Complaints Against Koch Industries

Koch Brothers Early Activism, 1960-1980

David Koch Runs for Vice President as Libertarian, 1980 David Koch was the vice-presidential nominee for the Libertarian Party in 1980, running alongside presidential candidate Ed Clark. About the failed bid, the New York Times has written that "much of what occurred in that quixotic campaign shaped what the Kochs have become today — a formidable political and ideological force determined to remake American politics, driven by opposition to government power and hostility to restrictions on money in campaigns."[14] David Koch's campaign was made possible by Buckley v. Valeo, a 1976 Supreme Court decision that loosened campaign finance laws. The decision permitted unlimited spending of a candidate's own money on his/her own campaign, as well as unlimited spending by individuals to promote a candidate, if that individual was not coordinating their campaign with the candidate.[14] In 1979, David Koch wrote a letter to Libertarian Party members about his plan to make use this new loophole to fund a Libertarian Party campaign. “As the Vice presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party I will contribute several hundred thousand dollars to the Presidential campaign committee in order to ensure that our ideas and our Presidential nominee receive as much media exposure as possible.”[14] David would spend about $2.1 million on the campaign, but the Libertarian Party won just over 1% of the vote nationally.[14] According to William Koch, Charles and David's brother, Charles began spending significantly on the Libertarian Party. According to the New York Times, William said in a 1986 interview, "Charles was giving as much to the Libertarians as he was paying out in dividends […] Pretty soon we would get the reputation that the company and the Kochs were crazy.”[14] Statements David Koch made during the campaign are revealing of his anti-government views. As the New York Times reported about his statement at the 1979 Libertarian nominating convention, David "denounced the 'harassment of Koch Industries and implored the Libertarian Party activists to make the party 'a force that will roll back the coercive force of government.'"[14] At a speech on the campaign trail in 1980, "David Koch railed against what he saw as overregulation. Presidents Nixon and Carter had bequeathed an 'Alice in Wonderland' energy policy, he argued, a mix of subsidies and price controls that had stymied market forces and caused high prices and

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shortages."[14]

Charles Koch Calls for the Development of a “Well Financed Cadre” Charles Koch began funding the Institute for Humane Studies in the 1960s. He also created his own Charles Koch Foundation to funnel money to the Libertarian Society. He helped found the Cato Institute in 1974, by which time he was already giving money to the Libertarian Party. Charles also purchased the Libertarian Review.[6] In a 1974 speech, Charles Koch stated: "The important strategic consideration to keep in mind is that any program adopted should be highly leveraged so that we reach those whose influence on others produces a multiplier effect. That is why education programs are superior to political action, and support of talented free-market scholars is preferable to mass advertising. The development of a well financed cadre of sound proponents of the free enterprise philosophy is the most critical need facing us at the moment."[14] The Kochs have funded a number of nonprofit organizations like the American Legislative Exchange Council, think tanks and legal foundations, which are listed here:

Building the Koch Cadre, Non-Electoral Activity

After the failed 1980 campaign for the vice presidency, the Koch brothers lessened their involvement in the Libertarian Party, increasingly focusing their attention and financial support on developing their own network of "educational programs" and "cadre" of free-market advocates.[14] The Kochs' funding founded Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) in 1984, headed Richard Fink. Fink was shortly thereafter appointed to President Ronald Reagan's "Commission on Privatization."[15] In the late 1980s and 1990s, CSE pushed for banking deregulation, like the elimination of Glass Steagall,[7] spearheaded the defeat of a greenhouse gas tax,[2] and helped in the defeat of health care reform in the Clinton era.[16][17] In 2003, a rift between CSE and its related foundation led the Kochs to found Americans for Prosperity.[2] David Koch chairs the board of directors for the Americans for Prosperity Foundation.[18] Today the brothers directly and indirectly fund a wide network of organizations that promote their "free enterprise philosophy," from think tanks to scholarship programs to policy advocacy groups. Recipients include a long list of academic institutions; Koch family foundations gave some $30.5 million to 221 colleges and universities from 2007 to 2012.[14] Access a list of organizations with ties to the Koch brothers here:

Bankrolling American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) Koch Industries has had a seat and a vote on the corporate board of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) since 1994. ALEC has awarded both Koch brothers its Adam Smith Free Enterprise Award.[7] The Nation reports that the Kochs have likely given over $1 million to ALEC over the years, and many of ALEC's model bills reflect the policies the Kochs have been advocating for decades.[7]

Funding Judicial Junkets The Kochs have funded seminars for judges since the 1990s, first at the University of Kansas and later at George Mason University, which hosts the Koch-funded think tank the Mercatus Center. For example, the George Mason University Law & Economics Center hosted "an expenses-paid conference on public pension reform" which was funded by the Charles G. Koch

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Foundation, as well as corporate funders like ExxonMobil, Google, and Walmart, according to the Center for Public Integrity.[19] The Judicial Conference of the United States has noted that judges' attendance at such seminars "poses certain concerns," including that "judges may be influenced inappropriately by those who sponsor or contribute (financially or otherwise) to these seminar programs and who might be litigants before those judges."[20] A report by Center for Media and Democracy/The Progressive found that a federal judge who halted an investigation into alleged illegal campaign coordination, which involved groups like the Wisconsin Club for Growth and Americans for Prosperity, "attended privately-funded, all- expenses-paid judicial seminars put on by George Mason University in 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012."[21] The Washington Post reported on a similar conference in 2011, when Google was facing an antitrust investigation, writing that "Google executives worked behind the scenes with officials at George Mason University’s Law & Economics Center to put on academic conferences that would be attended by officials who were considering the case."[22]

Bankrolling the Tea Party The Koch brothers and their network have played a significant role in supporting the far-right Tea Party movement. According to the New Yorker, the Kochs' "Americans for Prosperity has worked closely with the Tea Party since the movement’s inception," providing everything from "Tea Party talking points" to lists of officials for activists to contact to funding conferences.[2] The New York Times reported that Freedom Partners, for which "longtime Koch employees" constitute a majority of the board, has given grants to a number of Tea Party-affiliated groups.[23] According to the New Yorker, a Koch Industries spokesperson has denied that the Kochs provide funding for Tea Party groups, and David Koch has told New York magazine, "No one representing the tea party has ever even approached me."[2]

Electoral Activity

"Triad" Campaign Finance Scheme Avoids Disclosure Laws, 1996 The Koch’s have a long history of funding money into electoral campaigns. For example, the Kochs used a variety of means to influence the 1996 election cycle. In Kansas, according to the Lawrence Journal-World, "Koch-linked contributions of ‘hard money’—gifts of more than $200 by identifiable individuals or political action committees divulged to the FEC—to the state's four representatives and two Senators totaled $130,600."[24] Senate Democrats found evidence of more complex funding schemes, as well, namely a political campaign operation called "Triad," which they suggested "allowed wealthy individuals to put more money into the election process than they would otherwise legally have been allowed to do" while evading campaign reporting requirements.[6] In 1997, investigators for the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee told the New York Times that "they believe[d] Koch Industries support[ed] the Economic Education Trust, based in Twin Falls, Idaho, which gave $1.3 million to Triad in 1996."[25] In an interview with Bill Moyers, staffer Beth Stein explained the scheme as follows: "One of the things that Triad did was set up two shell corporations, essentially, tax-exempt organizations. One was called Citizens for Reform and the other was called Citizens for the Republic Education Fund, and the sole thing that those corporations did was to air attack advertising in various races across the country."[26] In 1998, the Minneapolis Star Tribute reported that “Koch Industries Inc. backed a secret trust that

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donated $1.8 million in 1996 to finance issue ads sympathetic to conservative Congressional candidates, [lending] new credence to the conclusion last year of Senate Democratic investigators that Koch's owners, Charles and David Koch, were probably the financiers behind the trust that contributed to at least two nonprofit groups.”[27]

The Koch Donor Network Since at least 2006, the Kochs have hosted semi-annual meetings for wealthy right-wing donors.[28] While these Koch network gatherings are carefully guarded, occasional leaked documents and recordings have revealed that they include "titans of industry — from health insurance companies, oil executives, Wall Street investors, and real estate tycoons — working together with conservative journalists and Republican operatives," as well as prominent public officials, including members of Congress, state governors, and even Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia.[29] The meetings involve fundraising, reportedly in the millions of dollars, as well as discussions about political strategy.[30] A full list of known participants in Koch summit meetings can be accessed on the Koch network page.

Building a Post-Citizens United $400 Million Dark Money Web According to the Washington Post, in 2012 the Kochs and fellow donors backed a "network of politically active nonprofit groups" that was "carefully constructed with extensive legal barriers to shield its donors," raising over $400 million for the election cycle. As the Post explains, a "labyrinth of tax-exempt groups and limited-liability companies help[ed] mask the sources of the money, much of which went to voter mobilization and television ads attacking President Obama and congressional Democrats."[31] For example, Freedom Partners, which Politico has referred to as "the Koch brothers' secret bank", spent some $250 million in the 2012 election cycle, much of it spent in grants to other groups that ran so-called "issue ads" during the election.[32]

Koch Funded Dark Money Groups Investigated and Fined in California The Center to Protect Patient Rights, a group run by Koch operative Sean Noble, was fined by the California state elections board for violating campaign finance disclosure laws as part of a campaign to prohibit "unions from using automatic payroll deductions to raise money for political campaigns."[33] Other "dark money" groups involved in the network included funding sources Freedom Partners and the TC4 Trust, CSE successor Americans for Prosperity, and a long list of Koch astroturf organizations like the 60 Plus Association, Generation Opportunity, American Commitment, Concerned Women for America, the Libre Initiative, and Public Notice.[34] Additional funding went to the Wisconsin Club for Growth, and from there to Citizens for a Strong America, both of which were later involved in a criminal investigation related to the 2012 election.[35]

Involvement in Scott Walker Race and Recall Election in 2010 Walker's gubernatorial campaign received $43,000 from the Koch Industries PAC during the 2010 election. The Koch PAC gave $1 million to the Republican Governors Association, which in turn spent $65,000 on independent expenditures to support Walker.[36] The RGA also spent $3.4 million on TV ads and mailers attacking Walker's opponent, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett. [37] In a February 2012 interview with the Palm Beach Post, David Koch admitted that he was helping fund Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker as Walker fought off a recall election sparked by his anti-union legislation.[38] The paper reported that Koch acknowledged his group, Americans for Prosperity, was "hard at work in places such as Wisconsin, where Gov. Scott Walker is facing off with public http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM] David H. Koch - SourceWatch

unions and grappling with a likely recall."[38] Koch was quoted as saying, "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years [...] We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more." [38] Highlighting the recall as a fight against unions, Koch also stated that "What Scott Walker is doing with the public unions in Wisconsin is critically important. He's an impressive guy and he's very courageous…If the unions win the recall, there will be no stopping union power."[38]

2012 Post-Election Audit According to Politico, after this network "spent hundreds of millions to win the White House and the Senate — and came up empty," the Kochs undertook a major audit of their organizations. Reportedly disappointed with the election results, Charles Koch wrote an e-mail to major donors about the need "to re-examine our vision and the strategies and capabilities required for success," adding that "Our goal of advancing a free and prosperous America is even more difficult than we envisioned, but it is essential that we continue, rather than abandon, this struggle."[39]

Future Commitment to Politics In a 2014 interview with the Wichita Business Journal, Charles Koch identified "cronyism" as one of the biggest problems facing the United States, adding, "You name it, in every industry we have this. The successful companies try to keep the new entrants down. Now that’s great for a company like ours. We make more money that way because we have less competition and less innovation. But for the country as a whole, it’s horrible."[40] When asked why he continues to be involved in politics, despite negative public reactions, Charles answered, "It’s like Lee Trevino used to say, somebody asked him, "How are you winning all these golf tournaments?" and he said, “Well somebody has got to win them and it might as well be me.” That’s the way I am on this. There doesn’t seem to be any other large company trying to do this so it might as well be us. Somebody has got to work to save the country and preserve a system of opportunity."[40]

News and Controversies

Funding Walker Campaign and WI Club for Growth The Kochs provided direct funding Republican Scott Walker's 2010 gubernatorial campaign in Wisconsin and funded issue ads for the 2012 recall election. They also funded the Wisconsin Club for Growth, which is involved in the 2012-2014 "John Doe" criminal investigation in Wisconsin. See Scott Walker, Wisconsin Club for Growth. David Koch admitted that he was helping fund Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker’s campaign in an interview with The Palm Beach Post. In the February 2012 interview Koch acknowledged that his group – Americans for Prosperity - is hard at work in Wisconsin, where Gov. Scott Walker is facing off with public unions and grappling with a possible recall vote. "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years," he says. "We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more," said Koch. Funded by Koch money, Americans for Prosperity spent about $700,000 on an "It's working" television ad buy in the state that credits Walker's public pension and union overhaul with giving school districts the first surpluses they've seen in years. "What Scott Walker is doing with the public unions in Wisconsin is critically important. He's an

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impressive guy and he's very courageous…If the unions win the recall, there will be no stopping union power," said David Koch.[41][42]

Calls President Obama "A Hardcore Socialist" In an interview immediately after the death of Osama bin Laden, David Koch told New York Magazine that he believes President Barack Obama is "a hardcore socialist...and he’s marvelous at pretending to be something other than that, but that is what I believe he truly is, a hardcore socialist."[43] In an interview after the groups supported by the Koch brothers failed to influence the outcome of the 2012 election, David Koch said, "We’re going to fight the battle as long as we breathe."[44]

Argues Climate Change Might Be Beneficial David Koch is on record saying that he was unconvinced that global warming has been caused by human activity. Even if it has been, he said, the heating of the planet will be beneficial, resulting in longer growing seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. “The Earth will be able to support enormously more people because far greater land area will be available to produce food,” he said. [45]

Philanthropy

David Koch has also donated hundreds of millions of dollars to a number of non-political causes. According to a profile published by Koch Industries, "he and the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation have pledged or contributed more than $1 billion to cancer research, medical centers, educational institutions, arts and cultural institutions, and to assist public policy organizations."[3] Philanthropic causes supported by David Koch include: New York-Presbyterian Hospital Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center The Mount Sinai Medical Center The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History New York State Theater at Lincoln Center[3]

Affiliations

According to information provided by Koch Industries, David Koch has been affiliated with the following non-profits:[3] Cato Institute, Board Member Reason Foundation, Board Member Americans for Prosperity Foundation, Board Member National Cancer Advisory Board, National Cancer Institute Deerfield Academy, Deerfield, Mass, Life member, Board of Trustees The Economic Club of New York, New York, Member, Board of Directors Allen-Stevenson School, New York, Member, Board of Trustees, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Member, Board of Trustees, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, Governor, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, Member, Board of Trustees, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Member, Board of Visitors, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York Member, Board of Trustees, Rockefeller University, New York, Member, Board of Directors,

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House Research Institute, Los Angeles, Member, Board of Trustees, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Mass., Member, Board of Associates Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., Honorary Member, Board of Trustees, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Life Member of the Corporation Prostate Cancer Foundation, Los Angeles, Member, Board of Trustees American Ballet Theatre, New York, Vice Chairman, Board of Directors American Museum of Natural History, New York, Member, Board of Directors Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Member, Board of Trustees Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc., New York, Member, Board of Directors Aspen Institute, Aspen, Colo., Member, Board of Directors Institute of Human Origins, Phoenix, Ariz., Member, Board of Directors WGBH, Channel 2, Boston, Mass., Member, Board of Overseers Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Member, James Madison Council Additionally, David Koch has been affiliated with the following organizations:

National Geographic Society, Council of Advisors[46] Earthwatch Institute, Emeriti Director, African Wildlife Foundation, Honorary Trustee[47] WNET, Trustee[48]

Articles & sources

Trivia David Koch was a passenger on USAir flight 1493 which crashed at LAX on February 1st 1991 [49]

Sourcewatch articles Cato Institute Koch Industries Koch Family Foundations Charles G. Koch Oil industry

References 1. ↑ Forbes.com America's Largest Private Companies- Koch Industries , accessed July 2, 2014. 2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Jane Mayer, "Covert Operations ," New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Accessed July 2, 2014. 3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Koch Industries, David Koch , organizational profile, accessed July 2, 2014. 4. ↑ Forbes, "#6 David Koch ," profile page, accessed July 3, 2014. 5. ↑ Fred and Mary Koch Foundation, History , organizational website, accessed June 30, 2014. 6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lisa Graves, "The Koch Cartel: Their Reach, Their Reactionary Agenda, and Their Record," The Progressive, July/August 2014. 7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lisa Graves, "ALEC Exposed: The Koch Connection ," The Nation, July 2012, 2011. Accessed June 2, 2014.

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8. ↑ Mary Bottari, "On Anniversary of Prank Call the Real David Koch Wants to "Stop Union Power" in Wisconsin ," PR Watch, February 21, 2012. 9. ↑ Sarah Owen, "David Koch Gives President Obama Zero Credit for Bin Laden’s Death ," New York Magazine, May 5, 2011. 10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Daniel Schulman, Sons of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America's Most Powerful and Private Dynasty, Grand Central Publishing, 2014. 11. ↑ Lee Fang, "How Koch Became An Oil Speculation Powerhouse ," ThinkProgress, June 19, 2011. Accessed July 1, 2014. 12. ↑ Lee Fang, "Not Just Goldman Sachs: Koch Industries Hoards Commodities as a Trading Strategy ," The Nation, July 22, 2013. Accessed July 1, 2014. 13. ↑ Asjylyn Loder, "Not Just Wall Street Opposes CFTC Derivatives Overhaul ," Bloomberg Businessweek, April 15, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2014. 14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Nicholas Confessore, "Quixotic ’80 Campaign Gave Birth to Kochs’ Powerful Network ," New York Times, May 17, 2014. Accessed May 29, 2014. 15. ↑ Joel Brinkley, "Reagan Appoints Privatization Unit ," New York Times, September 4, 1987. Accessed July 1, 2014. 16. ↑ Robert Pear, "CLINTON'S HEALTH PLAN: Principles; Experts' Grades: 'A' in Security, 'C' in Simplicity, 'D+' in Savings ," New York Times, September 24, 1993. Accessed July 1, 2014. 17. ↑ Tim Dickinson, "Echoes of Philip Morris and Hillarycare ," Rolling Stone, October 1, 2009. Accessed July 1, 2014. 18. ↑ Americans for Prosperity Foundation, Directors , organizational website, accessed July 1, 2014. 19. ↑ Chris Young, "Koch brothers, major corporations sponsor pension reform seminar for judges ," Center for Public Integrity, April 25, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014. 20. ↑ Judicial Conference of the United States, Judicial Conference Policy on Judges' Attendance at Privately Funded Educational Programs , May 2006. Accessed June 30, 2014. 21. ↑ Brendan Fischer, "Judge Who Halted Walker Dark Money Criminal Probe Attended Koch-Backed Junkets ," The Progressive, May 27, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014. 22. ↑ Matea Gold and Tom Hamburger, "How Google worked behind the scenes to invite federal regulators to conferences ," Washington Post, April 12, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014. 23. ↑ Nicholas Confessore, "Tax Filings Hint at Extent of Koch Brothers’ Reach ," New York Times, September 12, 2013. Accessed July 1, 2014. 24. ↑ Tim Carpenter, "Koch Industries Flexes Political Muscle in Kansas ," Lawrence Journal- World, November 16, 1997. Accessed July 7, 2014. 25. ↑ Leslie Wayne, "Papers Link Donations to 2 On Senate Hearings Panel ," New York Times, October 30, 1997. Accessed June 30, 2014. 26. ↑ Frontline, PBC "Washington's Other Scandal ," show transcript, air date October 6, 1998. Accessed June 30, 2014. 27. ↑ Greg Gordon, "Koch backed GOP ads in '96 races, report confirms; The company's owners funded a trust that gave $ 1.8 million to boost conservative candidates." Star Tribune (Minneapolis), June 2, 1998, Metro Edition. Pg. 5A. 28. ↑ Stephen Moore, "Private Enterprise ," Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2006. 29. ↑ Lee Fang, "MEMO: Health Insurance, Banking, Oil Industries Met With Koch, Chamber, Glenn Beck To Plot 2010 Election ," ThinkProgress, October 20, 2010. Accessed June 30, 2010. 30. ↑ Lee Fang, "EXCLUSIVE: Koch Brothers Convene Ultra-Secret Billionaires Meeting To http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM] David H. Koch - SourceWatch

Raise Funds, Plot Strategy ," Republic Report, February 3, 2012. Accessed June 30, 2014. 31. ↑ Matea Gold, "Koch-backed political network, built to shield donors, raised $400 million in 2012 elections ," Washington Post, January 5, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. 32. ↑ Mike Allen and Jim Vandehei, "Exclusive: The Koch brothers' secret bank ," Politico, September 13, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. 33. ↑ Nicholas Confessore, "Group Linked to Kochs Admits to Campaign Finance Violations ," New York Times, October 24, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. 34. ↑ Al Shaw, Theodoric Meyer and Kim Barker, "How Dark Money Flows Through the Koch Network ," ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014. 35. ↑ Brendan Fischer, "WI Club for Growth, Target of Walker Recall Probe, at Center of Dark Money Web ", Center for Media and Democracy, November 18, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. 36. ↑ Lisa Graves, "A CMD Special Report: Scott Walker Runs on Koch Money ," Center for Media and Democracy, February 18, 2011. Accessed July 7, 2014. 37. ↑ Andy Kroll, "Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: Funded by the Koch Bros. ," Mother Jones, February 18, 2011. Accessed July 7, 2014. 38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Stacy Singer, David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime and remake American politics , Palm Beach Post , February 18, 2012. 39. ↑ Ken Vogel, "Koch World reboots ," Politico, February 20, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. 40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Daniel McCoy, "Charles Koch: business giant, bogeyman, benefactor and elusive (until now) -- exclusive interview ," Wichita Business Journal, February 28, 2014. Accessed June 2, 2014. 41. ↑ Stacy Singer, David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime and remake American politics , Palm Beach Post , February 18, 2012 42. ↑ John Nichols, David Koch Admits to Helping Walker Big Time , The Cap Times , February 20, 2012 43. ↑ Sarah Owen, "David Koch Gives President Obama Zero Credit for Bin Laden’s Death ," New York Magazine, May 5, 2011. 44. ↑ Daniel Fisher, "Inside The Koch Empire: How The Brothers Plan To Reshape America ," Forbes, December 24, 2012. 45. ↑ "[1] " 46. ↑ About , National Geographic Society, accessed January 17, 2009. 47. ↑ Trustees , African Wildlife Foundation, accessed December 16, 2011. 48. ↑ WNET TRUSTEES , organizational web page, accessed October 20, 2012. 49. ↑ 10:20"[2] "

External links

Bill Berkowitz, "Patron saints of right wing think tanks acquire Georgia Pacific Corp: Oil barons Charles and David Koch, two of the nation's worst environmental criminals, now control the country's largest privately held company", Working for Change, December 6, 2005. The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer#ixzz1440AGk88

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http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM] correspondence our letter have appeared elsewhere. One article Rinkoo Dalan, M.R.C.P. described the neuroglycopenic and adrenergic Tan Tock Seng Hospital symptoms of severe hypoglycemia in 15 of these Singapore 308433, Singapore patients,2 and the other described findings indica- Daphne Gardner, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P. Singapore General Hospital tive of hypoglycemia on brain magnetic reso- Singapore 169608, Singapore nance imaging in 7 of these patients3; there were Edward Pratt, M.R.C.P. overlaps between these two groups of patients. Changi General Hospital The cases of hypoglycemia reported in both arti- Singapore 529889, Singapore cles pertained only to the sexual-enhancement Marilyn Lee, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P. drug called Power 1 Walnut. We did not cite these Alexandra Hospital articles, and we regret these omissions. Singapore 159964, Singapore Shih Ling Kao, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P. Kok Onn Lee, M.D. National University Hospital National University Hospital Singapore 119074, Singapore Singapore 119074, Singapore Cheng Leng Chan, B.Sc. (Pharm.) 1. Kao SL, Chan CL, Lim CC, et al. An unusual outbreak of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2009;360:734-6. Belinda Tan, B.Sc. (Pharm.) 2. Dalan R, Leow MK, George J, et al. Neuroglycopenia and Health Sciences Authority adrenergic responses to hypoglycaemia: insights from a local Singapore 138667, Singapore epidemic of serendipitous massive overdose of glibenclamide. Diabet Med 2009;26:105-9. C.C. Tchoyoson Lim, F.R.C.R., M.Med. 3. Lim CC, Gan R, Chan CL, et al. Severe hypoglycemia associated National Neuroscience Institute with an illegal sexual enhancement product adulterated with gli- Singapore 308433, Singapore benclamide: MR imaging findings. Radiology 2009;250:193-201.

Insurance-Industry Investments in Tobacco

To the Editor: The Obama administration is tobacco. The U.S.-based Prudential Financial pro- proposing a major overhaul of the U.S. health care vides life insurance and long-term disability cov- system, and the insurance industry is poised to erage and is also a major owner of tobacco stocks, play a major role in the process. Insurance firms, with total tobacco holdings of $264.3 million like any business, are driven by profit, and this (Table 1). The U.K.-based Prudential offers life, fact compromises any health care plan that in- health, disability, and long-term care insurance. cludes them. Prudential’s stake in tobacco totals $1.38 billion. In case there is any doubt that insurers place Standard Life, which is also based in the United profit above health, consider their investments in Kingdom and offers both life and health insur-

Table 1. Insurance-Industry Holdings in Tobacco Companies as of March 26, 2009.*

Reynolds Imperial British American Philip Morris Insurance Company American Tobacco Tobacco Lorillard USA Total millions of $ Prudential 513.2 871.4 1,384.6 Prudential Financial 69.4 8.8 186.1 264.3 MassMutual 17.3 155.4 412.6 585.3 New York Life 13.0 13.0 Northwestern Mutual 22.8 10.8 202.2 235.8 Standard Life 307.0 641.2 948.2 Sun Life 125.7 889.9 1,015.6 Total 122.5 820.2 1,512.6 300.7 1,690.8 4,446.8

* Data are from the Osiris database.

n engl j med 360;23 nejm.org june 4, 2009 2483 correspondence

ance, owns nearly $950 million of tobacco stock. being. These data raise a red flag about the Canada-based Sun Life, which offers life, health, prospect of opening vast new markets for private disability, and long-term care insurance, owns insurers at public expense, as has happened in just over $1 billion of tobacco stock. Northwest- our state of Massachusetts, whose recent health ern Mutual and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insur- care reform is often cited as a model for national ance Company (MassMutual) both offer life, dis- reform. ability, and long-term care insurance. MassMutual Milton Friedman wrote, “Few trends could so owns more than $585 million of tobacco stock, thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our and Northwestern Mutual’s stake exceeds $235 free society as the acceptance by corporate offi- million. (These figures are accurate as of March cials of a social responsibility other than to make 26, 2009, but given the current economic climate, as much money for their stockholders as possi they are subject to change.) ble.”1 Market incentives favor pursuit of profit Although investing in tobacco while selling life over the public’s well-being. The insurance indus- or health insurance may seem self-defeating, in- try’s investments in tobacco reinforce Friedman’s surance firms have figured out ways to profit message and mandate caution regarding insur- from both. Insurers exclude smokers from cover- ance firms’ participation in care. age or, more commonly, charge them higher pre- J. Wesley Boyd, M.D., Ph.D. miums. Insurers profit — and smokers lose — David Himmelstein, M.D. twice over. Steffie Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H. These facts should discomfit Canadian and Cambridge Health Alliance British readers as their countries consider further Cambridge, MA 02139 privatization of health insurance. For those of us [email protected] in the United States, these data are a reminder of 1. Friedman M. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University the true priority of the insurance industry, which of Chicago Press, 1962. is making money, not ensuring health and well- Correspondence Copyright © 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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2484 n engl j med 360;23 nejm.org june 4, 2009 Insurance-Industry Investments in Tobacco — NEJM

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Insurance-Industry Investments in Tobacco PDF E-Mail Print Save N Engl J Med 2009; 360:2483-2484 June 4, 2009 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc0901817 Download Citation Article Alert Share: Reprints Article Citing Articles (1) Permissions Share/Bookmark

To the Editor:

The Obama administration is proposing a major overhaul of the U.S. health care system, and the MORE IN insurance industry is poised to play a major role in the process. Insurance firms, like any Other business, are driven by profit, and this fact compromises any health care plan that includes them. June 4, 2009

In case there is any doubt that insurers place profit above health, consider their investments in tobacco. The U.S.-based Prudential Financial provides life insurance and long-term disability TRENDS coverage and is also a major owner of tobacco stocks, with total tobacco holdings of $264.3 million (Table 1). The U.K.-based Prudential offers life, health, disability, Most Viewed (Last Week) and long-term care insurance. Prudential's stake in tobacco totals $1.38 TABLE 1 billion. Standard Life, which is also based in the United Kingdom and offers PERSPECTIVE both life and health insurance, owns nearly $950 million of tobacco stock. Don't Learn on Me — Are Teaching Canada-based Sun Life, which offers life, health, disability, and long-term Hospitals Patient-Centered? [37,808 views] July 24, 2014 | B.M. Reilly care insurance, owns just over $1 billion of tobacco stock. Northwestern Insurance-Industry Mutual and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual) Holdings in Tobacco IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE Companies as of both offer life, disability, and long-term care insurance. MassMutual owns March 26, 2009. Dahl's Sign [33,048 views] more than $585 million of tobacco stock, and Northwestern Mutual's stake July 24, 2014 | P.E. Miller and B.A. Houston

exceeds $235 million. (These figures are accurate as of March 26, 2009, but given the current IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE economic climate, they are subject to change.) Internal Carotid Artery in the Middle Ear [21,619 views] Although investing in tobacco while selling life or health insurance may seem self-defeating, July 24, 2014 | I.S. Moon and W. Lee insurance firms have figured out ways to profit from both. Insurers exclude smokers from More Trends coverage or, more commonly, charge them higher premiums. Insurers profit — and smokers lose — twice over.

These facts should discomfit Canadian and British readers as their countries consider further privatization of health insurance. For those of us in the United States, these data are a reminder of the true priority of the insurance industry, which is making money, not ensuring health and

well-being. These data raise a red flag about the prospect of opening vast new markets for PHYSICIAN JOBS private insurers at public expense, as has happened in our state of Massachusetts, whose recent August 1, 2014

health care reform is often cited as a model for national reform. Internal Medicine INTERNAL MEDICINE, MASSACHUSETTS Milton Friedman wrote, “Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our MASSACHUSETTS

free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make Chiefs/Directors/Dept. Heads as much money for their stockholders as possible.”1 Market incentives favor pursuit of profit over CHIEF ACADEMIC OFFICER, BRIGHAM AND the public's well-being. The insurance industry's investments in tobacco reinforce Friedman's WOMEN'S HOSPITAL MASSACHUSETTS message and mandate caution regarding insurance firms' participation in care. Internal Medicine INTERNAL MEDICINE, MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS

J. Wesley Boyd, M.D., Ph.D. Family Medicine David Himmelstein, M.D. OUTPATIENT FAMILY MEDICINE POSITION, IN Steffie Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc0901817[8/1/2014 12:23:14 PM] Health insurers want you to keep smoking, Harvard doctors say - Scientific American

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Ask the Experts Health insurers want you to keep Fact or Fiction smoking, Harvard doctors say Extreme Tech Jun 3, 2009 | By Brendan Borrell Health and life insurance companies in Features the U.S. and abroad have nearly $4.5 Forum billion invested in tobacco stocks, according to Harvard doctors. In-Depth Reports “It’s the combined taxidermist and Interactive Features veterinarian approach: either way you get

Mind Matters your dog back,” says David Himmelstein, an internist at the Harvard Medical School News and co-author of a letter published in this week’s issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. Science Images

The largest tobacco investor on the list, the 160-year old Prudential company with Slide shows branches in the U.S. and the U.K., has more than $1.5 billion invested in tobacco stocks. The runner-up was Toronto-based Sun Life Financial, which apparently holds over $1 billion in Philip Morris (Altria) and other tobacco stocks. In total, seven companies that sell life, health, disability, or long-term care insurance, have major holdings in tobacco stock.

Why is it a big deal? “If you own a billion dollars [of tobacco stock], then you don’t want to see it go down,” says Himmelstein, “You are less likely to join anti-tobacco coalitions, endorse anti-tobacco legislation, basically, anything most health companies would want to participate in.”

X The letter is the third report that the doctors—who all support a national health care Get Total Access program—have publishedto our inDigital the last 14 years. Anthology We decided to check in with some of the insurance companies mentioned in the 1,200 Articles letter to learn more about their policies with respect to tobacco stock. Prudential was unable to respondOrder by pressNow - time.Just $39! Sun Life, however, flatly denied the charges. >

http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post/health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03/?id=health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03[8/1/2014 12:24:02 PM] Health insurers want you to keep smoking, Harvard doctors say - Scientific American

“Sun Life does not carry significant holdings in tobacco stocks,” says representative Steve Kee, “We do not disclose specific holdings and, for good measure, we conducted a review further to your inquiry and our exposure to ‘tobacco’ stocks is less than 0.005 percent [about $5 million] of the investment portfolio. Importantly, tobacco- related businesses can be part of a broader conglomerate involving other aspects such as food production.”

Himmelstein rechecked his numbers in the Osiris database, and said, “I fear that if Sun Life has a dispute, it is with Osiris not with us.”

In any event, the doctors’ persistence over the years seems to be working to some extent. They targeted MetLife and Cigna in their 1995 and 2000 letters to medical journals, but neither is listed in the latest reckoning, indicating that the insurers no longer hold enough to stock to be noted on filings for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, a representative for Cigna says they currently have no direct holdings in tobacco stock unless it is part of an index fund.

But with $4.5 billion still invested in Big Tobacco, many insurers are reaping profits from a cancer-causing industry. As Himmelstein puts it, "Is this who we want running our health care system?"

Image of burning cigarette courtesy of SuperFantastic on Flickr

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scientific earthling June 3, 2009, 8:33 PM

Its not just about making money from the stocks. People buy health insurance and pay high prices because disease exists. What better way to promote disease than tobacco.

If tobacco related disease ceased to exist, your health insurance premium would reduce dramatically, not good for the insurance companies.

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psyrusa June 3, 2009, 10:34 PM

If health insurance companies invest in tobacco companies (and the question remains - this article certainly did not settle it), it is not because they want people to smoke - it is because they remain profitable by investing in other profitable companies. If they can't invest in profitable companies, health insurance premiums would rise.

Commentor "scientific earthling" says, "If tobacco related disease ceased to exist, your health insurance premium would reduce dramatically, not good for the insurance companies." That is not necessarily the case, it isn't logical, and I doubt that sci. ear. has any inside information to support his claim. The fact is, when service providers' costs decrease, their profits tend to rise.

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way2ec June 4, 2009, 12:41 AM

http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post/health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03/?id=health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03[8/1/2014 12:24:02 PM] List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Personal tools Create account Log in

List of politiciansNamespaces affiliated with the Tea PartyViews movement Article Read From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Talk Edit TheContents following AmericanVariants politicians are affiliated with the Tea Party movement, which isView generally history considered toFeatured be conservative content , libertarian,[1] and populist.[2][3][4] The Tea Party movement is Morea political movement thatCurrent advocates events reducing the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing U.S. government Random article Search [5][6] [7] spendingDonate to Wikipediaand taxes. It is not a single, formal political party, but is representedSearch by activist groups suchWikimedia as the Shop Tea Party Patriots and the Tea Party Express. The Tea Party Caucus is the primary vehicle for [8] theInteraction movement in Congress. Help ContentsAbout Wikipedia [hide] 1 AlabamaCommunity portal 2 ArizonaRecent changes Contact page 3 California Tools 4 Colorado What links here 5 FloridaRelated changes 6 GeorgiaUpload file Special pages 7 Illinois Permanent link 8 IndianaPage information 9 IowaWikidata item 10Cite Kansas this page Print/export11 Kentucky Create a book 12 Louisiana Download as PDF 13Printable Maryland version

Languages14 Michigan 15 MinnesotaEdit links 16 Mississippi 17 Missouri 18 Montana 19 Nebraska 20 New Hampshire 21 New Mexico 22 North Carolina 23 North Dakota 24 Oklahoma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM] List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

25 Pennsylvania 26 Rhode Island 27 South Carolina 28 South Dakota 29 Tennessee 30 Texas 31 Utah 32 Virginia 33 Washington 34 West Virginia 35 Wyoming 36 References

Alabama [edit]

Robert Aderholt, Republican U.S. Representative from Alabama's 4th congressional district (1997– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[9] Jeff Sessions, Republican for the Southern District of Alabama (1981-1993), Attorney General of Alabama (1995-1997), and U.S. Senator (1997-present).[10]

Arizona [edit]

Trent Franks, Republican U.S. Representative from Arizona's 2nd congressional district and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[11]

California [edit]

Jeff Denham, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 10th congressional district (2011– present). In January 2011, Matthew Mosk of ABC News wrote that Denham had campaigned in 2010 "under the Tea Party banner".[12] Tom McClintock, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 4th congressional district (2009– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13] Ed Royce, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 39th (1993–2003 and 2013–present) and 40th (2003–January 2013) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus. [14] Gary Miller, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 41st (1999–2003) and 42nd (2003–present) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[11]

Colorado [edit]

Mike Coffman, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 6th congressional district (2009–present)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM] List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[15] Coffman's 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsement of FreedomWorks.[16] Cory Gardner, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 4th congressional district (2011–present). In September 2010, Dan Amira of New York listed Gardner as one of "dozens of tea-party-associated House of Representatives candidates".[17] Doug Lamborn, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 5th congressional district (2007– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[11]

Florida [edit]

Sandy Adams, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 24th congressional district (2011–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[18] Adams' 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsement of the Central Florida Tea Party.[19] Gus Bilirakis, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 9th congressional district (2007–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[20] Dean Cannon, Republican state representative (2004–present) and speaker of the state House of Representatives (2010–present). Cannon expressed support for the tea party movement in June 2010.[21] Ander Crenshaw, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 4th congressional district (2001–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[22] Rich Nugent, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 5th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[23] Dennis Ross, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 12th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[24] Steve Southerland, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 2nd congressional district (2011– present) and the founder of Bay Patriots, a group aligned with the tea party.[25] Cliff Stearns, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 6th congressional district (1989–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[26] Allen West, former Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 22nd congressional district (2011– 2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus during his time in Congress.[27] West's 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsement of FreedomWorks. He lost his re-election bid in 2012 to Patrick Murphy.[16] Curt Clawson, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 19th congressional district (2014–present). Clawson was endorsed by the Tea Party Express in the special congressional election in 2014.[28]

Georgia [edit]

Paul Broun, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 10th congressional district (2007–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[29] Broun was re-elected in November 2012.

Herman Cain, 2012 presidential candidate. Cain gave the tea party response to President Barack Obama's 2012 State of the Union Address.[30] Phil Gingrey, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 11th congressional district (2003–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[31] Karen Handel, former Republican Secretary of State of Georgia (2007-2010).[32] Tom Price, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 6th congressional district (2005–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[33] Lynn Westmoreland, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 8th (2005–07) and 3rd (2007– present) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34]

Illinois [edit]

Randy Hultgren, Republican U.S. Representative from Illinois's 14th congressional district (2011– present). In January 2012, Edward McClelland of NBC Chicago wrote that Hultgren "aligns with the Tea Party".[35] Joe Walsh, Republican U.S. Representative from Illinois's 8th congressional district (2011–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[36] Walsh's 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsement of FreedomWorks.[16] Walsh has since been defeated by Tammy Duckworth.

Indiana [edit]

Dan Burton, Republican U.S. Representative from Indiana's 6th (1983–2003) and 5th (2003–present) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[37] Mike Pence, Republican Governor of Indiana (2013-present), U.S. Representative from Indiana's 2nd (2001–03) and 6th (2003–2013) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[38] Todd Young, Republican U.S. Representative from Indiana's 9th congressional district (2011– present).[17]

Iowa [edit]

Steve King, Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 5th congressional district (2003–present) and a founding member of the Tea Party Caucus.[39] King's 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsement of FreedomWorks.[16] King was re-elected in November 2012.

Kansas [edit]

Tim Huelskamp, Republican U.S. Representative from Kansas's 1st congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34] Lynn Jenkins, Republican U.S. Representative from Kansas's 2nd congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40] Jerry Moran, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and a member of the Senate Tea Party

Caucus.[41]

Kentucky [edit]

Rand Paul, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and an inaugural member of the Senate Tea Party Caucus. Paul gave the tea party response to President Barack Obama's 2013 State of the Union Address.[42] Thomas Massie, Republican U.S. Representative from the Kentucky's 4th congressional district (2012- present). In his 2012 election, Massie was endorsed by FreedomWorks.[43]

Louisiana [edit]

Rodney Alexander, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 5th congressional district (2003– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40] Bill Cassidy, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 6th congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[44] John Fleming, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 4th congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[45] Jeff Landry, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 3rd congressional district (2011–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[46] Steve Scalise, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 1st congressional district (2008–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[47] David Vitter, Republican U.S. Senator (2005–present).[48]

Maryland [edit]

Roscoe Bartlett, Republican U.S. Representative from Maryland's 6th congressional district (1993–2013) and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[49] Andrew Harris, Republican U.S. Representative from Maryland's 1st congressional district (2011– present). Harris successfully challenged incumbent Democrat Frank Kratovil in 2010, receiving the endorsement of FreedomWorks.[50] Alex Mooney, Republican State Senator (1999-2011), former chairman of the Maryland Republican Party, and Republican nominee for West Virginia's 2nd congressional district in 2014.[51]

Michigan [edit]

Justin Amash, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 3rd congressional district (2011–present). In May 2012, Susan Davis of USA Today described Amash as "Tea Party-aligned".[52] Mike Bishop, Republican state senator (2003–11) and majority leader. In February 2010 Bishop endorsed the beliefs and ideals of tea party groups.[53] Pete Hoekstra, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 2nd congressional district (1993–2011)

and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40] Tim Walberg, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th congressional district (2007–09, 2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[54] Kerry Bentivolio, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 11th congressional district (2013– present)

Minnesota [edit]

Michele Bachmann, Republican U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 6th congressional district (2007– present) and founder of the Tea Party Caucus.[55]

Mississippi [edit]

Phil Bryant, Republican Governor of Mississippi (2012–present). In March 2012 the Central Mississippi Tea Party dubbed Bryant "the first tea party governor."[56] Steven Palazzo, Republican U.S. Representative from Mississippi's 4th congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[57] In September 2011, George Altman of gulflive.com described Palazzo as 2010's tea party darling".[58] Chris McDaniel, Republican State Senator (2008-present).[59][60]

Missouri [edit]

Vicky Hartzler, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 4th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[61] Allen Icet, Republican state representative.[62] Billy Long, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 7th congressional district (2011–present).[63] Blaine Luetkemeyer, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 9th congressional district (2009– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[61] Tom Schweich, Republican State Auditor (2011–present).[62]

Montana [edit]

Denny Rehberg, Republican U.S. Representative from Montana's At-large congressional district (2001– 2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[64] Derek Skees, Republican state representative. In October 2010, Skees said he "was in the Tea Party before it was cool".[65] Steve Daines, Republican U.S. Representative from Montana's At-large congressional district (2013- present), nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2008, and nominee for U.S. Senator in 2014. Daines was endorsed by Tea Party Express in the 2014 Senate election.[66]

Nebraska [edit]

Adrian Smith, Republican State Senator (1999-2007), U.S. Representative from Nebraska's 3rd congressional district (2007-present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[67]

New Hampshire [edit]

Charles Bass, Republican U.S. Representative from New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district (1995– 2007, 2011–2013). In October 2010, Christopher Rowland of The Boston Globe wrote that Bass, in his 2010 campaign, sought "to firm up his conservative credentials with an embrace of the Tea Party movement."[68]

New Mexico [edit]

Gary Johnson, Republican Governor of New Mexico (1995–2003) and 2012 Libertarian Party presidential nominee. In April 2011, David Weigel of Slate wrote that Johnson "was the Tea Party more than a decade before the idea occurred to Rick Santelli."[69]

North Carolina [edit]

Greg Brannon, Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in 2014.[70] Howard Coble, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 6th congressional district (1985– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[71] Virginia Foxx, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 5th congressional district (2005– present). In April 2012, Katrina Trinko of National Review described Foxx as a "tea-party congresswoman".[72] Sue Myrick, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 9th congressional district (1995–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[73]

North Dakota [edit]

Gary Emineth, former chair of the North Dakota Republican Party and a founding member of the North Dakota Tea Party Caucus.[74] Duane Sand, Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2000 and 2012 and for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2004 and 2008. Sand was a founding member of the North Dakota Tea Party Caucus.[74]

Oklahoma [edit]

Tom Coburn, Republican U.S. Representative 2nd congressional district (1995-2001) and U.S. Senator (2005–present).[75] James Lankford, Republican U.S. Representative from Oklahoma's 5th congressional district (2011– present).[76]

T.W. Shannon, Republican State Representative (2007-present), former Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (2013-2014), and former U.S. Senate candidate.[77]

Pennsylvania [edit]

Mike Kelly, Republican U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district (2011– present). Kelly was a co-founder of the tea party movement in his area.[78] Sam Rohrer, Republican state representative (1993–2010). In February 2012, Jon Delano of CBS Pittsburgh wrote that "Rohrer ran for Governor as the conservative Tea Party Republican" in 2010.[79] Pat Toomey, Republican U.S. Senator (2011– present). In October 2011, Peter Schroeder of The Hill described Toomey as "the de facto Tea Party Pat Toomey speaking at a Tea Party rally in voice on Congress's 'supercommittee' ".[80] Philadelphia, 2009

Rhode Island [edit]

John Robitaille, Republican nominee for Governor of Rhode Island in 2010. Robitaille, in response to the question "do you consider yourself somebody who embodies the ideals of the [tea party] movement?", responded in October 2010 "I do, I do."[81]

South Carolina [edit]

Jim DeMint, Republican U.S. Senator (2005–2012) and the founder of the Senate's Tea Party Caucus.[82] In January 2012, Jim Davenport of The Huffington Post described DeMint as "a dean of the influential and well-funded tea party movement".[83] Jeff Duncan, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34] Trey Gowdy, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 4th congressional district (2011– present). In July 2011, Kara Brandeisky of The New Republic described Gowdy as a "Tea Party congressman".[84] Nikki Haley, Republican Governor of South Carolina (2011–present). Haley was elected in 2010 with tea party support,[85] Mick Mulvaney, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 5th congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13] Mulvaney successfully challenged Democratic incumbent John Spratt in 2010, receiving the backing of the tea party.[86]

Mark Sanford, Republican Governor of South Carolina (2003–11) and U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district (2013–present). Sanford has described himself as "Tea Party before the Tea Party was cool".[87] Tim Scott, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district (2011–2012), U.S. Senator from South Carolina (2012–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13] Joe Wilson, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[88] In November 2009 Wilson spoke at tea party events at Ford Mansion in Morristown, New Jersey[89] and at Capitol Hill.[90] Tom Davis, Republican member of the South Carolina Senate (2009-present).[91]

South Dakota [edit]

Gordon Howie, Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (2005-2009) and South Dakota Senate (2009-2011).[92]

Tennessee [edit]

Diane Black, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 6th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[93] Scott DesJarlais, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 4th congressional district (2011– present). In December 2011, Chris Carroll of the Chattanooga Times Free Press wrote that DesJarlais "went full tea party" in his 2010 campaign.[94] Stephen Fincher, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 8th congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[95] Phil Roe, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 1st congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[96]

Texas [edit]

Joe Barton, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 6th congressional district (1985–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus. Barton described himself in October 2010 as having been "Tea Party when Tea Party wasn't cool."[97] Michael Burgess, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 26th congressional district (2003–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[98] Quico Canseco, Republican U.S. Representative from Ron Paul addressing the Tea Party Patriots Texas's 23rd congressional district (2011–2013). In his 2010 campaign, Canseco allied himself with the tea [99] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM] List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

party. John Carter, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 31st congressional district (2003–present), the secretary of the House Republican Conference and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[100] John Culberson, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 7th congressional district (2001–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[101] Ted Cruz, Republican U.S. Senator (2013–present). Michelle Cottle of the Daily Beast says that Cruz is "the delight of the Tea Party anti-establishment conservatives"[102] David Dewhurst, Republican Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2003–present). In April 2012 Gary Scharrer of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Dewhurst "emphasizes that he embraced the core principles of the Tea Party, before that movement gained momentum".[103] Blake Farenthold, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 27th congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[104] Louie Gohmert, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 1st congressional district (2005–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[105] Ralph Hall, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 4th congressional district (1981–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[106] Kenny Marchant, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 24th congressional district (2005–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[107] Debra Medina, Republican candidate for Governor of Texas in 2010. In January 2011 Richard Dunham of the Houston Chronicle described Medina as "the original Texas Tea Party leader."[108] Randy Neugebauer, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 19th congressional district (2003– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[109] Ron Paul, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 22nd (1976–77, 1979–85) and 14th (1997– 2013) congressional districts and 1988, 2008 and 2012 presidential candidate. In November 2010, Joshua Green of The Atlantic described Paul as the tea party's "intellectual godfather".[110] Ted Poe, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district (2005–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[111] Pete Sessions, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 5th (1997–2003) and 32nd (2003–present) congressional districts, chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[112] Lamar Smith, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 21st congressional district (1987–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[113] Steve Stockman, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas' 9th congressional district (1995-1997), Texas' 36th congressional district (2013-present), and U.S. Senate candidate in 2014.[114]

Utah [edit]

Rob Bishop, Republican U.S. Representative from Utah's 1st congressional district (2003–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus. Bishop has appeared at Tea Party rallies in Utah.[115]

Jason Chaffetz, Republican U.S. Representative from Utah's 3rd congressional district (2009–present). In August 2011, Amy Walter of ABC News described Chaffetz as "a rising star in the Tea Party movement".[116] Mike Lee, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[117]

Virginia [edit]

Eric Cantor, Republican U.S. Representative from Virginia's 7th congressional district (2001–2014) and House Majority Leader (2011–2014). In October 2011, Daniel Stone of Newsweek described Cantor as "the Republican leadership's tether to the Tea Party".[118]

Washington [edit]

Kirby Wilbur, chair of the Washington State Republican Party (2011–present). In January 2011, Kasie Hunt of Politico described Wilbur as "tea party-affiliated".[119]

West Virginia [edit]

Bill Maloney, Republican nominee for Governor of West Virginia in 2011 and 2012. [120] David McKinley, Republican U.S. Representative from West Virginia's 1st congressional district (2011– present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[111]

Wyoming [edit]

Cynthia Lummis, Republican U.S. Representative from Wyoming's At-large congressional district (2009– present) and a founding member of the Tea Party Caucus.[121]

References [edit]

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seat" . Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 3, 2012. 109. ^ Mason, Melanie (July 22, 2010). "Eight Texas lawmakers join U.S. House Tea Party Caucus" . The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved July 20, 2012. 110. ^ Green, Joshua (November 2010). "The Tea Party's Brain" . The Atlantic. Retrieved July 21, 2012. 111. ^ a b "Which Tea Party Caucus Members Voted "Yes" for Debt Bill?" . Fox News Insider. August 2, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2012. 112. ^ Gillman, Todd J. (July 20, 2010). "Pete Sessions joins Tea Party Caucus, parries Democrats' attacks over "exact same agenda" and the Bush years" . The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved July 21, 2012. 113. ^ McCullagh, Declan (December 15, 2011). "Meet SOPA author Lamar Smith, Hollywood's favorite Republican" . CNET. Retrieved July 21, 2012. 114. ^ Kant, Garth (December 9, 2013). "Tea-Party Favorite Takes on GOP Big Name" . WorldNetDaily. Retrieved July 4, 2014. 115. ^ Canham, Matt (January 28, 2012). "Rob Bishop could be next tea party target in Utah" . The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved July 18, 2012. 116. ^ Walter, Amy (August 22, 2011). "Tea Party Rising Star Jason Chaffetz Says He Won't Challenge Sen. Hatch In GOP Primary" . ABC News. Retrieved July 18, 2012. 117. ^ Blumenthal, Paul (October 25, 2011). "Mike Lee, Tea Party Senator, Wants A Super PAC For His Leadership PAC" . The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2012. 118. ^ Stone, Daniel (October 30, 2011). "The Tea Party Pork Binge" . Newsweek. Retrieved July 31, 2012. 119. ^ Hunt, Kasie (January 23, 2011). "N.H. tea party win a sign for 2012?" . Politico. Retrieved July 25, 2012. 120. ^ Catanese, David (May 14, 2011). "Tomblin, Maloney win in West Virginia" . Politico. Retrieved July 23, 2012. 121. ^ Parker, Ashley (November 14, 2011). "Wyoming Congresswoman to Endorse Romney" . The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

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