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APPRAISAL IN ONLINE REVIEWS OF SOUTH PARK: A study of engagement resources used in online reviews. Master's thesis Tiina Paronen University of Jyväskylä Department of languages English August 2011 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Kielten laitos Tekijä – Author Tiina Paronen Työn nimi – Title APPRAISAL IN ONLINE REVIEWS OF SOUTH PARK: A study of engagement resources used in online reviews. Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level englanti Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages elokuu 2011 76 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisin kielellisin keinoin kirjoittaja voi ilmaista mielipiteitään ja arvioitaan verkkoarvosteluissa. Tutkielma pyrkii kuvailemaan keinoja, joilla kirjoittaja huomioi lukijan pyrkiessään omiin tavoitteisiinsa. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on myös tarkastella verkkoarvosteluja genre-analyysin näkökulmasta. Teoreettisesti ja metodologisesti tutkimus nojaa Martinin ja Whiten kehittelemään arvioimisen analyysiin (appraisal analysis). Tutkimusaineisto koostuu neljästätoista televisioanimaation verkkoarvostelusta. Verkkoarvosteluja tarkastellaan laadullisesti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat kirjoittajan kiinnittävän paljon huomiota suhteeseen lukijan kanssa, mikä ilmenee kirjoittajan käyttämistä kielellisistä keinoista. Tutkimuksen perusteella lukijan ja kirjoittajan suhde on kirjoittajalle vähintään yhtä tärkeää kuin kirjoittajan omien mielipiteiden ilmaisu. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että kirjailija luo itselleen oletuslukijan valitsemillaan keinoilla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat verkkoarvostelujen sisältävän paljon viittauksia viihdemaailman henkilöihin, elokuviin ja ihmisiin. Viittaukset auttavat kirjoittajaa luomaan verkkoarvosteluille oletuslukijan. Tutkimuksen perusteella linkit ovat verkkoarvosteluille tyypillisiä piirteitä, jotka ohjaavat lukijaa. Asiasanat – Keywords discourse studies, text analysis, appraisal, genre Säilytyspaikka – Depository Kielten laitos Muita tietoja – Additional information Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 2 REVIEWS IN COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION .................................. 9 2.1 Computer-mediated communication ........................................................................ 9 2.2 Genres in computer-mediated communication ...................................................... 10 3 THE APPRAISAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 13 3.1 Appraisal in systemic functional linguistics ........................................................... 13 3.2 Appraisal- defining the concept ............................................................................. 15 3.3 Attitude ................................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Graduation .............................................................................................................. 19 3.5 Engagement ............................................................................................................ 19 4 PREVIOUS STUDIES .................................................................................................. 25 4.1 Studies on appraisal................................................................................................ 25 4.2 Studies on online reviews....................................................................................... 28 5 THE SET-UP OF THE PRESENT STUDY .................................................................. 32 5.1 Aims and research questions .................................................................................. 32 5.2 General description of the data: South Park reviews on IGN ................................ 33 5.3 Methods of analysis: examining engagement ........................................................ 36 6 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 39 6.1 Disclaim ................................................................................................................. 39 6.1. 1 Denials ........................................................................................................... 39 6.1.2 Counters .......................................................................................................... 43 6.2 Entertain ................................................................................................................. 46 6.2.1 Evidence-appearance-based postulations ........................................................ 47 6.2.2 Modal auxiliaries ............................................................................................. 48 6.2.3 Modal adjuncts ................................................................................................ 49 6.2.4 Modal attributes and mental/verb attribute projections .................................. 50 6.3 Proclaim ................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.1 Concurrence .................................................................................................... 51 6.3.2 Endorsement .................................................................................................... 52 6.3.3 Pronouncement ................................................................................................ 53 6.4 Attribute ................................................................................................................. 54 6.4.1 Acknowledge ................................................................................................... 54 6.4.2 Distance ........................................................................................................... 55 6.5 Other findings ......................................................................................................... 56 6.5.1 Links to the show and the IGN website .......................................................... 57 6.5.2 References to films, television shows and books ............................................ 59 6.5.3 References to people ....................................................................................... 61 7 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 64 7.1 Writer-reader relationships ..................................................................................... 64 7.2 Intertextuality creating expectations ...................................................................... 67 7.3. Online characteristics ............................................................................................ 69 8 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 73 Primary sources ............................................................................................................ 73 Secondary sources ........................................................................................................ 74 7 1 INTRODUCTION The internet offers a vast selection of texts for readers everywhere. One can find an article on almost any subject that comes to mind. The internet presents a possibility for writers everywhere to publish and share their texts. All one really needs is access to a computer and the internet. As a result, the internet is filled with articles, journals, newspapers, blogs and so forth. The internet also works as a new forum for critics all around the world. Traditional reviews have migrated from newspapers to the internet, where writers are given the possibility to easily share their thoughts and ideas with the rest of the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the linguistic methods and tools that writers apply to express opinions, to evaluate, to criticize and to complement. My work will focus on online reviews, which are evaluative and argumentative texts to begin with and therefore likely to include different ways of expressing attitudes and opinions. Another reason to study reviews is my own personal interest in different ways of expressing one's opinions and in ways of persuading the reader to believe that what one is arguing is in fact the truth. Furthermore, I am interested in the textual characteristics of online reviews as a genre and especially how these characteristics are constructed in the vocabulary and grammar of the reviews. Both the theoretical and the methodological framework of this study rely heavily on the theory of systemic functional grammar. The main field of study I am working in is discourse analysis, more specifically appraisal analysis. Appraisal analysis is still a relatively new area in discourse analysis and there is a lot of room for new studies. My study contributes to research in these areas in the sense that even though there is research about reviews and especially about literary criticism, there is relatively little research about online reviews and their linguistic characteristics. Accordingly, the 8 practical application of this study is to offer information about the genre of online reviews and its characteristics. As my material I will use reviews on the animated
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