DOCSLIB.ORG

Resettlement Work Plan (RWP) for Area (2-2) West (Part-1) of Thilawa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resettlement Work Plan (RWP) for Area (2-2) West (Part-1) of Thilawa Resettlement Work Plan (RWP) for Area (2-2) West (Part-1) of Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) September 2019 Yangon Region Government Table of Content List of Abbreviations Acronyms Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Location of Thilawa SEZ ....................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Outline of the Overall Development Area .............................................................................. 2 1.4 Development Plan of Zone B Development Area .................................................................. 3 1.5 Scope of this RWP .................................................................................................................. 3 1.6 Location of Area 2-2 West (Part-1) ........................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2 RELOCATION SCOPE ......................................................................................... 7 2.1 Status of Thilawa SEZ Development Area ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Resettlement Scope ................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ............................................................................ 9 3.1 Previous Census and Socio-Economic Survey ....................................................................... 9 3.2 Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) ................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Methods of DMS ............................................................................................................ 9 3.2.2 Results of DMS for Area (2-2) West (Part-1) ............................................................... 10 CHAPTER 4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................... 18 4.1 Relevant Laws and Regulations in Myanmar ....................................................................... 18 4.2 International Practices on Relocation and Resettlement ...................................................... 19 4.3 JICA Policies on Relocation and Resettlement .................................................................... 19 4.4 Gap Analysis and Gap Filling Measures .............................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 5 COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE PACKAGE FOR THE PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPs) ........................................................................... 25 5.1 Eligibility of Compensation and Assistance Package........................................................... 25 5.2 Principle of Compensation and Assistance Package ............................................................ 26 5.2.1 Land Compensation ...................................................................................................... 26 5.2.2 Contents of Assistance Package .................................................................................... 26 5.2.3 Contents of Income Restoration Program (IRP) ........................................................... 28 5.3 Entitlement Matrix ............................................................................................................... 28 5.4 Structure Classification ........................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 6 RESETTLEMENT SITE PLAN .......................................................................... 36 6.1 Applicable PAHs .................................................................................................................. 36 6.2 Location and Specification of Resettlement Sites ................................................................ 36 6.2.1 Process to Determine Resettlement Sites...................................................................... 36 6.2.2 Planned Resettlement Site 1 ......................................................................................... 39 6.2.3 Planned Resettlement Site 2 ......................................................................................... 42 i CHAPTER 7 INCOME RESTORATION PROGRAM ............................................................. 45 7.1 Approach of Income Restoration Program (IRP) ................................................................. 45 7.2 Past Activities under the IRP for Zone A and Zone B Phases 1 and 2 .................................. 46 7.3 Outline of IRP ...................................................................................................................... 47 7.3.1 Target of IRP ................................................................................................................. 47 7.3.2 On-going and Proposed IRP Contents .......................................................................... 48 7.4 Provisional Implementation Schedule of IRP ...................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE .................. 51 8.1 Approach of Public Participation and Information Disclosure ............................................ 51 8.2 Results of Public Consultation Meetings for Draft Resettlement Works for Area (2-2) ...................................................................................................................................... 51 8.3 Result of Public Consultation Meeting for Draft RWP ........................................................ 53 8.4 Disclosure of the Draft RWP ................................................................................................ 56 8.5 Comments on the Draft RWP ............................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 9 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ................................................................ 61 CHAPTER 10 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ........................................................... 62 10.1 Objectives and Approach of Thilawa Complaints Management Procedure (TCMP) .......... 62 10.2 Channels for Raising a Complaint ........................................................................................ 62 10.3 Steps for Resolving Complaints ........................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 11 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ..................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 12 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................ 68 12.1 Purpose and Outline of Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................. 68 12.2 Internal Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 69 12.3 External Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 70 12.4 Overall Monitoring Structure ............................................................................................... 71 12.5 Evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 72 Annexes: 1. Question Forms Used for Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) 2. Record of Consultation Meeting 3. Draft Terms of Reference for External Monitoring 4. Sample of Monitoring Forms 5. Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ii List of Tables Table 1-1 Areas and Locations of Area 2-2 West (Part-1) ........................................................ 6 Table 2-1 Group and Number of PAHs/PAPs ........................................................................... 8 Table 3-1 Outline of Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) .................................................. 10 Table 3-2 Ethnicity of PAHs ................................................................................................... 10 Table 3-3 Religion of PAHs .................................................................................................... 10 Table 3-4 Literacy of PAHs ..................................................................................................... 11 Table 3-5 Type and Number of Large Size Livestock (Cow and Buffalo) Raised by PAHs ... 11 Table 3-6 Type and Number of Small Size Livestock Raised by PAHs .................................. 11 Table 3-7 Rice yield, Type and Amount of Vegetable and Tree Grown by PAHs ................... 12 Table 3-8 Movable Assets of PAHs ......................................................................................... 13 Table 3-9 Main Income Source of Household Head ............................................................... 14 Table 3-10 Main Income Source of Other Working Family Members ...................................... 14 Table 3-11 Annual Income of PAHs ......................................................................................... 15 Table 3-12 Average and Median of Annual Expenditure of PAHs ............................................ 16 Table 3-13 Average Annual Expenditure of Major Items ......................................................... 16 Table 3-14 Summary of Vulnerable Households .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TRENDS in MANDALAY Photo Credits
    Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN MANDALAY Photo credits Paul van Hoof Mithulina Chatterjee Myanmar Survey Research The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN MANDALAY UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 11 2. Methodology 14 2.1 Objectives 15 2.2 Research tools 15 3. Introduction to Mandalay region and participating townships 18 3.1 Socio-economic context 20 3.2 Demographics 22 3.3 Historical context 23 3.4 Governance institutions 26 3.5 Introduction to the three townships participating in the mapping 33 4. Governance at the frontline: Participation in planning, responsiveness for local service provision and accountability 38 4.1 Recent developments in Mandalay region from a citizen’s perspective 39 4.1.1 Citizens views on improvements in their village tract or ward 39 4.1.2 Citizens views on challenges in their village tract or ward 40 4.1.3 Perceptions on safety and security in Mandalay Region 43 4.2 Development planning and citizen participation 46 4.2.1 Planning, implementation and monitoring of development fund projects 48 4.2.2 Participation of citizens in decision-making regarding the utilisation of the development funds 52 4.3 Access to services 58 4.3.1 Basic healthcare service 62 4.3.2 Primary education 74 4.3.3 Drinking water 83 4.4 Information, transparency and accountability 94 4.4.1 Aspects of institutional and social accountability 95 4.4.2 Transparency and access to information 102 4.4.3 Civil society’s role in enhancing transparency and accountability 106 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Union Government Notification Order No. 76/2018
    Unofficial Translation The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Union Government Notification Order no. 76 /2018 2nd Waning of first Waso, Myanmar Era 1380 29th June 2018 Cooperation in the implementation of Myanmar Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative-MEITI process by the respective Union Ministries, Union Level Organizations and State or Regional Government Organizations sustainably 1) To cooperate the implementation of MEITI by the respective Union Ministries, Union Level Organizations and State and Regional Government Organizations, the Union Government issued this notification. 2) Union Government formed Myanmar Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative-MEITI Leading Committee by the notification number 115/2016 dated 19th December 2016. 3) In order to support the MEITI Leading Committee, MEITI process and activities is being implemented by the formation of MEITI working committee, MEITI Multi-Stakeholder Group (MSG) and MEITI-National Coordination Secretariat (MEITI-NCS). 4) Myanmar is to be a compliant country in EITI, the first MEITI report was published on January, 2016 and the second and third MEITI reports were produced on March 2018. MEITI forestry sector report covering 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 fiscal years are also being developed and will be produced at the end of June 2018. 5) In order to support reform process for extractive resource management attaining sustainable development, were being undertaken to form Sub-National Coordination Unit- SNU in State and Regions with the Notification letter number of 27(15/1573)/7/President Office dated on 27th September 2017 of Economic Department of President Office in Rakhine state, Shan state, Sagaing, Taninthary, Magwe and Mandalay regions. Consequently, SNUs were being formed in Taninthary and Mandalay Regions and consequently formations of SNUs in other state and regions shall be proceed.
    [Show full text]
  • Budget Guide for Decision Makers
    Credits Budget Guide for Decision Makers Advisors - Mr David Allan - Ms Natalie Fuller (supported by the Australian Volunteers for International Development program) Project Team - Hnin Phwe Phwe Oo, Zam Deih Khual Cartoon illustrators - Cartoon Lailone, Cartoon Salai Suan Pi Donor - The Asia Foundation Organizer - Spectrum - Sustainable Development Knowledge Network Cover and layout design - Cartoon Shwe Lu and SOLiD Media & Printing Services Producer - Spectrum - Sustainable Development Knowledge Network Print run - 1000 Explanatory note: This document was originally written in English and translated by Htin Kyaw Aye into Myanmar. Due to a high level of interest, it has been reproduced here in English. It contains minor amendments / clarifications to the Myanmar version. Foreword Table of Contents Myanmar's interest in Public Financial Management Reform (PFM) continues to increase and much Introduction 1 Budget literacy 3 progress has been made. After the "Budget Guide for Growing Citizens" release in 2015 we received Key terms ................................................................................................... 3 many requests for guides to offer more information to decision makers and the public in general. The Reading a Budget ....................................................................................... 5 aim is real impact on people's lives through improved utilisation of state finances. The money in the Assessing a Budget ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • I. Notification 2/2017 on Withholding Tax
    Myanmar News I. Notification 2/2017 on Withholding Tax II. Union Tax Law, 2017 III. Draft Law Amending the Special Goods Tax Law IV. Notification 6/2017 on Import of Goods March 2017 Legal and Tax Advice | www.luther-lawfirm.com Corporate Services | www.luther-services.com Myanmar News: Myanmar Tax Update 2017 Table of Content I. Notification 2/2017 on Withholding Tax II. Union Tax Law, 2017 III. Draft Law Amending the Special Goods Tax Law IV. Notification 6/2017 on “Procedures for legal action against imports in contravention of license, specifications” Annex I - Unofficial English Translation Annex II - Unofficial English Translation Annex III - Unofficial English Translation Annex IV - Unofficial English Translation 2 I. Notification 2/2017 on the purchase of goods and services shall not be required to withhold taxes from such payments. Withholding Tax Further, the internal policies provide, that the assessment On 10 January 2017, the Ministry of Planning and Finance is- whether a service or procurement is deemed to be made with- sued Notification 2/2017 with updated rates and regulations in in the country or procured from abroad is to be made by the Di- respect of withholding tax on interest payments, royalties for rector-General of the of the Internal Revenue Department. the use of licenses, trademarks and patent rights, and pay- ments for the purchase of goods, services performed and the leasing/hiring of property. The applicable withholding tax shall 4. Lease/Rental/Hiring be withheld, filed and paid – regardless of whether the pay- ment recipient has agreed to the deduction or not – in Myan- Previously, it was unclear whether rental payments are sub- mar Kyats in case of payments to resident citizens or resident ject to withholding tax.
    [Show full text]
  • The Preparatory Survey Report on the Provision of Equipment for Rural Water Supply Project in the Central Dry Zone (Phase 2) in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
    DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (DRD) MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MLFRD) THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR THE PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROVISION OF EQUIPMENT FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN THE CENTRAL DRY ZONE (PHASE 2) IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR JANUARY 2016 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY(JICA) EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD. (JAPAN) ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. (JAPAN) 環境 CR(3) 16-003 PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey and entrust the survey to the consortium consist of Earth System Science Co., Ltd. and Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Myanmar, and conducted a field investigations. As a result of the further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Myanmar for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. January, 2016 Kunihiro Yamauchi Director General Global Environment Department Japan International Cooperation Agency Summary SUMMARY 1. OUTLINE OF MYANMAR (1) LAND AND NATURAL CONDITIONS Myanmar is located in the westernmost of Southeastern Asia and bordered with India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thai, and facing the Bengal Bay and Andaman Sea. It occupies about 680 x 103 km2 of land (About 1.8 times that of Japan). The population is 51.49 million persons (2014, the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census).
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup 26 Feb 21 Eng.Docx
    Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup Updated 26 February 2021 Security forces violently cracked down and arrested protesters across Burma’s states and regions today, including Yangon. The junta used tear gas, flash bang grenades, rubber bullets, water cannons, heavy sticks and live rounds against the peaceful protests in particular in Yangon (Myaynigone, Hledan, Hlaing Station Road, Kabaraye Pagoda Road in front of Myanmar Plaza), Mandalay (62nd street in front of Manaw Ranman Playground, between 38 street and 78 street, 35 street in front of Mya Taung Monastery, 78 street in front of Diamond Plaza), Naypyidaw, and Ngape Town in Magway Region. In the midst of such violent acts of suppression, domestic reporters including one Japanese reporter and protesters were detained and many injuries occurred. The civil servants participating in civil disobedience movement (CDM) and other anti-military dictatorship protests are being threatened by township administrative council and other officials. During the night security forces raid houses and arbitrarily arrest protestors, activists, politicians and CDM participants under the guise of security. The continued filing of lawsuits and arrest warrants, in tandem with violent suppression against peaceful protesters by military and police has intended to fuel unrest since the beginning of the coup. 8 civilians are confirmed dead and many more have suffered injuries as of 26 February. The military coup regime is committing ● Violent suppression with weapons, vehicles, and personnel against
    [Show full text]
  • Placement Test for the 2019 English Language Training for Government Officials
    Placement Test for The 2019 English Language Training for Government Officials The 2019 English Language Training for Government Officials, in cooperation between the Union Civil Service Board, New Zealand Embassy (Yangon), and Victoria University in Wellington; will be conducted at the Office No. 17, the Union Civil Service Board (UCSB), Nay Pyi Taw. Placement Test for this training programme will be held from 10:00am to 10:35 am on 16 November 2018 (Friday). As registration will be started at 09:00 am, all candidates are requested to arrive by not later than 09:15am for your registration. Subsequently, sharing session of exam information will be commenced at 09:40 am for your kind attention. As the applicants are aware, the list of applicants are divided into three (3) different groups (Senior Level, Middle Level, and Staff Officer Level). For your ease to find the role numbers, the UCSB would like to use such terms “S” “ M” and “SO” respectively, “ S” herein referred to the Senior Level, “M” used for middle level, and SO referred to Staff Officer Level. -2- Union Civil Service Board Nomination Lists to attend English Language Training for Government Officials Group (1) Director Level and Above Level and Same Salary Functionaries Roll No. Name Designation Ministry/Organization Remark S- 1 U Aung Kyaw Zaw Director President’s Office S- 2 U Thein Win Director President’s Office S- 3 U Bhone Kyi Aung Deputy Director The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw General S- 4 U Zaw Oo Director The Pyithu Hluttaw S- 5 U Zaw Min Aung Director The Supreme Court of
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Land Acquisitions for Agricultural Development in Myanmar: a Review of Past and Current Processes
    Mekong Region Land Governance Thematic Study Large-Scale Land Acquisitions for Agricultural Development in Myanmar: A Review of Past and Current Processes May 2018 Written by U San Thein, Jean-Christophe Diepart, U Hlwan Moe, and Céline Allaverdian Thematic Study iii Written by U San Thein, Jean-Christophe Diepart, U Hlwan Moe, and Céline Allaverdian Reviewed by: Brett Ballard, UNOPS Myanmar Paul De Wit, FAO/EU FIRST Programme Myanmar Antoine Deligne, UNOPS Myanmar Kevin Woods, University of Hawaii U Shwe Thein, Land Core Group For more information, contact U San Thein: <[email protected]> Céline Allaverdian at GRET Myanmar: <[email protected]> Jean-Christophe Diepart at MRLG: <[email protected]> Suggested citation: San Thein, Hlwan Moe, Diepart J.-C. and C. Allaverdian (2018). Large-Scale Land Acquisitions for Agricultural Development in Myanmar: A Review of Past and Current Processes. MRLG Thematic Study Series #9. Vientiane: MRLG. The views, opinions and interpretations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and contributors. They should not be interpreted as representing the official or unofficial views or positions of SDC, BMZ and Luxembourg. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License iv v Contents Contents v List of acronyms vii Executive summary viii Introduction 1 Methods and data sources 3 1. A genealogy of agricultural land acquisition processes in Myanmar 5 1.1 Myanmar land history at a glance 5 1.2 Colonial legacy in contemporary agricultural
    [Show full text]
  • MYANMAR Ministry of Health Proclamation No
    Unofficial Translation 1 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR Ministry Of Health Proclamation No. 11/2016 Myanmar Year 1377, 6th of Tabodwe Month (29th February 2016) The Ministry of Health, in practice of its rights which are in accordance with the Restrictions on Cigarette and Tobacco Products Consumption Law Section 8 Sub-Section (e) and Section 19 Sub-Section (b), establishes the following Proclamation, with approval made in Government Meeting No. (4/2016) on 28th January 2016: Section 1 Name and Effective Date 1. (a) This order will be hereinafter called the “Order of Printing Warning Images and Texts on the Packaging of Tobacco Products”. (b) This Order announcement will be effective within six months from the date of commencement of this Order. Section 2 Warning Texts and Images to be printed on the packaging of Tobacco Products 2. The manufacturer of Cigarette and Tobacco Products shall print Warning Images and Texts on the packaging in accordance with the following conditions: (a) On the packaging (each and every box and cotton package) of Cigarettes, there must be printing described as follows: (1) On both the front and back sides of the package, there must be the text: “Smoking can cause you Mouth Cancer”, and on the top surface of the package, “Smoking can severely harm your health” must be printed, and on the left side surface of the package, the text “Cigarettes contain Nitrosamine, Benzopyrene and others which are the compounds that can cause cancer. Stop Smoking” must be printed and on the right side surface, the text “Nicotine, Tar and Carbon Monoxide contained in Cigarettes can cause heart and lung failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Milestones in the NLD's First 100 Days | March 30
    Milestones in the NLD’s First 100 Days | March 30 - July 7 2016 sPolitical Economic Social Domestic International Apr 1 Parliament approves State Apr 1 new 5% tax levied on telecom- Apr 1 Thousands protest in northern March 30 Nai Thet Lwin inaugurated Apr 27 Official meeting on repatri- Counselor position munications Rakhine State against clashes between Union Minister of Ethnic Affairs Ministry ation of 120,000 refugees along the government military and Arakan Army Thai-Myanmar border Apr 1 Ministry of Construction an- Apr 22 ADB okays $10 million grant Apr 1 TNLA and government troops nounces closure of over half of Myan- from Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction Apr 24 Landslides and floods wreck engage in renewed clashes mar’s toll gates to rebuild infrastructure in Chin State hundreds of homes in Kachin State Apr 27 State Counselor meets with Apr 4 President’s Office tells civil ser- Apr 28 Nationalists linked to Ma Ba Joint Monitoring Committee May 1 Chairman of Myanmar’s Securi- vants not to take gifts over K25,000 Tha protest use of “Rohingya” term Apr 27 U Tin Myo Win appointed April ties and Exchange Commission resigns outside US Embassy | govt’s lead peace negotiator May 1 Ministry of Labor commits to May 4 Gov’t creates committee on pri- protect labor rights and enforce child vatization of state-run enterprises May 5 Protests renew after news of Apr 28 Gov’t bans logging operations labor laws resumed Letpadaung mine operations May 12-20 IMF team visits Myanmar May 5 Heavy fighting between TNLA, May 10 Yangon Region Minister an-
    [Show full text]
  • Order (2/2020)
    Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Commerce Myanmar Competition Commission Order No. 2/2020 2nd Waxing day of Tagu, 1381 ME (March 25th, 2020) Myanmar Competition Commission hereby issues this order in exercising its power conferred by the Clause (b), Article 56 of the Competition Law. 1. In order to create free and fair competition among businesses (including services), promote uniform fair competition in the market, ensure equality, and prevent damage to the public interests, business operators shall be aware of and comply with the following restraints on sale promotion – (a) Conducting a public advertisement or any other sale promotion method for a business requires the use of accurate and accountable or fully warranted language, presentation, wording, logo and facts. (b) The use of false, untrue, misleading, deceptive or which may reasonably be interpreted as deceptive language, presentation, wording, logo and facts is prohibited. (c) The use of language, presentation, wording, logo and facts that may damage, put at disadvantage or disrupt the business operations of other businesses is prohibited. (d) The use of language, presentation, wording, logo and facts that may resemble or be imitative of other businesses is prohibited. (e) Businesses that intend to publicize their reception of recommendation or recognition from an organization shall have or submit accurate and strong evidence provided by the relevant organization. 2. Any business operator shall be aware of and comply with these restraints on sale promotion described in the paragraph 1 above and failure to comply shall be penalized in line either with the management method prescribed in the Competition Law or with the Criminal Law.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Laws
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington i FROM CONFLICTING TO COMPLEMENTING: THE FORMALISATION OF CUSTOMARY LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS GOVERNING SWIDDEN CULTIVATION IN MYANMAR BY JIM DAVID ENNION A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws 2015 ii Abstract Swiddening is a traditional and widespread agricultural system in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. It is prevalent in Myanmar’s hilly border region. However, economic, political, demographic, social and technological drivers in this region are causing this form of land use to undergo significant transition. This transition is affecting the customary land use rights of swidden farmers. Throughout Myanmar’s tumultuous history, customary land management systems and the state land management system have been poorly integrated. This has led to customary land use rights receiving little formal recognition and left customary right-holders vulnerable to exploitation. Recent political and economic developments within Myanmar have prompted changes to the state land management system. The Myanmar government introduced the Farmland Law 2012 and the Vacant Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 which significantly altered how agricultural land is managed. However, these laws also contain minimal interaction with customary land management systems. In relation to swidden cultivation, the legislation is unclear how land under customary tenure is identified, how communally-held land is recognised and what swidden practices are legally permitted. The draft National Land Use Policy released in late 2014 reveals progress in addressing these issues.
    [Show full text]