Und Zwiebelfliege (Delia Antiqua) Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung Des Einsatzes Von Simulationsmodellen Im Integrierten Pflanzenschutz

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Und Zwiebelfliege (Delia Antiqua) Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung Des Einsatzes Von Simulationsmodellen Im Integrierten Pflanzenschutz Populationsökologische Untersuchungen zur Spargelfliege (Platyparea poeciloptera) und Zwiebelfliege (Delia antiqua) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Einsatzes von Simulationsmodellen im Integrierten Pflanzenschutz Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Biologie / Chemie / Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Mathias W. Otto aus Erpen Bayreuth, Februar 2002 Der praktische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit erstreckte sich vom November 1996 bis zum März 2000 und wurde vom Verfasser am Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA) in Braunschweig sowie an der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz in Mainz durchgeführt. Die Betreuung der Arbeit während dieser Zeit oblag Dr. Martin Hommes der BBA. Darüber hinaus wurde die Arbeit extern von Herrn Prof. Dr. K. Fiedler am Lehrstuhl für Tierökolo- gie I der Universität Bayreuth begleitet. Eine Einschreibung für ein Promotionsstudium in Bayreuth erfolgte zwischen dem SS 1998 und dem WS 2000/2001. Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Fiedler Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Dettner GLIEDERUNG Gliederung 1. Einleitung Seite 1.1. Einführung und Zielsetzung ............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Problematik der behandelten Kulturen und Schadorganismen ....................................... 3 1.3. Einsatz von Computermodellen im Integrierten Pflanzenschutz ..................................... 5 1.4. Arbeitsziele ...................................................................................................................... 7 A. Spargelfliege Platyparea poeciloptera A.1. Material und Methoden A.1.1. Biologie und Verbreitung ..................................................................................... 8 A.1.2. Lebensdauer und Fekundität ............................................................................. 11 A.1.3. Ressourcennutzung ........................................................................................... 12 A.1.4. Ausbreitung (‚Dispersal‘) ................................................................................... 12 A.1.4.1. Wiederfang-Versuche .................................................................................. 13 A.1.4.2. Temperaturabhängige Aktivität .................................................................... 14 A.1.5. Versuchsflächen ................................................................................................ 14 A.1.6. Entwicklung eines geeigneten Fallentyps .......................................................... 16 A.1.6.1. Fallenfarben ................................................................................................. 16 A.1.6.2. Fallenformen ................................................................................................ 18 A.1.6.3. Optimierung von Stableimfallen ................................................................... 19 A.1.7. Erfassung der Populationsdynamik im Freiland ................................................ 20 A.1.8. Erfassung des Flugverlaufs ............................................................................... 21 A.1.9. Befallskontrollen und Sammeln von Puppen ..................................................... 22 A.1.10. Schlupf von Puppen im Freiland ........................................................................ 22 A.1.11. Schlupf von Puppen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen ..................................... 23 A.1.12. Einfluß von Puppenherkunft, Anlagenalter und Befallszeitpunkt auf den Schlupf von Puppen im Folgejahr ......................................................... 24 A.1.13. Statistische Auswertung .................................................................................... 25 A.2. Ergebnisse A.2.1. Lebensdauer und Fekundität ............................................................................. 27 A.2.2. Ressourcennutzung ........................................................................................... 28 A.2.2.1. Räumliche Verteilung von Puppen und Befall .............................................. 28 A.2.2.2. Puppendichte in Trieben und ihre Konsequenzen für die Fitneß von P. poeciloptera und die Pflanzengesundheit .............................. 30 A.2.3. Ausbreitung (‚Dispersal‘) ................................................................................... 34 A.2.3.1. Wiederfang-Versuche .................................................................................. 34 A.2.3.2. Temperaturabhängige Aktivität .................................................................... 37 I GLIEDERUNG A.2.4. Entwicklung eines geeigneten Fallentyps ..........................................................38 A.2.4.1. Fallenfarbe ....................................................................................................38 A.2.4.2. Fallenform .....................................................................................................41 A.2.4.3. Optimierung von Stableimfallen ....................................................................42 A.2.5. Zusammenhang zwischen Fallenfängen und Befall ...........................................44 A.2.6. Flugverläufe 1997-99 .........................................................................................45 A.2.7. Einfluß des Geschlechts auf den Puppenschlupf ...............................................50 A.2.8. Schlupf von Puppen im Freiland ........................................................................51 A.2.9. Schlupf von Puppen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen ......................................54 A.2.9.1. Einfluß von konstanten und alternierenden Temperaturen ..........................54 A.2.9.2. Einfluß der Puppenherkunft und des Anlagenalters .....................................56 A.2.9.3. Einfluß des Befallszeitpunkts ........................................................................60 A.3. Diskussion und Schlußfolgerungen A.3.1. Lebensdauer, Fekundität und allgemeine Biologie ............................................63 A.3.2. Ressourcennutzung ...........................................................................................64 A.3.3. Ausbreitung (‚Dispersal‘) ....................................................................................68 A.3.4. Fallendesign und Wirtsfindung ...........................................................................71 A.3.5. Populationsdynamik ...........................................................................................73 A.3.5.1. Flugverläufe ..................................................................................................73 A.3.5.2. Puppenschlupf im Freiland und Labor ..........................................................76 A.3.5.3. Steuerung der Populationsdynamik ..............................................................78 A.3.6. Bedeutung der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich einer Modellierung ...............................79 A.3.7. Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für den Integrierten Pflanzenschutz ........................80 A.3.8. Zusammenfassende Betrachtung der Ökologie von P. poeciloptera .................83 B. Zwiebelfliege Delia antiqua B.1. Material und Methoden B.1.1. Biologie, Verbreitung und Schadbilder ...............................................................86 B.1.2. Insektenzuchten .................................................................................................88 B.1.3. Versuche zu Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeiten unter naturnahen und kontrollierten Bedingungen .........................................................................89 B.1.4. Versuchsflächen .................................................................................................91 B.1.5. Verwendete Fallen .............................................................................................92 B.1.6. Aufstellung und Kontrolle von Fallen ..................................................................93 B.1.7. Befallsverteilung und Befallsstärke ....................................................................95 B.1.8. Modellierung .......................................................................................................95 B.1.9. Statistische Auswertung .....................................................................................96 II GLIEDERUNG B.2. Ergebnisse B.2.1. Temperaturabhängige Entwicklung ................................................................... 97 B.2.2. Populationsdynamik ..........................................................................................99 B.2.2.1. Fang von Imagines ...................................................................................... 99 B.2.2.2. Flugverläufe ............................................................................................... 103 B.2.2.3. Schlupfkäfige ............................................................................................. 103 B.2.2.4. Verteilung von Diapausepuppen auf dem Feld .......................................... 105 B.2.2.5. Zuchten im Freilandinsektarium ................................................................. 106 B.2.3. Simulationsmodell B.2.3.1. Modellstruktur ............................................................................................ 107 B.2.3.2. Entwicklungsfunktionen ............................................................................. 108 B.2.3.3. Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten zwischen Altersklassen
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