Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Pest Insects - Aleyrodes Proletella As a Model Organism

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Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Pest Insects - Aleyrodes Proletella As a Model Organism Impact of climate change on vegetable pest insects - Aleyrodes proletella as a model organism Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. genehmigte Dissertation von Diplom-Biologin Christine Tölle-Nolting geboren am 15.02.1983 in Lemgo 2015 Abstract Referent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Hans-Michael Poehling Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Hansjörg Küster Tag der Promotion: 30.01.2015 ii Abstract Abstract The cabbage whitefly Aleyrodes proletella is a serious pest in cabbage. The importance of this species increased in the last 30 years with an enormous increase in the last ten years (Loomans et al. 2002; van Alebeek 2008). The population increase might be a consequence of the climate change and the increase in the average temperature in the last decades. Therefore we investigated experiments to test the influence of climate change on the cabbage whitefly. It has been assumed that the temperature will increase about 2 °C in Lower Saxony in the next century and that extreme events like heat waves will occur more often (Hartmann et al. 2013). Repeated heat waves were modeled in climate chambers to study the effect of this slowly increasing hot temperature on the mortality and development on A. proletella . The whiteflies were exposed to the heat waves in all developmental stages either in Petri dishes or on plants. The experiments showed that the temperature and the duration of the heat waves had no influence on the mortality or the developmental success. The only effect was a speeding up of the development from egg to larvae. An increase in temperature can also effect the plant nutrients and the secondary plant compounds. To test the influence of repeated heat waves on secondary compounds and to investigate if a change in the population density might be caused by them, the glucosinolates in plants exposed to heat waves were analyzed. The heat waves had no significant effect on the amount and composition of glucosinolates, while the sucking of the whitefly increased the amount of glucosinolates, especially sinigrin and progroitin threefold. Next to the temperature also the precipitation regime will change with an increase in heavy rains in summer, but also more dry spells from spring to autumn. To test the influence of heavy rain a rain arena was constructed where whiteflies were exposed to medium (0.6 l/min*m²), heavy (2 l/min*m²) and torrential (6 l/min*m²) rain. Our experiments showed that the rain had no negative effect on the larvae and the adults were only negatively influenced under torrential rain, whereas half of the egg clutches were destroyed by all rain intensities. Also the egg-laying decreased, if the females had faced a torrential rain shower. To test the influence of droughts Brussels sprout plants were either water-stressed (water holding capacity > 80%) or drought-stressed (water holding capacity <15%). Plants growing under a normal water holding capacity (40-50%) served as control. The plants grown under drought-stress were significantly smaller compared to the other plants. Under drought stress also the C/N-ratio decreased. Heavy droughts led to a decrease in the egg-laying and the iii Abstract insects which developed under these circumstances were significantly smaller. The water- stress had no significant effect on both plants and whiteflies. In the last part of the project the influence of mild winters in comparison to cold winters was examined to study the mortality and development of the whiteflies. Furthermore the synchronization between the cabbage whitefly and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Encarsia tricolor should be studied. E. tricolor is a common parasitoid in Lower Saxony, which is however not able to control the whitefly successfully in the field today. Therefore greenhouses were built, half of them with heating devices, representing semi-field conditions. In autumn Brussels sprout plants, which were infested with Aleyrodes proletella in all developmental stages and additional parasitoids were brought into the houses. Our results showed that the adults survived best in the unheated houses while none of the larvae survived. In February the surviving adults laid eggs and the population development was much faster in the heated houses compared to the unheated ones. No parasitoids survived the winter in the greenhouses. Due to the results of our experiments we assume that the cabbage whitefly will gain in importance in the next years and might become one of the major pests in cabbage. Keywords: climate change, Aleyrodes proletella , heat waves, glucosinolates, drought, simulated rain iv Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die Kohlmottenschildlaus Aleyrodes proletella ist einer der brisantesten Kohlschädlinge. Die Bedeutung dieser Art hat in den letzten 30, ganz besonders aber in den letzten zehn Jahren zugenommen (Loomans et al. 2002; van Alebeek 2008). Dieses Populationswachstum könnte eine Folge des Klimawandels und des Anstiegs der Durchschnittstemperaturen in den letzten Jahren sein. Aus diesem Grund haben wir Experimente entwickelt, um den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Kohlmottenschildlaus zu untersuchen. Die Durchschnittstemperaturen werden sich in Niedersachsen bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts um 2 °C erhöhen und Extremereignisse wie Hitzewellen werden sich häufen (Hartmann et al. 2013). Um den Einfluss von extremen Temperaturen auf die Mortalität sowie die Entwicklung von Aleyrodes proletella zu testen, wurden wiederholte Hitzewellen in Klimakammern modelliert. Die Kohlmottenschildläuse wurden der Hitze in all ihren Entwicklungsstadien, entweder in Petrischalen oder aber an Rosenkohlpflanzen, ausgesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weder die Höchsttemperaturen der Hitzewellen, noch die Dauer des Hitzeereignisses einen Einfluss auf die Mortalität oder den Entwicklungserfolg haben. Einzig die Entwicklungszeit der Eier war positiv beeinflusst. Der Anstieg der Durchschnittstemperatur kann ebenso die Nährstoffe in Pflanzen und die sekundären Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe beeinflussen. Um die Wirkung der Hitzewellen auf sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe zu testen und festzustellen, ob diese einen Einfluss auf die Populationsänderungen von Aleyrodes proletella haben, wurden Rosenkohlpflanzen der Hitze ausgesetzt und die Glucosinolate in diesen geprüft. Die Hitzewellen hatten keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die Menge und Zusammensetzung der Glucosinolate, wohingegen die Saugaktivität der Kohlmottenschildläuse, besonders das Sinigrin und Progroitin, um das Doppelte bis Dreifache erhöhte. Neben der Temperatur wird sich auch das Niederschlagsregime ändern. Es ist eine Zunahme von Starkregenereignissen im Sommer zu erwarten, unterbrochen von länger anhaltenden Trockenperioden. Um den Einfluss dieses Starkregens zu testen, konstruierten wir eine Regenarena, in der die Kohlmottenschildläuse mittlerem (0,6 l/min*m²), starkem (2 l/min*m²) und sintflutartigem (6l/min*m²) Regen ausgesetzt waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Regen keine negativen Auswirkungen auf die Larven von A. proletella hatte und lediglich der sintflutartige Regen die Adulten negativ beeinflusste, wohingegen circa die v Zusammenfassung Hälfte der Eigelege unter allen Regenintensitäten zerstört wurden. Ebenso nahm die Eiablage ab, nachdem die Weibchen einem sintflutartigem Regenschauer ausgesetzt waren. Um den Einfluss von Trockenperioden zu testen, wurden Rosenkohlpflanzen entweder durch Trockenheit (Wasserkapazität des Bodens <15%) oder durch Überflutung (Wasserkapazität des Bodens >80%) gestresst. Pflanzen in normal feuchten Böden (Wasserkapazität des Bodens 40-50-%) dienten als Kontrolle. Die Pflanzen, die unter Trockenstress wuchsen, waren signifikant kleiner und das C/N-Verhältnis in den Blättern war geringer als bei den Kontrollpflanzen. Derartig starke Trockenheit führte zu einer Verringerung der Eiablage und die Tiere, die sich unter diesen Bedingungen entwickelten, waren kleiner. Das Überangebot an Wasser hatte keine signifikanten Auswirkungen, weder auf die Pflanzen, noch auf die Kohlmottenschildläuse. Im letzten Teil des Projekts wurde die Auswirkung von milden Wintern im Vergleich zu kalten Wintern auf die Mortalität und die Entwicklung von A. proletella untersucht. Darüber hinaus sollte die Synchronisation zwischen der Kohlmottenschildlaus und ihres natürlichen Gegenspielers, der Schlupfwespe Encarsia tricolor getestet werden. E. tricolor ist eine parasitische Wespe, die natürlicherweise in Niedersachsen vorkommt, unter den heutigen klimatischen Umständen aber nicht in der Lage ist, die Kohlmottenschildlaus erfolgreich zu kontrollieren. Für die Winterversuche wurden Minigewächshäuser konstruiert, in denen es möglich ist, die Insekten unter Semifreilandbedingungen zu untersuchen; die Hälfte der Häuser wurde dazu mit einer Heizung ausgestattet. Rosenkohlpflanzen, die mit Kohlmottenschildläusen in allen Entwicklungsstadien befallen waren, wurden in die Gewächshäuser gebracht. Zusätzlich wurden Mumien der Schlupfwespe in die Gewächshäuser eingebracht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die adulten Kohlmottenschildläuse am besten in den ungeheizten Häusern überlebten, wohingegen eine hohe Mortalität bei den Larven zu beobachten war. Im Februar legten die überlebenden Tiere Eier, wobei sich die Populationen in den geheizten Häusern deutlich schneller entwickelten als in den ungeheizten. Es fanden sich keine Parasitoide, weder in den geheizten noch in den ungeheizten Gewächshäuser. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse unserer Versuche nehmen
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