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Phrasal Verbs in Welsh in Relation to the Welsh Linguistic Norm and Contact with English

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Phrasal Verbs in Welsh in Relation to the Welsh Linguistic Norm and Contact with English Marta Listewnik Numer albumu 39330 Phrasal verbs in Welsh in relation to the Welsh linguistic norm and contact with English Czasowniki frazowe w języku walijskim w odniesieniu do walijskiej normy językowej i kontaktu z językiem angielskim Praca doktorska napisana na Wydziale Anglistyki Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu pod kierunkiem prof. UAM dr. hab. Michaela Hornsby’ego Poznań, 2018 Acknowledgements Hoffwn ddiolch i’m goruchwyliwr, yr Athro Michael Hornsby, am ei gymorth a chyngor dros y blynyddoedd o ysgrifennu’r traethawd hwn a’i barodrwydd i ddarllen y gwaith ac ateb fy nghwestiynau. Hoffwn hefyd nodi fy nyled i’r holl gyfranogwyr i’r astudiaeth hon am eu hamser a pharodrwydd i drafod eu hiaith ag ymchwiliwr o wlad bell: aelodau Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, grŵp ysgrifennu creadigol yn Aberystwyth, staff cylchgrawn Golwg, y Llyfr- gell Genedlaethol, Llyfrgell y Dref yn Aberystwyth, Canolfan Bedwyr a chanolfan Cym- raeg i Oedolion ym Mangor, ac athrawon ysgol uwchradd a gymerodd ran yn yr ymchwil. Diolch arbennig i Martyna a Bryn Jones, Mared Thomas, Robin Farrar, Ifor Gruffydd, Dr. Llion Jones, Owain Schiavone, Awen Schiavone, Hynek Janousek ac Ifor ap Glyn am eu help gwerthfawr wrth ddod o hyd i gyfranogwyr ac adnoddau ar gyfer yr ymchwil. Na koniec dziękuję mojej rodzinie i przyjaciołom za ogromne wsparcie, bez któ- rego praca nie zostałaby ukończona, a w szczególności mojemu mężowi za nieskończoną cierpliwość, bezcenne uwagi oraz entuzjazm, z jakim poświęca swój czas na naukę wa- lijskiego. 2 OŚWIADCZENIE Ja, niżej podpisana Marta Listewnik przedkładam rozprawę doktorską pt. Phrasal verbs in Welsh in relation to the Welsh linguistic norm and contact with En- glish (Czasowniki frazowe w języku walijskim w odniesieniu do walijskiej normy języko- wej i kontaktu z językiem angielskim) na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu i oświadczam, że napisałam ją samodzielnie. Oznacza to, że przy pisaniu pracy, poza niezbędnymi konsultacjami, nie korzystałam z pomocy innych osób, a w szczególności nie zlecałam opracowania rozprawy lub jej istotnych części innym osobom, ani nie odpisywałam tej rozprawy lub jej istotnych części od innych osób. Jednocześnie przyjmuję do wiadomości, że gdyby powyższe oświadczenie okazało się nieprawdziwe, decyzja o wydaniu mi dyplomu zostanie cofnięta. (miejscowość, data) (czytelny podpis) 3 Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 14 ABBREVIATIONS OF DICTIONARIES AND CORPORA ................................... 16 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 17 Phrasal Verbs in Welsh – the present and past .................................................. 18 Phrasal verbs as a language contact feature ...................................................... 23 Aims of the research and research questions. .................................................... 25 Structure of the thesis ......................................................................................... 27 Practical implications of the research ................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 1 : MODERN WELSH IN CONTACT WITH ENGLISH – PERSPECTIVES, IDEOLOGIES AND ISSUES OF STANDARDISATION ....... 30 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 30 1.1. THE CURRENT SITUATION OF WELSH .................................................................... 31 1.1.1. Welsh between 1900 and present – an overview .......................................... 31 1.1.2. Changes in the linguistic landscape ............................................................. 35 1.2. STANDARD WELSH – LINGUISTIC NORM(S)? .......................................................... 39 1.2.1. Language ideologies, attitudes and issues of standardisation ..................... 40 4 1.2.1.1. Ideologies and attitudes ......................................................................... 40 1.2.1.2. Ideologies of standardisation ................................................................. 44 1.2.2. Standard and minority languages ................................................................. 48 1.2.3. Registers of Welsh – typologies .................................................................... 52 1.2.4. Written standard ........................................................................................... 55 1.2.4.1. Literary Welsh ....................................................................................... 56 1.2.4.2. Official Welsh and semi-formal varieties .............................................. 61 1.2.5. Spoken Standard ........................................................................................... 66 1.2.5.1. Conservative spoken standard – “pulpit” Welsh ................................... 67 1.2.5.2. Cymraeg Byw ......................................................................................... 68 1.2.5.3. Broadcast Welsh .................................................................................... 69 1.2.6. Lexical planning – dictionaries and terminology ......................................... 73 1.2.6.1. Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru .................................................................... 74 1.2.6.2. Geiriadur yr Academi ............................................................................ 75 1.2.6.3. Other online dictionaries ........................................................................ 76 1.2.6.4. General printed dictionaries ................................................................... 78 1.2.6.5. Terminology dictionaries ....................................................................... 79 1.2.7. Standard and non-standard – further remarks ............................................. 80 1.3. WELSH AND ENGLISH IN CONTACT – THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH ON WELSH ...... 85 1.3.1. Language contact, language change and transfer ........................................ 86 1.3.1.1. Language contact ................................................................................... 86 1.3.1.2. Contact-induced change and lexical transfer ......................................... 88 1.3.1.3. Borrowing and its integration ................................................................ 90 1.3.1.4. Classification of borrowings .................................................................. 92 1.3.1.5. Borrowing vs code-switching ................................................................ 94 1.3.2. English borrowings in Welsh – literature review ......................................... 96 1.3.3. Ideological stances towards borrowing from English – an overview .......... 99 1.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................................... 104 1.5. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PRESENT STUDY ......................... 107 CHAPTER 2 : PHRASAL VERBS IN WELSH – CROSS-LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND AND SYNCHRONIC DESCRIPTION ...................................... 110 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 110 5 2.1. PHRASAL VERBS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS – AN OVERVIEW ................................. 111 2.1.1. Definitions ................................................................................................... 112 2.1.2. Popular notions about phrasal verbs .......................................................... 113 2.1.2.1. Informality ........................................................................................... 113 2.1.2.2. Replaceability by a single item ............................................................ 114 2.1.2.3. Idiosyncrasy ......................................................................................... 115 2.2. PHRASAL VERBS IN LANGUAGE CONTACT SITUATIONS – EVIDENCE FROM OTHER LANGUAGES ............................................................................................................... 117 2.2.1. Phrasal verbs in other languages in contact with English ......................... 117 2.2.2. Phrasal verbs in other Celtic languages ..................................................... 118 2.3. PHRASAL VERBS IN WELSH LINGUISTICS ............................................................. 121 2.3.1. Fowkes 1945 ............................................................................................... 121 2.3.2. M. Jones (1979) and A. Thomas (1987) ...................................................... 122 2.3.3. P.W. Thomas 1996 ...................................................................................... 123 2.3.4. Heinz 2003 and Asmus and Williams 2014 ................................................ 126 2.3.5. Rottet 2000 and 2005 .................................................................................. 127 2.3.6. Hirata 2012 ................................................................................................. 130 2.3.7. Other studies ..............................................................................................
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