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Nutrition Country Profile Republic of Ghana

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Nutrition Country Profile Republic of Ghana NUTRITION COUNTRY PROFILE REPUBLIC OF GHANA FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems Acknowledgments The Nutrition Profile for the Republic of Ghana was prepared by Mrs Rosanna Agble, former Head, Nutrition Unit, Ghana Health Service , in collaboration with Estelle Bader, Amelie Solal-Céligny and Giulia Palma, Consultants, and Marie Claude Dop, Nutrition Officer, Nutrient requirements and assessment group, Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The authors would like to thank Mrs Kate Quarshie and Mrs Rosanna Agyekum Sereboe for their help when writing the profile. Ghana Nutrition Profile – Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, FAO, 2009 2 Summary Ghana is a small coastal country of West Africa well endowed with natural resources. The population is young and a high proportion is urban. Agriculture, which is still predominantly traditional, plays an important role in the country’s economy and remains the main sector of employment. Over the last years, Ghana has registered robust economic growth. While poverty still has a firm grip on the North, there has been a substantial decline in poverty at national level and the country is on track to achieve the first Millennium Development Goal if the current economic growth rate is sustained. With regard to health indicators, infant and under-five mortality rates are stagnating. Low access to health services and to safe water and sanitation, high incidence of malaria and malnutrition as an underlying factor are among the main causes of mortality. Childhood immunization coverage still needs to be increased. Inadequate antenatal care coverage and unsupervised deliveries entail a high level of maternal mortality. The Ghanaian diet largely relies on starchy roots (cassava, yams), fruit (plantain) and cereals (maize, rice). Starchy roots and cereals still supply almost three quarters of the dietary energy and diversity of the diet remains low. The dietary supply meets population energy requirements, but the share of protein and of lipids in the dietary energy supply is lower than recommendations. Rapid urbanization has modified food consumption patterns in urban areas, with an increasing demand for imported food, especially wheat and rice. Over the last decade, prevalence of undernourishment has decreased considerably. However, food insecurity persists, mainly due to unstable production, insufficient purchasing power and problems of physical access due to a lack of road infrastructure in the northern part of the country. Breastfeeding is a common practice and, thanks to efficient promotion programmes, early initiation of breastfeeding is becoming more widely practiced. However, only half of children under 6 months are exclusively breastfed and complementary feeding practices are inadequate. These feeding practices combined with food insecurity of households and low access to health services are among the main causes of malnutrition among young children. Nearly a quarter of preschool children are stunted (i.e. affected by chronic malnutrition). Based on this prevalence rate, the severity of malnutrition is defined as “medium” at national level. However, regional disparities are marked; prevalence of chronic and acute malnutrition (i.e. stunting and wasting, respectively) is higher in the Northern and Upper East regions. Nevertheless overall prevalence of underweight is declining. Meanwhile the country is undergoing a nutrition transition. Among adult women, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is high, especially among those living in urban areas, while undernutrition persists, particularly in the Upper East region. Undernutrition is associated with widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Although recent data are not available, iodine deficiency disorders may be still prevalent. The proportion of households using adequately iodized salt remains unacceptably low. The national programme of salt iodization needs to be evaluated. There is a lack of recent and nationally representative surveys on vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among young children. Vitamin A supplementation programmes have been implemented throughout the country but coverage needs to be extended among both children and women, and especially among women living in the Eastern and Northern regions. Anemia affects more than three quarters of young children and almost half of women of childbearing age. Food-based approaches and iron and folic supplementation programmes have been implemented to combat iron deficiency anemia but impact has not been measured. Ghana has made steady progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. However, the nutrition, health and mortality situation of young children and women, as well as persistent regional disparities need to be addressed. Ghana Nutrition Profile – Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, FAO, 2009 3 Summary Table Basic Indicators Year Population Total population 21.9 million 2005 Rural population 55 % 2005 Population under 15 years of age 39 % 2005 Annual population growth rate 2 % 2000-2005 Life expectancy at birth 57 years 2000-2005 Agriculture Agricultural area 65 % 2003 Arable and permanent cropland per agricultural inhabitant <1 Ha 2003 Level of development Human development and poverty Human development index 0.553 [0-1] 2005 Proportion of population living with less than 1$ a day (PPP) MDG1 45 % 1990-2005 Proportion of living below the national poverty line MDG1 29 % 2005-2006 Education Net primary enrolment ratio MDG2 72 % 2007 Youth literacy rate (15-24 years) MDG2 71 % 2000-2004 Ratio of girls to boys in primary education MDG3 0.97 girl per 1 boy 2007 Health Infant mortality rate MDG4 71 ‰ 2006 Under-five mortality rate MDG4 111 ‰ 2006 Maternal mortality ratio (adjusted) MDG5 540 per 100 000 live births 2000 Malaria-related mortality rate in under-fives MDG6 448 per 100 000 deaths in 2000 under-fives Percentage of children aged 12-23 months immunized against measles MDG4 85 % 2006 Environment Sustainable access to an improved water source in rural area MDG7 69 % of population 2006 Nutrition indicators Year Energy requirements Population energy requirements 2118 kcal per capita/day 2000 Food supply Dietary Energy Supply (DES) 2690 kcal per capita/day 2003-2005 Prevalence of undernourishment MDG1 9 % 2003-2005 Share of protein in DES 9 % 2001-2003 Share of lipids in DES 12 % 2001-2003 Food diversification index 28 % 2001-2003 Food consumption Average energy intake (per capita or per adult) n.a. Percent of energy from protein n.a. Percent of energy from lipids n.a. Infant and young child feeding Age Exclusive breastfeeding rate <6 months 53 % 2003 Timely complementary feeding rate 6-9 months 62 % 2003 Bottle-feeding rate 0-11 months 11 % 2003 Continued breastfeeding rate at 2 years of age 67 % 2003 Nutritional anthropometry Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years 22 % 2006 Prevalence of wasting in children under 5 years 5 % 2006 Prevalence of underweight in children under 5 years MDG1 18 % 2006 Percentage of women with BMI<18.5 kg/m² 9 % 2003 Micronutrient deficiencies Prevalence of goitre in school-age children n.a. Percentage of households consuming adequately iodized salt 35 % 2006 Prevalence of clinical vitamin A deficiency in preschool children n.a. Vitamin A supplementation coverage in children 60 % 2006 Vitamin A supplementation coverage in mothers 55 % 2006 Prevalence of anemia in women 45 % 2003 Iron supplementation coverage in mothers 69 % 2003 MDG: Millennium Development Goal; n.a.: not available Ghana Nutrition Profile – Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, FAO, 2009 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................2 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................3 Summary Table............................................................................................................................................4 List of tables and figures ............................................................................................................................6 Acronyms .....................................................................................................................................................7 Part I: Overview and basic indicators .......................................................................................................8 I.1 Context ................................................................................................................................................8 I.2 Population...........................................................................................................................................8 Population indicators ............................................................................................................................8 Population pyramid ...............................................................................................................................9 I.3 Agriculture ..........................................................................................................................................9 Land use and irrigation statistics ........................................................................................................10
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