DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Sector in the Lao People's Democratic Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Sector in the Lao People's Democratic Republic ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Independent Evaluation Department SECTOR ASSISTANCE PROGRAM EVALUATION FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR IN LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC In this electronic file, the report is followed by Management’s response and the Board of Directors’ Development Effectiveness Committee (DEC) Chair’s summary of a discussion of the report by DEC. Evaluation Study Reference Number: SAP: LAO 2010-42 Sector Assistance Program Evaluation October 2010 Energy Sector in the Lao People's Democratic Republic Independent Evaluation Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 June 2010) Currency Unit – kip (KN) KN1.00 = $0.000121 $1.00 = KN8,262 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CAPE – country assistance program evaluation DEPD – Department of Energy Promotion and Development DOE – Department of Electricity DWR – Department of Water Resources EdL – Electricité du Laos EGAT – Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return EMD – Environmental Management Division EMP – environmental management plan EPF – Environmental Protection Fund ESP – Environment and Social Program FIRR – financial internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product GMS – Greater Mekong Subregion GWh – gigawatt-hour IEE – initial environmental examination IWRM – integrated water resources management kV – kilovolt kW – kilowatt Lao PDR – Lao People's Democratic Republic LHSE – Lao Holding State Enterprise MEM – Ministry of Energy and Mines MOF – Ministry of Finance MW – megawatt NARPDP – Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project NLHP – Nam Leuk Hydropower Project NORAD – Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NPA – national protected area NPESSHS – National Policy on Environment and Social Sustainability of the Hydropower Sector NTPC – Nam Theun 2 Power Company PIZ – peripheral impact zone PKK Park – Phou Khao Khouay Park POE – Panel of Experts PPA – power purchase agreement PRC – People’s Republic of China PTDP – Power Transmission and Distribution Project RPTCC – Regional Power Trade Coordination Committee SAPE – sector assistance program evaluation SDR – special drawing right SEMFOP – Social and Environmental Management Framework and Operational Plan STEA – Science, Technology and Environment Agency TA – technical assistance THHP – Theun-Hinboun Hydropower Project THPC – Theun-Hinboun Power Company THXP – Theun-Hinboun Expansion Project WACC – weighted average cost of capital WMPA – Watershed Management and Protection Authority WREA – Water Resources and Environment Administration NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Key Words asian development bank, adb, energy, lao pdr, evaluation, ied, independent evaluation department, program, sape, sector assistance program evaluation, sector reform Director General H.S. Rao, Independent Evaluation Department (IED) Director H. Hettige, Independent Evaluation Division 2 (IED2), IED Team Leader K. Thukral, Senior Evaluation Specialist, IED2, IED Team Members R. Lumain, Senior Evaluation Officer, IED2, IED R. Perez, Senior Operations Evaluation Assistant, IED2, IED Independent Evaluation Department, SE-24 In preparing any evaluation report, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Independent Evaluation Department does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Objectives and Scope 1 B. Evaluation Framework and Methodology 1 C. Organization of the Report 2 II. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT 2 A. Background and the Institutional Context 2 B. Sector Performance 3 III. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES 5 A. Pacing Hydropower Development 5 B. Meeting Future Energy Requirements 7 C. Managing the Environmental and Social Implications of Energy Projects 9 IV. ADB ENERGY SECTOR ASSISTANCE 11 A. ADB's Hydropower Support Strategy 11 B. ADB's Strategy to Increase Electricity Access 12 C. ADB's Strategy for Energy Cooperation within the Greater Mekong Subregion 13 V. EVALUATION OF ADB ENERGY SECTOR ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 15 A. Strategic Positioning 15 B. Relevance 19 C. Efficiency 20 D. Effectiveness 21 E. Sustainability 23 F. Development Impacts 26 G. Overall Assessment of ADB Energy Sector Assistance 27 H. ADB Performance 28 VI. KEY FINDINGS, LESSONS LEARNED, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30 A. Key Findings 30 B. Lessons Learned 33 C. Recommendations 34 The guidelines formally adopted by the Independent Evaluation Department (IED) on avoiding conflict of interest in its independent evaluations were observed in the preparation of this report. Ruel Janolino, James Chamberlain, and Feroisa Concordia assisted as consultants. To the knowledge of the management of IED, there were no conflicts of interest of the persons preparing, reviewing, or approving this report. APPENDIXES 1. Energy Sector Overview 36 2. Overview of Renewable Energy Technologies Experience in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 48 3. Lao People’s Democratic Republic Environmental and Social Regulations to Meet Sustainability Requirements for Hydropower Development 52 4. Institutional Strengthening for Managing the Environmental and Social Implications of Hydropower Projects 60 5. Financial, Commercial, and Institutional Aspects of The Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project 70 6. Environmental and Social Aspects of the Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project 77 7. Performance of Transmission and Distribution Projects 99 8. Environmental and Social Aspects of the Theun-Hinboun Hydropower Project 103 9. Environmental and Social Aspects of the Nam Leuk Hydropower Project 114 Attachments: Management Response DEC Chair Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has made substantial contributions towards creating energy infrastructure in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). In line with government policies and programs and in conjunction with assistance from other development partners, ADB energy sector assistance since the late-1980s has focused on hydropower projects, high-voltage grid extension, rural electrification, and capacity building to manage power sector infrastructure and utility operations. Total ADB energy sector assistance from 1988 to 2009 was about $290 million for loan projects and $13.9 million for technical assistance (TA) projects. During the sector assistance program evaluation (SAPE) period (2000–2009), ADB approved support for two energy sector projects: the Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project and the Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project (NARPDP). ADB's total energy sector assistance approvals during the SAPE period comprised $100.0 million in loans and $5.6 million in TA support. Seventy percent of loans and more than 50% of TA approvals were linked directly to the Nam Theun 2 project. As an input to the country assistance program evaluation, this SAPE assesses the performance of ADB assistance to the Lao PDR energy sector. More specifically, the SAPE examines the development effectiveness of ADB-funded projects. It identifies lessons for further development of the energy sector and makes recommendations for future interventions. Energy Sector Context and Key Findings The Lao PDR is a landlocked, mostly rural and agrarian country rich in natural resources, and a country that is becoming more urbanized and better integrated within the Greater Mekong Subregion. Traditional energy sources (mostly fuelwood and charcoal) are giving way to electricity and petroleum. While the Lao PDR imports all of its petroleum products, it has large hydropower potential, and a major portion of existing hydropower capacity is for power exports. The key energy sector objectives of the government include bringing electricity to all by expanding and improving the main grid or, where cost effective, by off-grid electrification; and earning foreign exchange by setting up export-oriented hydropower projects and exporting electricity. The government's energy objectives have remained remarkably consistent since the 1990s and through the SAPE period; only priorities for achieving the policy objectives have undergone some change from time to time. It is essential to mainstream screening of hydropower project developers and to build capacity to do so. Experience from the ADB-supported Theun-Hinboun and Nam Leuk hydropower projects show that adverse environmental and social impacts can linger for a decade or more after project commissioning. Taking the necessary steps up front to manage environmental and social impacts and preempt serious erosion of financial gains from all large hydropower projects (upwards of 50 megawatts [MW]) is recognized by the government and the development community, and was done for the Nam Theun 2 project (for which the Nam Theun 2 project company played a key role). The massive interest from international developers and investors over the past few years to sign memoranda of understanding for developing more of such large hydropower projects has reinforced the government's convictions on the importance of mitigating environmental and social impacts. However, to do this, there is a need to improve capacity to screen the developers better and instill competition among them, and enhance technical, financial, commercial, and environmental and social mitigation skills and expertise to improve capabilities with regard to project agreement negotiations. ii A requisite institutional base needs to be built over the medium term to ensure that all new hydropower projects comply with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Communities of Lottery Sellers: Socio-Economic and Cultural Changes in Isan, Thailand
    Asian Culture and History; Vol. 6, No. 2; 2014 ISSN 1916-9655 E-ISSN 1916-9663 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Communities of Lottery Sellers: Socio-economic and Cultural Changes in Isan, Thailand Weerasak Phuksatewet1, Songkoon Chantachon1 & Sastra Laoakka1 1 Faculty of Cultural Science, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Correspondence: Weerasak Phuksatewet, Faculty of Cultural Science Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand. Tel: 66-43-742-27. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 15, 2014 Accepted: April 10, 2014 Online Published: June 26, 2014 doi:10.5539/ach.v6n2p215 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v6n2p215 Abstract The qualitative research was carried out in Amphoe Wang Saphung, Loei Province; Amphoe Kranuan, Khon Kaen Province; and Amphoe Kaedam, Maha Sarakham Province between October 2012-April 2013 using a survey, observation, interview, focus group discussion and workshop. The 110 sample were divided into groups of 30 key, 50 casual, and 30 general informants respectively. The analysis was based on the research objectives using a triangulation technique and done descriptively. Historically, the people who lived at Amphoe Wang Saphung began to sell lotteries in 1984. Twelve years later, such part-time job spread to Amphoe Kranuan, Khon Kaen Province and Amphoe Kaedam, Maha Sarakham Province. Currently, the lottery sellers at the three villages chose to sell lotteries in Bangkok, tourist areas, such as Rayong and Nakhon Ratchasima Provinces. Some decided to sell theirs in their own Province. Each month, they left their homes trice: the second and the fourth weeks. They often went in groups using pickup trucks, vans or buses.
    [Show full text]
  • Nong Khai Nong Khai Nong Khai 3 Mekong River
    Nong Khai Nong Khai Nong Khai 3 Mekong River 4 Nong Khai 4 CONTENTS HOW TO GET THERE 7 ATTRACTIONS 9 Amphoe Mueang Nong khai 9 Amphoe Tha Bo 16 Amphoe Si Chiang Mai 17 Amphoe Sangkhom 18 Amphoe Phon Phisai 22 Amphoe Rattanawapi 23 EVENTS AND FESTIVALS 25 LOCAL PRODUCTS 25 SOUVENIR SHOPS 26 SUGGESTED ITINERARY 26 FACILITIES 27 Accommodations 27 Restaurants 30 USEFUL CALLS 31 Nong Khai 5 5 Wat Aranyabanpot Nong Khai 6 Thai Term Glossary a rebellion. King Rama III appointed Chao Phraya Amphoe: District Ratchathewi to lead an army to attack Vientiane. Ban: Village The army won with the important forces Hat: Beach supported by Thao Suwothanma (Bunma), Khuean: Dam the ruler of Yasothon, and Phraya Chiangsa. Maenam: River The king, therefore, promoted Thao Suwo to Mueang: Town or City be the ruler of a large town to be established Phrathat: Pagoda, Stupa on the right bank of the Mekong River. The Prang: Corn-shaped tower or sanctuary location of Ban Phai was chosen for the town SAO: Subdistrict Administrative Organization called Nong Khai, which was named after a very Soi: Alley large pond to the west. Song Thaeo: Pick-up trucks but with a roof Nong Khai is 615 kilometres from Bangkok, over the back covering an area of around 7,332 square Talat: Market kilometres. This province has the longest Tambon: Subdistrict distance along the Mekong River; measuring Tham: Cave 320 kilometres. The area is suitable for Tuk-Tuks: Three-wheeled motorized taxis agriculture and freshwater fishery. It is also Ubosot or Bot: Ordination hall in a temple a major tourist attraction where visitors can Wihan: Image hall in a temple easily cross the border into Laos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Truong Son, Loei-Phetchabun, and Kontum Terranes in Indochina: Provenance, Rifting, and Collisions
    REVIEW published: 28 May 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.603565 The Truong Son, Loei-Phetchabun, and Kontum Terranes in Indochina: Provenance, Rifting, and Collisions Clive Burrett 1, Mongkol Udchachon 1,2* and Hathaithip Thassanapak 2 1 Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand, 2 Applied Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand The three main regions of Indochina are defined as the Truong Son, Loei-Phetchabun, and Kontum terranes. The aim of this review is to integrate numerous petrological studies with sedimentary, palaeontological, and provenance studies in order to construct a preliminary tectonic model which shows the terranes docked in the earliest Carboniferous (Truong Son with Loei-Phetchabun) and in the Permian (Kontum). The Kontum Terrane is characterized by Proterozoic magmatism, mid-Ordovician to Early Devonian granites, and Permian charnockites. Major carbonate platforms developed in the Givetian to earliest Tournaisian on Truong Son and from the Visean to mid-Permian across Truong Edited by: Son and Loei-Phetchabun terranes. The Truong Son has Silurian granites and a Basilios Tsikouras, Late Ordovician to Silurian magmatic arc along its southern and western borders Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei caused by subduction of oceanic lithosphere, the remnants of which are now partially Reviewed by: Antonio Pedrera, preserved in the Loei and Tamky sutures. A region to the east of the Loei Suture in Instituto Geológico y Minero de the Loei Foldbelt has a similar-age volcanic arc extending northwards into Laos and España (IGME), Spain Sergio Llana-Fúnez, is included in Truong Son.
    [Show full text]
  • 24/7 Emergency Operation Center for Flood, Storm and Landslide
    No. 38/2011, Sunday, October 2, 2011, 12:00 AM 24/7 Emergency Operation Center for Flood, Storm and Landslide DATE: Sunday, October 2, 2011 TIME: 09.00 LOCATION: Meeting Room 2, Ministry of Interior CHAIRPERSON: Mr. Chatpong Chataraphuti, Deputy Director General of Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation 1. CURRENT SITUATION 1.1 Current flooded provinces: there are 23 recent flooded provinces: Sukhothai, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Lopburi, Sara Buri, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, Pathumthani, Nonthaburi, Ubon Ratchathani, Khon Kaen, Chacheongsao, Nakhon Nayok, Prachinburi, Chaiyaphum, Srisaket and Surin. The total of 150 Districts, 1,077 Sub-Districts, 7,750 Villages, 559,895 families and/or 1,841,385 people are affected by the flood. The total fatalities are 206 deaths and 2 missing. (Missing: 1 in Mae Hong Son, 1 in Uttaradit and 1 in Chiang Mai) 1.2 Amount of Rainfall: The heaviest rainfall in the past 24 hours is in Nong Lad Sub-District, Waritchaphum District of Sakonnakhon Province at 164.0 mm. 1.3 Estimate Losses and Damages: 1.3.1 Agricultural Impact: Farming areas which would be affected are estimated at 7.52 million rai; 107,732 rai of fish/shrimp ponds and 8.5 million of livestock (source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives). 1.3.2 Transportation Routes: Highway: 37 main highways in 10 provinces are flooded and cannot be passed. For more information, contact 1568 or DDPM Hotline 1784. Rural roads: 113 rural roads in 20 provinces are not passable. Additional inquiry, call 1146.
    [Show full text]
  • Tential in Lao PDR Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy for Lao PDR Final Report
    Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy in the Lao PDR Rural Electrification Report Series tential in Lao PDR Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy for Lao PDR Final Report 110512_RURAL_FR_010 Vientiane, Lao PDR Study funded by and conducted in collaboration with Helvetas Laos 1 May, 2011 Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy in the Lao PDR Lao Institute for Renewable Energy and HELVETAS REPORT # 110512‐RURAL‐FR‐010 Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy for the Lao PDR: Final Report Vientiane, Lao PDR 11th May 2011 DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY: Rev Date Description Authors Checkers 1 18/02/2011 Draft Report Issued for Client Review L. Mateo, N. Paech E. Allen., A. Phimmasone 2 12/05/2011 Revised Report for Internal Review L. Mateo, A. Phimmasone 2 Information Sharing Tools on Renewable Energy in the Lao PDR About Us LIRE is a non‐profit organisation dedicated to the sustainable development of a self sufficient renewable energy sector in the Lao PDR. The institute offers agronomical, technological and socio‐economic research services, and works to provide a free public resource of information and advice on the use of renewable energy technologies in Lao PDR. LIRE strives to support the development of the country by exploring commercially viable means to establish renewable energy technologies in rural parts of the country, in areas without connection to the national grid and with little access to technical expertise. Helvetas is a Swiss Association for International Cooperation, founded in 1955. Helvetas has more than 40’000 members in Switzerland supporting its activities. Helvetas works in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Source for Hydropsychid Larvae During an Algae Bloom in Nan River, Nan Province, Thailand (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)
    Zoosymposia 18: 009–016 (2020) ISSN 1178-9905 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zs ZOOSYMPOSIA Copyright © 2020 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1178-9913 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.18.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D579A2B4-0C6F-419C-AF36-4A815ED0FF8F Food Source for Hydropsychid Larvae during an Algae Bloom in Nan River, Nan Province, Thailand (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) PORNPIMON BUNTHA1,2, SIRIPEN TRAICHAIYAPORN1,3 & DECHA THAPANYA1,4,* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 2 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-4437 3 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0882-9505 4 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-6323 *Corresponding author: �[email protected] Abstract During November–March, blooms of Kai algae genera are commonly seen on rocks and cobblestones in the Nan River, providing habitat for hydropsychid larvae. This study attempted to determine a dietary relationship between the caddisflies and Kai algae by comparing gut contents of hydropsychid larvae between areas with and without Kai algae (Kai-blooming and Control sites). Fourteen specimens of Hydropsyche and Potamyia larvae were collected in the Kai-blooming and Control sites, respectively. Food items in the foreguts were classified as Kai algae (KA), other filamentous algae (OFA), diatoms (DT) and other items (OI). Although the main food type of larvae in both sites was Kai algae, the proportion of KA in larval foreguts from Kai-blooming sites was significantly higher than in those from Control sites (p < 0.05). In addition, larvae in the Kai-blooming area had a significantly lower proportion of OI than in the Control area (p < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Education and Social Science Research
    International Journal of Education and Social Science Research ISSN 2581-5148 Vol. 1, No. 05; 2018 THAILAND IN LAOS’ NEWSPAPERS Rattna Chanthao Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand ABSTRACT This article aims to display the news of Thailand in Laos. The Thailand’s news as the data were grouped from the Vientiane Times Newspaper published in 2016-2017. This newspaper publishes in English, in addition, the news should be approved by the government agency. There is 65 news totally that are divided by its content into 5 categories; economic, tourism, art and culture, Lao- Thailand’s relationship, and education and sport, respectively. The news about Thailand published on Laos’ newspaper was interesting topics for Laos as they are involved to Lao society situations. The content analysis was employed to be a framework of this research. The finding was found that the economic issues were the most published in Laos including tourism economic. The research result is not only displaying what Lao people would like to know Thailand’ society but it also implies what the news that the government prefer their people to know about Thailand. KEYWORDS: Laos, Thailand, Newspaper, Vientiane Times, Communication, Mass media 1.0 INTRODUCTION Lao and Thailand have long border line from the North to the South around 1,500 kms. There are 6 bridges across Mekong River as the main border area of them so people of both countries easier travel to each other in many ways; car, airplane, and boat. The relationship between Laos and Thailand was established again after announcing the Open-Door Policy (ODP) the government in 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Mekong | 9-Nights | Vientiane-Huay
    JOURNEY THE UPPER MEKONG LAOS LAOTIAN SERENDIPITY vientiane - huay xai 9 NIGHTS UPPER MEKONG laos Southeast Asia’s most sacred waterway. Known as the “Mae Nam Khong” to Laotians, or “The Mother of Water”, the upper Mekong slowly meanders through the unchanged local life and captivating riverscapes of charming Laos. It is this imposing river that the last ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, King Anouvong, would cross to fight for his realm’s independence against the oppressive Siam empire. laoTIAN SERENDIPITY vientiane - huay xai [upstream] 10 days - 9 nights This longer cruise at a leisurely pace offers a blissful journey through beautiful Laos. Perfect to experience the unhurried riverine life with naturally stunning backdrops, paired with mesmerizing excursions and charming local rendez-vous. DAY ONE n the early morning, Heritage Line welcomes our TODAY’S ROUTE guests directly at the ship docked at the pier in Vientiane - Mid-River I Vientiane (not far from the city center - please see location and time details in our embarkation guide). Our team assists with your check-in and takes care Huay Xai Khok Luang LAOS Chiang Gaeng of your luggage, which we bring directly to your Khong Hang Ngai Pakbeng Pak Ou room. Upon check-in, get acquainted with the ship Chiang Luang Prabang Rai Khok Aek and settle in your cabin as we start our journey. We Kuang Si Falls depart from Vientiane on a wonderful slow journey to explore the Laotian upper Mekong. Xayaburi Dam Khok Akha Today is a full sailing day and you can let your mind Don Saynhan wander while we travel slowly through the hinterland countryside.
    [Show full text]
  • Dress and Identity Among the Black Tai of Loei Province, Thailand
    DRESS AND IDENTITY AMONG THE BLACK TAI OF LOEI PROVINCE, THAILAND Franco Amantea Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University 2003 THESIS SUBMITTED 1N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Sociology and Anthropology O Franco Amantea 2007 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY 2007 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Franco Amantea Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Dress and Identity Among the Black Tai of Loei Province, Thailand Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Gerardo Otero Professor of Sociology Dr. Michael Howard Senior Supervisor Professor of Anthropology Dr. Marilyn Gates Supervisor Associate Professor of Anthropology Dr. Brian Hayden External Examiner Professor of Archaeology Date Defended: July 25,2007 Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the "Institutional Repository" link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-Area Study and Analysis 3T Sub-Area
    Sub-area Study and Analysis 3T Sub-area BDP UNIT THAI NATIONAL MEKONG COMMITTEE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OCTOBER 2004 Table of Content Table of Content ............................................................................................................2 Acronyms and abbreviations..........................................................................................3 Map of sub-area 3T........................................................................................................4 Executive summary........................................................................................................5 Introduction....................................................................................................................7 Context and scope of sub-area analysis .........................................................................8 National Overview.........................................................................................................9 Sub-area baseline study................................................................................................14 Development Objectives, plans and policies.......................................................14 Institutional capacity ...........................................................................................16 Socio-economic description and information on resources users .......................17 Inventory of physical features and water resources ............................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Preserving Temple Murals in Isan: Wat Chaisi, Sawatthi Village, Khon Kaen, As a Sustainable Model1
    Preserving Temple Murals in Isan: Wat Chaisi, Sawatthi Village, Khon Kaen, as a Sustainable Model1 Bonnie Pacala Brereton Abstract—Wat Chaisi in Sawatthi village, Sawatthi District, located about twenty kilometers from the bustling provincial capital of Khon Kaen, is a unique example of local cultural heritage preservation that was accomplished solely through local stakeholders. Its buildings, as well as the 100 year-old murals on the ordination hall, have been maintained and are used regularly for merit- making and teaching. The effort was initiated by the abbot and is maintained through the joint effort of the wat community, Khon Kaen Municipality, and various individuals and faculties at Khon Kaen University. This paper will examine the role of local leadership in promoting local cultural heritage. Introduction Of the more than 40,000 Buddhist wats in Thailand seventeen percent, or nearly 7,000, are abandoned.2 Of those still in use, many are becoming increasingly crammed with seemingly superfluous new structures, statues, and decorations, funded by people seeking fame or improvement in their karmic status. Still others are thriving because of the donations they attract through their association with what is sometimes called “popular Buddhism,” a hodgepodge of beliefs in magical monks, amulets, saints, and new rituals aimed at bringing luck and financial success (Pattana 2012). Yet countless others are in a moribund state, in some cases tended by one or two elderly, frail monks who lack the physical and financial resources to maintain them. Both situations are related to the loss of cultural heritage, as countless unique 1 This paper is adapted from one presented at the Fifth International Conference on Local Government, held in Palembang, Indonesia, September 17-19, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents …………….………………………………………
    จ ~ จ ~ Table of Contents …………….……………………………………….. 1 Map 1 2 Discover the Mekong River route from 101 Nong Khai Province -Vientiane City - Vientiane District – Loei Province 3 Tourist Attraction and Route 105 3.1 Muang Nong Khai District 105 3.2 Vientiane City 111 3.3 Vientiane District -Seekotabong- 129 Sangthong-Xanakam 3.4 Pak Lai – Kan Tao 135 3.5 Tha Lee District – Chiang Khan District 141 3.6 Muang Loei District 153 4 Restaurants 159 5 Accommodation 169 101 ~ 101 ~ 2. Discover the Mekong River route from Nong Khai Province -Vientiane City - Vientiane District – Loei Province Traveling around Thailand and neighborhoods is the crucial issue for Thai tourism organizations which they have to prepare for ASEAN Economic Community or AEC by strengthening potential tourist attractions, solving weaknesses cooperatively and promoting travelling routes among Thailand and neighbors continuously. Being together as ASEAN will help members on social, economic and political development without border issues as ASEAN slogan “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Rotating of investment, labor, body of knowledge, languages and culture among ASEAN countries is the most obvious phenomenon. Laos or Laos PDR is the closet neighbor of Thailand where there are shared traditions and cultures, for example, language, food, dressing, or even some traits and beliefs. Laos is still mysterious and magical country in terms of nature and culture which are well-preserved. 102 ~ 102 ~ Laos is known as “a small country” since there is a smaller number of population comparing to Thailand and Vietnam, yet Laos is full of crystal clear rivers and scenic mountains waiting for people to discover.
    [Show full text]