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TESIS: El Fenómeno Informativo Wikileaks: Caso Carlos Pascual

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TESIS: El Fenómeno Informativo Wikileaks: Caso Carlos Pascual Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Programa de posgrado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Acatlán El fenómeno informativo WikiLeaks: Caso Carlos Pascual Tesis que para optar por el grado de Maestría en Comunicación Presenta: Guadalupe Isabel Uriostegui Carlos Directora de Tesis: Dra. Eva Salgado Andrade, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Lectora: Dra. Carmen Millé Moyano, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales México D.F. mayo 2014 1 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Índice Introducción………………..…………………………………………………………………………..…4 1. La información en tiempos globales ¿Cómo definir un medio de control?… ………………………………………………………………….11 Un modelo de propaganda mundial…………….………………………………………………...……...18 ¿Qué significa un contexto de comunicación mundial?…………………………………………..…….20 La información en tiempos globales…………...……………………...…………………………………27 2. Analogías: los papeles del Pentágono VS WikiLeaks El camino de las grandes filtraciones…………………….……………………………………………....40 Historia de los textos analizados (metodología) ………………………………………………………...47 Construcción de adversarios en el discurso periodístico ……….………………………………………..52 Reiteraciones en el discurso……………………………………...………………………………………66 Las filtraciones………………………………………...……………...………………………………….70 ¿Por qué Daniel Ellsberg es un buen ejemplo?..........................................................................................73 3. El caso Carlos Pascual: los detalles de una intriga El caso Carlos Pascual: los detalles de una intriga………………………………………………….……78 La mirada internacional………………………………………..…………………………………………83 WikiLeaks en La Jornada……………………………………………………………………………..…92 Metodología ……………...…....……………………………………………………………………….98 WikiLeaks en México…………...……………………………………………………………………108 ¿Quién lo dijo, cómo lo dijo, qué se repitió?…….…….,…….…………..…………………………109 2 Navegaciones …………………..……………………………………………………………….…….138 4. ¿Quién es Bradley Manning? Un medio de control en ejecución ……………………………………….……………………………..142 Epílogo para Bradley Manning……………….……………………………………...…………………155 Conclusiones …………………………………………………………………………………………..160 Bibliografía ……………………………………………………………………………………............167 3 Introducción En 20071 nació el portal de información WikiLeaks con la consigna de evadir por completo cualquier intento de reelaboración periodística. Su objetivo principal era “filtrar” la información sin censura, de ahí el significado de su nombre.2 WikiLeaks se formó a partir de las palabras wiki, que significa “rápido” en hawaiano, y leaks, palabra en inglés que significa “filtraciones”, según explicó su cofundador, Julian Assange. 3 En una entrevista al entonces vocero de WikiLeaks, alias Daniel Schmitt,4 describió al portal como una especie de contenedor en línea de datos en bruto. Un proyecto que desde el primer día se abrió a los ciudadanos y que pretendía invisibilizar al reportero tradicional como enlace entre la fuente y el medio. Desde su creación, pues, WikiLeaks se ha manifestado en contra de la producción, recolección y difusión de la información periodística. A continuación, anexo una cronología de WikiLeaks: 1 WikiLeaks, About, (Abril 2014), http://www.wikileaks.org/About.html 2 WikiLeaks significa "filtraciones rápidas", un nombre inspirado por Wikipedia. Wikipedia, WikiLeaks, (Abril 2014), http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks#cite_note-0, 2011-12-07 3Chirinos Carlos (Abril 2010), ¿Qué es Wikileaks?, (Abril 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/internacional/2010/04/100406_2317_wikileaks_sitio_gz.shtml 4 Curiosamente este co-fundador ya con su verdadero nombre Daniel Domscheit-Berg acusará después a Assange de "prostituir" a WikiLeaks. Cobrando “por la información, privilegiar a medios de comunicación del establishment sobre otros independientes o no dar total transparencia a la financiación de WikiLeaks. Son actitudes completamente contrarias a la idea de la fundación, son una forma de prostituir el proyecto que levantamos juntos y son también los errores que han acabado con la plataforma”. Redacción La Voz y Agencia AP (Enero 2011), Rival de Assange lo acusa de "prostituir" a WikiLeaks, (Abril 2014) http://www.lavoz.com.ar/noticias/mundo/rival-assange-lo-acusa- prostituir-wikileaks 4 Cronología de las publicaciones de WikiLeaks 2007. Comienza a publicar sus informes en internet en el mes de enero. 31/08/2007. "The Guardian" publica su informe en el que se denuncia que el ex presidente keniano Daniel Arap Moi saqueó su país al apropiarse de unos 1.500 millones de euros. 7/11/2007. Publica el manual de procedimiento militar en el Campamento Delta de la base de Guantánamo. 2008 19/02/2008. Un juzgado de San Francisco ordena la clausura de su página por publicar información confidencial sobre el banco de inversión suizo Julius Baer. 17/09/2008. Difunde fotos y extractos de correos electrónicos personales de la gobernadora de Alaska y candidata a la vicepresidencia de EEUU, Sarah Palin. 2010 5/04/2010. Divulga un vídeo en el que cuestiona la versión oficial sobre como el Ejército de EEUU mató a once iraquíes en 2007. 25/07/2010. Varios medios publican información secreta acerca de la guerra en Afganistán, filtrada por WikiLeaks, que subió a su página 91.000 documentos. Agosto 2010. La fiscalía sueca abre una investigación contra Assange por presunto acoso sexual. 18/08/2010. El Partido Pirata de Suecia le cede sus servidores para alojar sus contenidos. 22/10/2010. Publica 391.000 documentos del Pentágono sobre la pasividad de EEUU en abusos contra presos en Irak (2004-09) o los fallecidos en la invasión. 28/11/2010. Comienza a filtrar 251.287 documentos a través de su web, en los que el Gobierno estadounidense da instrucciones a sus diplomáticos para que espíen a políticos extranjeros y altos funcionarios de la ONU. 2/12/2010. El servidor francés OVH, en Roubaix, acoge a WikiLeaks tras rescindirle el servicio la estadounidense Amazon. 2/12/2010. WikiLeaks.org es desalojado del sistema de nombre de dominio por la estadounidense EveryDNS y se aloja en una IP suiza propiedad del Partido Pirata Helvético. En pocos días son más de mil los nuevos lugares donde está disponible su información. 4/12/2010. PayPal cancela la cuenta de WikiLeaks para recibir donaciones. 7/12/2010. Julian Assange es detenido por la policía londinense por las acusaciones que pesan sobre él en Suecia. 7/12/2010. Visa y MasterCard suspenden los pagos hacia WikiLeaks. Los "hackers" del grupo "Anonymous" bloquean la página de la Fiscalía de Suecia y de MasterCard. 9/12/2010. Los ataques de los "hackers" se dirigen a Visa y PayPal. 16/12/2010. Assange queda en libertad bajo fianza. 18/12/2010 Bank of America anuncia que no procesará donaciones para WikiLeaks. 5 2011 17/01/2011. Assange recibe dos discos, con información de cuentas bancarias de 2.000 personalidades ricas y famosas, de Rudolf Elmer. 25/04/2011. Varios medios comienzan a publicar los primeros cables del Pentágono sobre la prisión de Guantánamo, con fichas y expedientes de los detenidos en la base. 30/08/2011. En los últimos cinco últimos días de agosto de 2011 el portal publica alrededor de 230.000 cables de la diplomacia estadounidense sin editar, hasta alcanzar 251.287. 24/10/2011. Julian Assange anuncia en Londres que WikiLeaks deja de publicar secretos oficiales por falta de financiación La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre el tema están enfocadas a la relación WikiLeaks y los medios de comunicación, de entre ellas destacan los siguientes trabajos. El de Michel Chossudovsky ¿Quién está detrás de WikiLeaks? texto en el que sugiere que WikiLeaks es un proyecto de “disidencia manufacturada”.5 Pues plantea que una vez se vertió la información clasificada en los medios de comunicación se usó para desinformar. En la misma línea, Luis Britto García escribe el artículo Verdaderas revelaciones de WikiLeaks en el que desarrolla el carácter negativo de las filtraciones ya que no ayudan a generar procesos de comunicación real pues dependen de factores como: los medios, las transnacionales, los anunciantes o jefes de redacción que tergiversar las revelaciones.6 Igualmente, Andrés Lomeña se cuestiona en su texto Después de WikiLeaks, la trascendencia de lo hecho por Assange incluso crítica su excesivo protagonismo mediático como una maniobra para alcanzar la fama.7 Por su parte, Christian Christensen indaga en la comparación entre WikiLeaks, Twitter y YouTube, a través de “el mito 5 Michel Chossudovsky (Diciembre 2010),¿Quién está detrás de WikiLeaks?, (Abril 2014) http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=118839 6 Britto García Luis (Diciembre 2010), Verdaderas Revelaciones de WikiLeaks, (Abril 2014) http://luisbrittogarcia.blogspot.mx/2010/12/las-diez-verdaderas-revelaciones-de.html 7 Lomeña Andrés, Después de
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