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Wikileaks Ante El Derecho Estadounidense: ¿Delincuencia Informática, Espionaje O Ejercicio Legítimo De La Libertad De Expresión Y De Prensa?

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Wikileaks Ante El Derecho Estadounidense: ¿Delincuencia Informática, Espionaje O Ejercicio Legítimo De La Libertad De Expresión Y De Prensa? WIKILEAKS ANTE EL DERECHO ESTADOUNIDENSE: ¿DELINCUENCIA INFORMÁTICA, ESPIONAJE O EJERCICIO LEGÍTIMO DE LA LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN Y DE PRENSA? Memoria de prueba para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales FELIPE GONZALO CAMPOS ARLEGUI Profesor Guía Dr. Salvador Andrés Millaleo Hernández Santiago de Chile 2014 2 3 4 A mi familia, pero por sobretodo y por siempre a mi madre. 5 6 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS DEDICATORIA…………………………………………………………………………………….Página 5 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS………………………………………………………………………………...7 INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………….………………………………………………...........12 CAPÍTULO I………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 ¿QUÉ ES UN SITIO WIKI ? ¿QUÉ ES EL LEAKING ? ¿QUIÉN ES EL FUNDADOR Y LOS PRINCIPALES COLABORADORES DE WIKILEAKS ? ¿CUÁL ES SU BASE TECNOLÓGICA? ¿CUÁLES SON SUS PRIMERAS FILTRACIONES? I.1. ¿QUÉ ES UN SITIO WIKI ?..........................................................................................................15 I.1.1. Los primeros Wiki………...…… ……………………….. ……………………………………….15 I.1.1.1. WikiWikiWeb …………………………………………………………………………………..15 I.1.1.2. Wikipedia ……………………………………………………………………………………...16 I.1.2. ¿Cuáles son los elementos esenciales de un Wiki ?.......................................................17 I.1.2.1. Autoría colectiva……………………………………………………………………………...17 I.1.2.2. Limitado uso del HTML y uso de una estructura hipertextual…………………………...17 I.1.2.3. Flexibilidad………………………………………………………………………………….....18 I.1.2.4. Están libres de ego, libres de tiempo y nunca acabados………………………………..18 I.1.3. ¿Qué otro elemento diferenciador no esencial hay en un Wiki ? ..................................18 I.1.4. ¿Cuál es nuestro concepto de Wiki ?................................................................................20 I.1.4.1. Concepto del fundador de WikiWikiWeb…………………………………………………..21 I.1.4.2. Concepto del Oxford English Dictionary …………………………………………………...21 I.1.4.3. Concepto de Oxforddictionaries.com/……………………………………………………... 21 I.1.4.4. Nuestro concepto…………………………………………………………………...………..21 I.2. ¿QUÉ ES EL LEAKING ?.............................................................................................................22 I.2.1 Precedentes. Los Pentagon Papers y Cryptome.org ……………………………………….22 I.2.1.1. El precedente histórico. Los Pentagon papers ……………………………………………23 I.2.1.1.a. El informe………………………………………………………………………………..24 I.2.1.1.b. La filtración………………………………………………………………………………25 I.2.1.1.c. La respuesta del gobierno. …………………………………………………………....26 I.2.1.1.d. El escándalo Watergate . ……………………………………………………………...27 I.2.1.2. El precedente tecnológico . Cryptome.org ………………………………………………….27 I.2.1.1.a. La filtración en Agosto de 2000 de un informe de la CIA de 1998………………..28 I.2.1.2.b. La filtración de la “guía espía” de Microsoft………………………………………….28 I.2.2. ¿Cuáles son los elementos esenciales de un Leaking ?.................................................29 I.2.2.1. La información y el productor de la información. …………………………………………29 I.2.2.2. La fuente. ……………………………………………………………………………………..29 I.2.2.3. La publicación…..……………………………………………………………………….……30 I.2.2.4. La audiencia. …………………………………………………………………………………31 I.2.3. ¿Cuál es nuestro concepto de Leaking ?..........................................................................31 I.2.3.1. Concepto de Oxforddictionaries.com/…………………………………………………….. .31 I.2.3.2. Concepto de C ollinsdictionary.com/……………………………………………………….. 31 I.2.3.3. Nuestro Concepto de Leaking. ……………………………………………………………..31 7 I.3. ¿CÓMO SE ORIGINA Y ESTRUCTURA WIKILEAKS ?..............................................................32 I.3.1. Su contexto. La web 2.0………………………………………………………………………….32 I.3.1.1. ¿Qué es la web 1.0? ………………………………………………………………………...32 I.3.1.2. ¿Qué es la web 2.0? ………………………………………………………………………...33 I.3.2. ¿Quién crea WikiLeaks y quiénes son sus principales colaboradores?......................35 I.3.2.1. Julian Assange es su fundador……………………………………………………………..35 I.3.2.2. Daniel Domscheit-Berg. Su principal colaborador………………………………………..43 I.3.2.3. Kristinn Hrafnson, el actual portavoz……………………………………………………….44 I.3.2.4. Birgitta Jónsdóttir……………………………………………………………………………..44 I.3.2.5. Otros colaboradores………………………………………………………………………….45 I.3.3. ¿Cuál es la base tecnológica de WikiLeaks ?...................................................................47 I.3.3.1. Los portátiles y la comunicación interna…………………………………………………..47 I.3.3.2. Los servidores………………………………………………………………………………..48 I.3.3.3. El proveedor………………………………………………………………………………….48 I.3.3.4. Los sistemas de encriptación. ……………………………………………………………..49 I.3.4. ¿Cómo se financió?............................................................................................................51 I.3.5. ¿Cuáles son los primeros pasos de WikiLeaks y sus primeras filtraciones?..............51 I.3.5.1. La primera publicación: La Unión de Cortes de Somalia………………………………...52 I.3.5.2. La revelación de la corrupción del ex líder keniano Daniel Arap Moi…………………..54 I.3.5.3. La publicación del manual del centro de detención de Guantánamo…………………..55 I.3.5.4. La filtración sobre la sucursal del banco suizo Julius Bär en Islas Caimán……………56 I.3.5.5. La filtración sobre los grandes deudores del banco islandés Kaupthing ………………59 I.3.5.6. Premio de la Prensa de Amnistía Internacional…………………………………………..59 CAPÍTULO II……………………………………………………………………………………………….60 ¿CUÁLES SON LAS FUGAS MÁS IMPORTANTES DE WIKILEAKS ? ¿CUÁL ES LA RELACIÓN ENTRE WIKILEAKS Y LOS MEDIOS DOMINANTES? ¿CUÁL HA SIDO LA REACCIÓN DEL GOBIERNO DE EE.UU.? II.1. ¿CUÁLES SON LAS FUGAS MÁS IMPORTANTES DE WIKILEAKS?....................................60 II.1.1. Abril de 2010: El video Collateral Murder ……………………………………………………60 II.1.1.1. La información y el productor de la información. ………………………………………..60 II.1.1.2. La fuente. …………………………………………………………………………………….69 II.1.1.3. El editor. ……………………………………………………………………...………………72 II.1.1.4. La audiencia. ………………………………………………………………………...………73 II.1.1.5. ¿Por qué es importante? …………………………………………………………………...73 II.1.2. Julio de 2010: Los Afghan War Diaries ………………………………………………….….74 II.1.2.1. La información y el productor de la información. ………………………………………..74 II.1.2.2. La fuente..………………………………………… …………………………………………79 II.1.2.3. El editor..……………………… …………………………………………………………… 80 II.1.2.4. La audiencia. ………………………………… …………………………………………… 81 II.1.2.5. ¿Por qué es importante?.…………………………………………………………………81 II.1.3. Octubre de 2010: Los documentos de Iraq War Logs …….……………………………….81 II.1.3.1. La información y el productor de la información. ……………………..…………………81 II.1.3.2. La fuente..…………………………………………………………………………………….84 II.1.3.3. El editor……………………………………………………………………………………….84 II.1.3.4. La audiencia. ………………………………………………………………………………85 II.1.3.5. ¿Por qué es importante?.…………………………… …………………………………… 85 II.1.4. Noviembre de 2010. La mayor filtración de la historia. El Cablegate…………………..86 II.1.4.1. La información y el productor de la información….………………………………………86 8 II.1.4.2. La fuente..…………………………………………………………………………………….93 II.1.4.3. El editor.………………………………………………………………………………………93 II.1.4.4. La audiencia….………………………………………………………………………………94 II.1.4.5. ¿Por qué es importante?.. ………………………………………………………………....94 II.2. ¿CUÁL ES LA RELACIÓN ENTRE WIKILEAKS Y LOS MEDIOS DOMINANTES?…………96 II.2.1. ¿Cuáles son los medios dominantes?............................................................................96 II.2.1.1. The New York Times . ……………………………………………………………………….97 II.2.1.2. The Guardian . ……………………………………………..…………………………………97 II.2.1.3. El País de España..………………………………………………………………………… 98 II.2.1.4. Der Spiegel ...…………………………………………………………………………………99 II.2.1.5. Le Monde . ……………………………………………………………………………………99 II.2.2. ¿Por qué WikiLeaks decide cooperar con ellos en 2010?.............................................99 II.2.2.1. Capacidad…………………………………………………………………………...........100 II.2.2.2. Protección. ………………………………………………………………………………….100 II.2.2.3. Impacto. …………………………………………………………………………………….101 II.2.3. ¿Por qué los medios dominantes cooperaron con WikiLeaks ?.................................101 II.2.4. ¿Cómo se dio esta relación?..........................................................................................102 II.2.5. ¿Cómo determinaron que los documentos no eran falsos?.......................................107 II.2.5.1. En las publicaciones previas a las grandes filtraciones de 2010. ……………………107 II.2.5.2. En las grandes filtraciones. ……………………………………………………………….109 II.2.6. ¿Hubo criterios de edición para prevenir daños?........................................................109 II.3. ¿CUÁLES HAN SIDO LAS REACCIONES DE HECHO DE LA AUTORIDAD POLÍTICA?....120 II.3.1. ¿Cuál ha sido su reacción material?.............................................................................121 II.3.1.1. Respuesta Física……………………………..…………………………………………….121 II.3.1.2. Respuesta Tecnológica……………………………………………………………………123 II.3.1.3. Respuesta Mediática…..…………………………………………………………………..126 CAPÍTULO III…………………………………………………………………………………………….132 ¿CUÁL HA SIDO LA REACCIÓN JURÍDICA DE LA AUTORIDAD POLÍTICA? ¿QUÉ DECISIONES HA TOMADO LA JURISPRUDENCIA ESTADOUNIDENSE? ¿QUE PREGUNTAS SE HA HECHO LA DOCTRINA? III.1. ¿CUÁL HA SIDO LA REACCIÓN JURÍDICA DE LA AUTORIDAD POLÍTICA?....................132 III.2. LA LEY ESTADOUNIDENSE...................................................................................................136 III.2.1. Tratados Multilaterales firmados por Estados Unidos……………………………………..136 III.2.1.1. Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos……………………………………137 III.2.2. La Primera Enmienda
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