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ENSAIOS DO IEEI Número 20 EL CASO WIKILEAKS: UNA VISIÓN ENSAIOS DO IEEI Número 20 EL CASO WIKILEAKS: UNA VISIÓN RETROSPECTIVA Y ALGUNOS DATOS SOBRE SUS CONSECUENCIAS EN MÉXICO BERENICE FERNÁNDEZ NIETO São Paulo, dezembro de 2013 ENSAIOS DO IEEI Publicação que objetiva divulgar os resultados dos estudos realizados no Instituto de Estudos Econômicos e Internacionais. O Instituto de Estudos Econômicos e Internacionais (IEEI-UNESP) é um Conselho Editorial centro multidisciplinar de análises e Andrés Serbin (CRIES/Argentina) pesquisas sobre as questões econômicas Carlos E. Lins da Silva (IEEI-UNESP) e internacionais, congregando Carlos Oliva Campos (UH/Cuba) especialistas de diversas áreas para Clodoaldo Bueno (IEEI-UNESP) promover e enriquecer o debate dessas Feliciano Garcia Aguirre (UV/México) questões, produzir e divulgar trabalhos e Gary Prevost (Stjohns/EUA) promover parcerias com entidades Harry Vanden (USF/EUA) públicas e privadas nas diversas Lenina Pomeranz (USP e IEEI-UNESP) atividades pertinentes ao seu objeto de Luis Fernando Ayerbe (IEEI-UNESP) atuação. Marcos Cordeiro (IEEI-UNESP) URL: http://www.ieei-unesp.com.br Marta Loza (UDG/México) Sandra Colombo (UNICEN/Argentina) Tullo Vigevani (IEEI-UNESP) As opiniões divulgadas nesta publicação são de inteira responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es). É permitida a reprodução, desde que seja citada a fonte. ISSN 2176-8773 2 ENSAIOS DO IEEI Número 20 EL CASO WIKILEAKS: UNA VISIÓN RETROSPECTIVA Y ALGUNOS DATOS SOBRE SUS CONSECUENCIAS EN MÉXICO 1 BERENICE FERNÁNDEZ NIETO2 1 Agradezco al Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte de la UNAM, en especial a la Dra. Camelia Tigau, por el apoyo en la realización de este informe. 2 Faculdad de Estudios Superiores Aragón – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México [email protected] ÍNDICE Wikileaks: We open governments................................................................................5 ¿Quién es Julian Assange……...................................................................................12 Filosofía: el periodismo científico.........................………………………………….19 La ética hacker...............................................…………………………………….....20 Hacktivismo...................................................…………………………………….....23 Whistleblowers........………………...........................................................................26 La reacción global........... ..........................................................................................28 México y las filtraciones............................................................................................36 Después de Wikileaks................................................................................................43 Anexo I: Cronologia del caso Wikileaks, actualizado a 1 de diciembre de 2012......45 Anexo II: Convenios Internacionales que respaldan el asilo de Assange..................61 Bibliografía y Mesografía...........................................................................................64 4 WikiLeaks: we open governments Bajo el eslogan “We open goverments” WikiLeaks se pronuncia como una entidad en pro de la libertad de información y sostiene que la transparencia es un elemento necesario en toda sociedad libre y democrática. Como proyecto de Sunshine Press, es una organización de medios de comunicación sin fines de lucro, cuyo fin es comunicar información y noticias importantes al público, ofreciendo una forma innovadora, segura y anónima de compartir información a las fuentes que deseen hacerlo. Su funcionamiento es posible gracias al trabajo de cientos de voluntarios alrededor del mundo, también se encarga de adaptar y desarrollar tecnologías para su propio funcionamiento. En cuanto a quienes la conforman, tenemos que decir que sus fundadores son una mezcla de disidentes de Asia, periodistas, matemáticos y tecnólogos procedentes de Estados Unidos, Taiwán, Europa, Australia y Sudáfrica. WikiLeaks se ha ido moviendo hacia un modelo más tradicional de publicación y, contrario de lo que pudiéramos pensar, por el uso del término “Wiki”, no admite comentarios ni ediciones de los usuarios. Además, se identifica como un movimiento mundial encargado de publicar filtraciones, cuyos costos resultan altos para los regímenes políticos intervencionistas que basan su poder en la conspiración y el miedo; para su funcionamiento utiliza una versión modificada del software de MediaWiki. Sus orígenes se remontan a diciembre de 2006, fecha en la que fue oficialmente registrada, y su objetivo es servir como plataforma para dar a conocer documentos confidenciales garantizando el anonimato de la fuente, lo cual es posible gracias a la creación de un software libre capaz de borrar cualquier indicio que pudiera identificar el origen de la fuente. El equipo está conformado por un pequeño grupo de especialistas informáticos y la financiación proviene de Wau Holland Stiftung3, que se encarga de recibir donaciones procedentes de Europa a WikiLeaks.4 WikiLeaks asegura que es capaz de publicar material auténtico a la par de las “historias” que se publican en los medios tradicionales, con la esperanza de que la audiencia identifique quién dice la verdad. La organización ha sobrevivido a la 3 Fundación Wau Holland creada en 2003 con sede en Alemania y en memoria del científico computacional del mismo nombre. 4 Alonso, Muñoz. (2010). Wikileaks, mucho más que Julian Assange. Diagonal [En línea]. Disponible: http://www.diagonalperiodico.net/Wikileaks-mucho-ma-s-que-Julian.htm [2012, Junio 05] 5 persecución generalizada a manos de instituciones jurídicas y políticas que intentan silenciarla, a los periodistas y a medios asociados. A pesar de todo, mantiene sus principios básicos: La defensa de la libertad de expresión y de la transparencia institucional, así como la mejora en el conocimiento común de la historia. La organización está compuesta, además del cuerpo de trabajo constituido por voluntarios, por un Consejo Asesor, una Junta Consultiva y Julian Assange, quien se identifica como Editor en Jefe de WikiLeaks. Adicionalmente, cuentan con un grupo de abogados procedentes de diversas partes del mundo, los cuales se encuentran comprometidos con los valores y objetivos de la organización. Algunos miembros del Consejo Asesor: Phillip Adams.- Locutor australiano de la emisora “Radio National” (de Australia), director de cine, autor y arqueólogo. Wang Dan.- Activista por la libertad y democracia en China y líder del Movimiento Democrático. Fue uno de los líderes estudiantiles más visibles en las Protestas de la Plaza de Tian'anmen5. Algunos miembros de la Junta Consultiva: Ben Laurie.- Ingeniero de software, diseñador de protocolo y criptógrafo. Es director fundador de Apache Software Foundation, miembro del equipo núcleo de OpenSSL, del Grupo Shmoo, director del Open Rights Group y director de seguridad en el Bunker Secure Hosting, además fideicomisario y miembro fundador del comité de FreeBMD. Francisco "Chico" Whitaker Ferreira.- Arquitecto brasileño, político y activista social. Es miembro fundador de la organización no gubernamental Transparência Brasil y miembro del World Future Council.6 En cuanto a los métodos utilizados, según lo declarado a los medios, después de recibir la información, periodistas evalúan y verifican el material, para posteriormente redactar la noticia con el fin de mostrar su importancia a la sociedad, 5 Edward R. Miller-Jones (Ed.), WikiLeaks, Removing the ‘top secret’ seal, EE.UU, Edit. fastbookpublishing, 2010. 6 ídem 6 uniéndose así a la noción liberal de rendición de cuentas, buscando reducir la corrupción y fortalecer la democracia en todas las instituciones de la sociedad, corporaciones, gobierno y organismos internacionales. La organización publica material de importancia ética, política e histórica; protegiendo la identidad de las fuentes, manteniendo un camino abierto para la revelación de las injusticias ocultas o censuradas. En lo que respecta a su funcionamiento, utiliza métodos avanzados de encriptación para proteger la estructura. Usa el esquema conocido como 256 bit AESi, similar a la que utilizan bancos y algunas agencias militares y de inteligencia. Su principal herramienta de anonimato en comunicaciones es Torii. WikiLeaks señala que no almacena ningún dato acerca del origen de la información cargada, la zona honoraria, el navegador ni de la fecha de entrega, utiliza una forma clásica de anonimato (vía Tor7). Las primeras publicaciones, que aparecieron en enero de 2007, consistían en una serie de reportes sobre el ex mandatario de Kenia, Daniel ArapMoi, y un fraude de mil 500 millones de euros. En noviembre del mismo año, WikiLeaks reveló el manual de procedimiento militar del Campamento Delta (una base en Guantánamo), eran más de 700 fichas de presos ingresados entre 2002 y 2009, y en las que se evidenciaban violaciones a los Derechos Humanos. El manual también señala que funcionarios de Arabia Saudita, China y Rusia acudían a Guantánamo con el fin de interrogar a los presos, y que se mantenían encarceladas personas inocentes.8 La siguiente filtración ocurrió en septiembre de 2008, y se acusaba a la entonces gobernadora de Alaska, Sarah Palin, de utilizar una cuenta de correo electrónico personal para realizar negocios oficiales, faltando a la obligación de reportarlos en registros públicos.9 En enero de 2010, se dio a conocer la que quizá es la filtración más importante en la historia de WikiLeaks. Más allá de la impunidad que delata, ayudó a que la organización obtuviera el reconocimiento y atención de 7 David Leigh y Luke Harding, WikiLeaks y Assange, Un
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