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To Be Black, Caribbean, and American Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 To Be Black, Caribbean, and American: Social Connectedness As a Mediator to Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Well-Being Among Afro-Caribbean American Emerging Adults Gihane Emeline Jeremie-Brink Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Jeremie-Brink, Gihane Emeline, "To Be Black, Caribbean, and American: Social Connectedness As a Mediator to Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Well-Being Among Afro-Caribbean American Emerging Adults" (2016). Dissertations. 2286. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2286 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2016 Gihane Emeline Jeremie-Brink LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO TO BE BLACK, CARIBBEAN, AND AMERICAN: SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AS A MEDIATOR TO RACIAL AND ETHNIC SOCIALIZATION AND WELL-BEING AMONG AFRO-CARIBBEAN AMERICAN EMERGING ADULTS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY BY GIHANE E. JÉRÉMIE-BRINK CHICAGO, IL DECEMBER 2016 Copyright by Gihane E. Jérémie-Brink, 2016 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God, for God’s grace, faithfulness, and tender mercies throughout my life. I would not be here today without the love and sacrifices of my wonderful parents, Dutroy and Yves Emeline Jérémie. Central to my upbringing, personal and professional development were the values taught & lived out by you, my parents. Based on the commitments of your faith and culture, you taught me to use my gifts and talents in the service of others. A well-known Haitian saying captures the essence of this commitment: “Tout moun se moun” – “All people are people.” This entails that dignity is reserved for no specific color, class or creed: justice should be available for all people. To my mother, you have shaped my life significantly and have encouraged my love for God, love for myself, and love for others. Your deep faith and trust in God helped me to believe and trust especially through difficult times. Often you would always say to your children, “Pa peur ti moun, Jesus geyen controle.” Daddy, two descriptors come to mind when I think of you: peace and gentleness. Throughout my whole life I can’t think of anyone else that emulates peace and grace, always encouraging us to serve others and use our gifts to serve the needs of the world. Mommy and daddy, you two are the rock of our family. Your faith and commitment gave your children strength and empowered us to be able to overcome any of life’s’ challenges. To my children Mateo MesiDye and Naya Emeline, you two are the driving force and inspiration in my life. Every day, I thank God for the opportunity to be your mother and journey through life with you. No words can fully express how much and how deep I iii love you. I am so grateful for you both. Nathan, my loving husband your deep love, commitment, and partnership has been one of the greatest gifts from God. I am thankful for your constant love and encouragement through all seasons of our life, whether they were seasons of joy and celebration or seasons of difficulties and sadness. You are a wonderful partner to me, an exceptional father to our children, an amazing brother and friend to others, a brilliant scholar and servant to our world, and most importantly a faithful follower of Christ. I love you and am ever so grateful for you and our partnership. You, my children and husband are a reflection of God’s faithfulness and goodness in my life. To my father- and mother-in-law, Daniel and Cheri Brink, I am so grateful for your loving and tender hearts, constant prayers, and faithfulness to God's calling and to your family. To all my siblings, brothers- and sisters-in –law, I thank you all for your constant love, encouragement, and support. I would also like to thank Dr. Eunju Yoon, Dr. Elizabeth Vera, Dr. Anita Thomas, Dr. Steven Brown, Dr. Rufus Gonzales, Dr. Carolyn Mildner, Ms. Valerie Collier, and the many past and present clinical supervisors for your support in my professional development and academic achievements. Lastly, thank you to my many friends and colleagues who have been a place of safety, love, and support. iv For my mother, Yves Emeline Jérémie. My Poto Mitan. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Racial and Ethnic Socialization Theory and Research .................................................... 2 Old Methodological Issues and New Approaches to Socialization Research .............. 7 Socialization and Black Emerging Adults ..................................................................... 10 Racial and Ethnic Socialization of First- and Second-Generation Black Immigrants .................................................................................................................. 12 Social Connectedness to Mainstream, Racial, and Ethnic Communities ...................... 14 Purpose of Study, Research Questions, and Hypotheses ............................................... 16 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 19 Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Experiences in the United States Analysis of Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Experience and Migratory Patterns in the United States ....................................................................................... 20 Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Identity Development in the US .................... 24 Racial Socialization and Ethnic Socialization Theory and Research ............................ 32 Protective Factors and Associations to Racial and Ethnic Socialization .................... 34 Critique and Limitations within Racial and Ethnic Socialization Research ............... 37 Racial and Ethnic Socialization of Black Immigrant Descended Afro- Caribbeans................................................................................................................ 44 Social Connectedness of Mainstream, Racial, and Ethnic Communities for Afro- Caribbeans................................................................................................................... 47 Emerging Adulthood ...................................................................................................... 54 Racial Socialization and Ethnic Socialization and Subjective Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood ................................................................................................... 63 Racial socialization and ethnic socialization ........................................................... 63 Well-being................................................................................................................ 67 Present Study ................................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER THREE: METHOD ....................................................................................... 73 Participants and Procedures ........................................................................................... 73 Instruments ..................................................................................................................... 79 Demographic Information ........................................................................................... 79 Racial and Ethnic Socialization .................................................................................. 80 Social Connectedness in Mainstream Society, Social Connectedness in the Racial Community and Social Connectedness in the Ethnic Community Scales ....................................................................................................................... 81 vi Subjective Well-being ................................................................................................. 82 Preliminary Analysis Procedure: Data Cleaning, Normality, Correlations ................... 84 Main Analysis Procedure: Test for Mediation in Path Analysis.................................... 84 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ......................................................................................... 89 Preliminary Analysis: Normality, Frequencies, Correlations ........................................ 89 Main Analysis ................................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 97 Implications of Primary Analysis Results.....................................................................
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