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FREE MOVEMENT of PERSONS in the CARIBBEAN: ECONOMIC and SECURITY DIMENSIONS Cruise Ship Dock in Heritage Quay, Antigua and Barbuda FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE CARIBBEAN: ECONOMIC AND SECURITY DIMENSIONS Cruise ship dock in Heritage Quay, Antigua and Barbuda. © IOM 2019/Estela ARAGON Disclaimer The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material through- out the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an inter- governmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in the meeting of operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic devel- opment through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through the support provided by the United States Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration under the framework of the IOM Western Hemisphere Capacicty-Building Migration Program. However the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the Government of the United States. This publication was issued without formal editing by IOM. PUBLISHER: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Regional Office for Central America, North America and the Caribbean Sabana Business Centre, Boulevard Ernesto Rohrmoser San José Costa Rica Tel.: +(506) 2212-5300 Email: [email protected] Website: www.rosanjose.iom.int Authors: Estela Aragón and Briana Mawby Layout and design: Alejandro Ibarra Cover Photo: Aerial view of Purple Turtle Beach in Rosalie, Dominica. © 2018/Rajvinder SINGH © 2019 International Organization for Migration. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2019/089/R 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................5 Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................................................................6 Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................8 About this Report ...........................................................................................................................11 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................12 1. History and Context of Free Movement in the Caribbean...................................................16 2. Mobility trends of CARICOM Nationals ..................................................................................30 3. The CSME and OECS regimes:Implementation successes and challenges ..........................39 4.The impact of the free movement of persons .........................................................................69 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................99 Recommendations for Future Research .......................................................................................101 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................102 References ........................................................................................................................................107 4 Acknowledgements This report was made possible through the financial We extend our sincere thanks to the many government support of the United States Department of State officials and representatives of international and Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration through regional organizations, including the Organization the Regional Program on Migration, Mesoamerica and of Eastern Caribbean States Commission, Caribbean the Caribbean and with the invaluable contributions Community, Caribbean Single Market and Economy of the staff of the IOM Regional Office for Central Unit, Caribbean Community Implementation Agency America, North America and the Caribbean, located for Crime and Security, United Nations Economic in San José, Costa Rica. We are especially grateful Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, to Brendan Tarnay, WHP Programme Support Office, International Labour Organization, University Caribbean, for his leadership and support. We would of the West Indies and University of Curaçao also like to thank IOM Specialists, including Cy and International Air Transport Association, who Winter and Michela Macchiavello, for their expertise generously shared their expertise through remote and guidance. in-person interviews. We are also grateful to those who participated in the validation process to ensure Additionally, a number of officials from IOM country the accuracy of the report. This report would not offices supported the research team by assisting in have been possible without their contributions. logistical arrangements, helping to arrange interviews and providing feedback to ensure that the content of Finally, we thank the IOM Coordinator for the the report remains current and accurate. In particular, Regional Program on Migration, Mesoamerica and we would like to recognize the contributions of Jan- the Caribbean, Alexandra Bonnie, for her support Willem Wegdam, IOM Dominica; Robert Natiello and direction throughout the project. and Eraina Yaw, IOM Guyana; Keisha Livermore and Rukiya Brown, IOM Jamaica; and Sofía Cortes, for design and layout support. 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACIS: Advance Cargo Information System ACS: Association of Caribbean States AMU: Arab Maghreb Union APIS: Advance Passenger Information System ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations BMS: Border Management System CAN: Andean Community of Nations CAPS: CARICOM Single Market Application Processing System CARIBSECS: CARICOM Interactive Border Security System CARICAD: Caribbean Centre for Development Administration CARICOM: Caribbean Community CARIFTA: Caribbean Free Trade Association CCJ: Caribbean Court of Justice CDB: Caribbean Development Bank CDEMA: Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDF: CARICOM Development Fund CEN-SAD: The Community of Sahel-Saharan States CET: Common External Tariff CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States CLMIS: Caribbean Labour Market Information System CMCF: Caribbean Community Multilateral Clearing Facility COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSME: CARICOM Single Market and Economy CVQ: Caribbean Vocational Qualification CXC: Caribbean Examinations Council EAC: East African Community 6 ECCAA: Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority ECCAS: Economic Community of Central African States ECCB: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ECSC: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court EU: European Union FDI: Foreign Direct Investment GDP: Gross Domestic Product ILO: International Labour Organization IMPACS: Implementation Agency for Crime and Security IOM: International Organization for Migration ISIS: Islamic State JRCC: Joint Regional Communication Centre LMIS: Labour Market Information System MERCOSUR: Mercado Común del Sur MiGOF: Migration Governance Framework MINUJUSTH: United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECS: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States PRM: United States Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration RIFC: Regional Intelligence Fusion Centre RSS: Regional Security System UEMOA: West African Economic and Monetary Union UN: United Nations USD: United States dollar UN DESA: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 7 Foreword The International Organization for Migration is the States and in the region as a whole, and a clearer leading organization addressing migration around understanding of how free movement provisions the world, and we work with national governments are implemented is critical for guiding economic and regional organizations to ensure that migration and security policy. Free movement provisions are is orderly, safe and regular, with the hope that it will an integral part of the economic, security, fiscal and contribute to the economic and social development border harmonization happening in the Caribbean. of both States and migrants. Following the principles IOM seeks to support regional cooperation to of the Migration Governance Framework (MiGOF) identify opportunities and potential challenges in adherence to international standards, utilizing a within the existing free mobility regimes, in order “whole-of-government” approach and engaging with to ensure that these mechanisms and migration as a all relevant partners, IOM seeks to advance the whole, support economic and social development in socioeconomic well-being of migrants and society, the region. effectively address the mobility dimensions of crises and promote a comprehensive
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