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Weathering Effects on the Mineralogy, Chemistry and Micromorphology of Pierre Shale Matthew Alan Birchmier Iowa State University

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Weathering Effects on the Mineralogy, Chemistry and Micromorphology of Pierre Shale Matthew Alan Birchmier Iowa State University Masthead Logo Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2005 Weathering effects on the mineralogy, chemistry and micromorphology of Pierre Shale Matthew Alan Birchmier Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Birchmier, Matthew Alan, "Weathering effects on the mineralogy, chemistry and micromorphology of Pierre Shale" (2005). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 18911. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/18911 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Weathering effects on the mineralogy, chemistry and micromorphology of Pierre Shale by Matthew Alan Birchmier A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Civil Engineering (Geotechnical Engineering) Program of Study Committee: Vernon Schaefer, Major Professor David White Michael Thompson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2005 Copyright© Matthew Alan Birchmier, 2005. All rights reserved. 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Matthew Alan Birchmier has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vi LIST 0 F TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Weathering and Clay Shales ............................................................................................... 1 Document Organization ...................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 Weathering Processes ......................................................................................................... 5 Physical Weathering ..................................................................................................... 7 Chemical Weathering .................................................................................................... 8 Clay Minerals .................................................................................................................... 11 Shale and Clay Shale ........................................................................................................ 16 Classification ............................................................................................................... 16 Sedimentology and Development.. ............................................................................. 17 Weathering in Mudrocks and Overconsolidated Clays .............................................. 22 Engineering Problems with Overconsolidated Clays and Clay Shale ........................ 28 Pierre Shale ....................................................................................................................... 30 Fossil Zones ................................................................................................................ 32 Mineralogy and Chemistry ......................................................................................... 34 Uplift, Erosion, and Outcroppings .............................................................................. 35 Oahe Dam Site ............................................................................................................ 36 Mineralogy ............................................................................................................ 37 Weathering Case Study ......................................................................................... 38 Strength Parameters .............................................................................................. 38 Residual Strength .............................................................................................................. 40 Residual Strength Characteristics ............................................................................... 42 Soil Chemistry ............................................................................................................ 43 Clay Minerals' Influence ............................................................................................ 45 Residual Strength Testing ................................................................................................. 46 Sample Preparation ..................................................................................................... 48 Modifications .............................................................................................................. 50 Types of Tests ............................................................................................................. 53 Displacement Rate ...................................................................................................... 54 Displacement. .............................................................................................................. 56 Wall Friction ............................................................................................................... 57 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 57 IV Mineralogical/Chemical/Micromorphology Analyses ...................................................... 58 X-ray Radiation ........................................................................................................... 59 Crystal Geometry ........................................................................................................ 61 X-ray Diffraction ........................................................................................................ 63 Equipment and Procedure ..................................................................................... 64 X-ray Spectroscopy ..................................................................................................... 68 Scanning Electron Microscopy ................................................................................... 71 Fabric, Structure and Micromorphology ............................................................... 75 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTHER 3. STRENGTH OF PIERRE SHALE IN RELATION TO WEATHERING, MINERAL AND CHEMICAL ST A TE ............................................................................. 81 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 81 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 82 Background ....................................................................................................................... 83 Materials and Sample Preparation .................................................................................... 85 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 85 Sample preparation ..................................................................................................... 87 Classification and Residual Shear Strength .......................................................... 87 Micromorphology ................................................................................................. 87 Mineralogical and Chemical Analyses ................................................................. 88 Testing and Analytical Methods ....................................................................................... 89 Classification, pH and CEC ........................................................................................ 89 Ring-Shear Testing ..................................................................................................... 90 Scanning Electron Microscope ................................................................................... 91 Results ............................................................................................................................... 92 Geotechnical Tests, pH, and CEC ............................................................................... 92 Ring Shear ................................................................................................................... 92 SEM Images ................................................................................................................ 94 Mineral and Chemical
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