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Petrology, Diagenesis, and Sedimentology of Oil Reservoirs in Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds, Powder River Basin, Wyoming

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Petrology, Diagenesis, and Sedimentology of Oil Reservoirs in Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds, Powder River Basin, Wyoming Petrology, Diagenesis, and Sedimentology of Oil Reservoirs in Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds, Powder River Basin, Wyoming U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1917-C :". - .-'. '. ". ''.''I''.*'' '.' - ':'. ' ' ' '.' .- '.'' "-'- ''.-. .: '-^'-.v-V-^V . ' -': . ----. : - VitaOb. AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL , OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in- Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis- of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 18th and CSts.,NW. U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports DENVER, Colorado--Federal Bldg., Rm. 169, 1961 Stout St. Federal Center, Box 25425 LOS ANGELES, California-Federal Eldg., Rm. 7638,300 N. Denver, CO 80225 Los Angeles St. MENLO PARK, California-Bldg. 3 (Stop 533), Rm. 3128, Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and 345 Middlefield Rd. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY from RESTON, Virginia-503 National Center, Rm. 1C402,12201 the Sunrise Valley Dr. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah-Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105,125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SAN FRANCISCO, California-Customhouse, Rm. 504,555 Washington, D.C. 20402 Battery St. SPOKANE, Washington-U.S. Courthouse, Rm. 678, West (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of Docu- 920 Riverside Ave.. ments.) ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Federal Bldg, Rm. E-I46, 701 C St. Maps For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Maps Federal Center, Box 25286 Maps may ^ purchased over the counter at the U.S. Geologi- Denver, CO 80225 caj Sm^gy offices where books are sold (all addresses in above list) and at the following Geological Survey offices: Residents of Alaska may order maps from ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. Alaska Distribution Section, U.S. Geological Survey, . DENVER, Colorado-Map Distribution, Bldg. 810. Federal New Federal Building - Box 12 Center 101 Twelfth Ave., Fairbanks, AK 99701 . FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. Chapter C Petrology, Diagenesis, and Sedimentology of Oil Reservoirs in Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds, Powder River Basin, Wyoming By PAULA L HANSLEY and C. G. WHITNEY A multidisciplinary approach to research studies of sedimentary rocks and their constituents and the evolution of sedimentary basins both ancient and modern U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1917 EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS POWDER RIVER BASIN DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hansley, Paula L. Petrology, diagenesis, and sedimentology of oil reservoirs in Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Beds, Powder River Basin, Wyoming / by Paula L. Hansley and C.G. Whitney. p. cm. (Evolution of sedimentary basins Powder River Basin) (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1917-C) "A multidisciplinary approach to research studies of sedimentary rocks and their constituents and the evolution of sedimentary basins both ancient and modern." Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:1917C 1. Petroleum Geology Wyoming Steele Shale. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Cretaceous. 3. Steele Shale (Wyo.) I. Whitney, Carroll Gene, 1949- .II. Title III. Series. IV. Series: U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1917-C. QE75.B9 no. 1917-C [TN870.5] 557.3 s-dc20 [553.2'8'09787] 90-3812 CIP CONTENTS Abstract Cl Introduction Cl Research design C3 Depositional environment C5 Sedimentology C6 Petrology C7 Framework mineralogy C8 Diagenetic alterations C9 Siderite CIO Pyrite CIO Quartz CIO Chlorite CIO Calcite Cll Glauconite-smectite Cll Albite C14 Minor authigenic phases C14 Secondary porosity C14 Oil C17 Isotopy C17 Procedure C17 Calcite C17 Dolomite C19 Siderite C20 Discussion C20 Provenance C20 Origin of glauconite C20 Origin of dolomite C21 Petrology of outcrop and core sandstones C23 Diagenesis and paragenesis C24 Depositional environment C27 Mid-shelf model C27 Alternative model C28 Conclusions C28 References cited C29 Appendix. Core descriptions of the Shannon Sandstone Beds of the Steele Member of the Cody Shale, Powder River Basin, Wyoming C32 FIGURES 1. Map showing locations of outcrops and drillholes from which samples of the Shannon Sandstone Beds of the Steele Member of the Cody Shale and the Groat Sandstone Bed of the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale were collected in the Powder River Basin C2 2. Photograph showing outcrop of Shannon Sandstone Beds at the Salt Creek anticline C3 Contents 3. Chart showing stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the subsurface of the western part of the Powder River Basin C3 4. Map showing inferred paleogeography at the time of deposition of the Shannon Sandstone Beds C5 5-10. Photographs of core of the Shannon Sandstone Beds showing: 5. Facies la C7 6. Facies 2 C7 7. Facies 3 C8 8. Facies 4 C8 9. Bedded siderite in facies 4 C9 10. Coal partings at top of facies 2 CIO 11. Diagram showing composition of sandstones from the Shannon and Groat Sandstone Beds Cll 12. Plot of plagioclase versus potassium feldspar abundance, Shannon and Groat Sandstone Beds C14 13-15. Photomicrographs of: 13. Detrital glouconite grains and quartz CIS 14. Dolomite grain and overgrowth CIS 15. Detrital polycrystalline dolomite clast and quartz C16 16. Cathodoluminescence micrograph of detrital dolomite grains and overgrowths C16 17. Scanning electron micrograph of detrital dolomite grain and clay rim C17 18. Photograph of core of the Shannon Sandstone Beds showing detrital siderite clasts in facies la C17 19-20. Scanning electron X-ray fluorescence micrographs showing: 19. Siderite and calcite C18 20. Siderite overgrowth on dolomite C18 21-26. Scanning electron micrographs of: 21. Framboidal pyrite and quartz overgrowths C19 22. Authigenic pyrite and chlorite C19 23. Iron oxide pseudomorph after pyrite C19 24. Quartz overgrowth coated with oil C19 25. Etch pits in quartz overgrowth C20 26. Intergrowth of authigenic quartz and chlorite C20 27. Photomicrograph of authigenic chlorite rim under quartz overgrowth C21 28. Color photomicrograph and Cathodoluminescence micrograph showing diagenesis of potassium feldspar C22 29. Scanning electron micrograph of highly diagenetically evolved glauconite C23 30. X-ray diffraction profiles of glauconite from deep and shallow sandstones of Shannon Sandstone Beds C23 31. Photomicrograph of chessboard albite C23 32. Scanning electron X-ray fluorescence micrographs of ferroan dolomite overgrowth on detrital dolomite grain C23 33. Scanning electron micrograph of skeletal plagioclase grain C24 34. Photomicrograph of oil between detrital quartz grain and quartz overgrowth C25 35. Diagram showing paragenesis of diagenetic alterations in the Shannon Sandstone Beds C26 IV Contents TABLES 1. Outcrops and cores of the Shannon Sandstone Beds of the Steele Member of the Cody Shale and of the Groat Sandstone Bed of the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale, Wyoming and Montana C4 2. Correlation of depositional facies in Shannon Sandstone Beds as described herein with facies as defined by Tillman and Martinsen (1984) C6 3. Point counts of selected thin sections of the Shannon Sandstone Beds and Groat Sandstone Bed, Powder River Basin C12 4. Identification criteria for detrital dolomite C17 5. Stable isotope values (513C and 518 O) for calcite, dolomite, and siderite in Shannon Sandstone Beds C25 Contents EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS-POWDER RIVER BASIN Petrology, Diagenesis,
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