NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM
NEW ALGIERS terreformInc 01 02 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Cultural Assests Economy 16 Physiognomy Demographics/ 15 Neighborhood Overview 14 Timeline Levee 12-13 ALGIERS OVERVIEW LEVEE HISTORY10-17 INTRODUCTION 05 TERREFORM ABOUT COLOPHON CONTENT
17 06-09 04 02 Solution (Regional Scale) Bird Migration Urban Ecology: 02 Issues Sustainable DrainageSystem Urban Ecology: 01 Solution (Neighborhood Scale) Water Drainage 01 Issues (Regional Scale) Water Drainage Urban Ecology: 01 Issues ISSUES ANALYSIS Energy Practice/FishFarming Urban Ecology:Renewable 03 Solution Deepwater HorizonOilDisaster Urban Ecology:2010 03 Issues Neighborhood Scale) Green Corridors(Regional/ Urban Ecology: Population Projections 07 Solution Population 07 Issues Light Rail 06 Solution Mobility/Economics 05 Issues Reconceptualize Levees 04 Solution Flooding/Land Loss 04 Issues
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18-41 27 25 24 20-21 35 34 33 32 30-31 28-29 26 Street View (View ofBoardwalk) (View toCommercialCorridor) (View towardsneighborhood) Sectional Perspective Energy/Waste Water Food Calculation ofOneBuildingUnit:49-51 Street Extension/ViewShed48 Connection toFederalCity Typical Section (Night Activity) Street View Street View Roof Plan Sectional Perspective Ground Plan Bird’s EyeView Master Plan Master Plan-Uses “Nexus” Urban-Planning Habitable Levee Building Proposal: SOLUTIONS 0142-62 100 yr.FloodProtection 10 Solution Topography 10 Issues and Mix-useWaterfront Connection betweenExisting 09 Solution Mobility/Economics 09 Issues Mix-use Waterfront 08 Solution Zoning 08 Issues
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41 40 39 37-38 36 36 61-62 54-55 56 52 59 58 57 53 46 45 44 47 Barrier Systems(NewOrleans) Barrier Systems(Netherlands) APPENDICES Linear Imaginary Income Energy/Food Water/Waste Building RespiratoryFunctions70-72 Cost Comparisons Calculations Costs Calculations andData SOLUTIONS 0264-73
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67 68 80-81 78-79 76-77 74-81 66 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 03 04 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM E [email protected] E [email protected] W TERREFORM.INFO T 212-627-9121 NEW YORK NY 10014 180 VARICK ST. #1220 TERREFORM INC. CONTACT INFO COLOPHON © terreforminc.2010 ISBN MICHAEL SORKIN EDITORS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TEXT MICHAEL SORKIN LUOYI YIN MAKOTO OKAZAKI LUMAGAMICHELA BARONE YING LIU CHRISTIAN EUSEBIO NADIA DOUKHI BALLES ROBIN ALGIERSNEW TEAM PRINTING: LULU.COM? PUBLISHER: LULU.COM? DESIGN: TRUDY GIORDANO LAYOUT&PRINTING NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 05 ABOUT TERREFORM ABOUT BOARD OF DIRECTORS BOARD MICHAEL SORKIN, PRESIDENT AND CHAIR COPJEC, JOAN VICE PRESIDENT HOUSE MD, JONATHAN SECRETARY RICHARD FINKELSTEIN CHRISTINE BOYER OKAZAKI MAKOTO FOUNDED FOUNDED IN 2006 AND LOCATED IN TERREFORM YORK CITY, NEW SELF-INITIATED UNDERTAKES INVESTIGATIONS INTO BOTH LOCAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES AND MAKES ITSELF AVAILABLE TO COMMUNITY AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORT INDEPENDENT TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND PLANNING INITIATIVES. (501.C.3) (501.C.3) TERREFORM TERREFORM IS A NON-PROFIT 06 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM The choice willcontinue tobestark: protectorabandon. Since the latterisunthinkable, the former mustbe carefullythought anddesigned. is producingboth ariseinsealevelandmore numerousandenergetic stormsandhurricaneswhich putNewOrleansatgreater andgreaterrisk. latter investigation mustbeconductedinlight ofthreatsandchangesthat aremoreplanetaryinorigin. Itisclear,forexample, thatglobalwarming mation inanyrational scenarioasisacontinued investigationofthemorphologies ofthegradientbetween occupiablelandand theriverandthis directed alongfarmoresustainable lines.Theembeddedpatternsofsprawlandcoastal destructionarelogicalareasofresistanceandtransfor Although thecityisnowmarked bythesinisterserendipityofwhatislikelytobepermanent shrinkage,itneedstobeprotected,enhanced,and bearing capacityofboththe site andregiongrewexponentially. city’s economychangedtoembrace suchmassivelydistortingactivitiesasenergyand chemicalproduction,thedisjuncturebetweennotional with naturalforces,laterdevelopment-likethegrowthof othercitiesalongtheMississippi’slenght-exceededthisharmonizingscale.And,as at oneoftheworld’smoststrategiclocations.While ante-bellumcitywassequesteredbehinditsnaturalleveesandscaledingreaterharmony cities areskeinsofcontigencythatinventtheirdemands atasingularpaceandscale.NewOrleansgrewwiththeimpeccableimperativeofport But, whetherornotonereadsthecityasanaturalsystem withanecologyeithercomparableorsupernumerarytootherbiomes,it’sclearthat tailored todotheusefulworkofmoresocialformsengineering. that raisedthepossobilityoflabelinganyterritorysusceptible tofloodsasuninhabitable.Thissanctimonious,“natural,”risk-aversioncouldthenbe from theseafront,restorationofwetlandsandbarrier islands,therecoveryandre-naturalizationofDelta.Theresultwasausefuldefault were buttressedbytheirapparentsymmetrywithdiscussions aboutrebuildingtheGulfcoastasawhole,conflatedwithlogicswithdrawal founded inlogicsofraceandclassortheactuarialcruelties ofthecost-benefitreconstructionandprotectionexpense.Thesearguments consumed withideasofurbantriagethatweretintedgreen -floatedonbromidesaboutsustainabilityandnaturalprocesstherealagendawas In truth,itistoolate(orfarsoon)toradicallyreconsiderthestatusofriver.Althoughmuchdebate inthewakeofKatrinawas nature iscircumscribed. silt, todrivecyclesoffertilityandrenewal.Byprivilegingtheriver’sutilityasatransportationarmatureaboveall,its meaninginbothcultureand that theartificeofbarriersexistspreciselyasaninterruptiontowhatriverwantsdo:periodacallyoverflow itsbanks,toinfusethesoilwith fundamentally malign.ThisthreateningconstructreliesonanideaoftheMississippiascentralelementina system thatisunnatural.Weknow The reconstructionofNewOrleanshasforcedadeepreconsiderationtherelationshipbetweencityandwater, oneinwhichtheriveriscastas is perpetuallyatriskfromthewaterwaythatenablesit.AsKatrinaforcefullyrevealed,floodscanbeBiblical. the graciousparks,promenades,andarchitectureofsomanyotherrivertowns.Ofcourse,thereisindisputable logic tothisreserve:NewOrleans New OrleansisatoncethecreatureofMississippiandastrangertoit.Bufferedbyitslevees,fabric citydoesnotfrontitsriverswith INTRODUCTION - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 07 - -
but part of a much longer enterprise to imagine the morphology of the modern city in the context of its enabling infrastructures. but part of a much longer enterprise to sui generis
clear idea of the city as a mode of rational production, an assembly line. clear idea of the city as a mode of rational the medina) and a strategy of networked colonization with origins as old as the roads of Rome. And - especially in the case of Miliutin - there was a colonization with origins as old as the roads of Rome. And - especially in the medina) and a strategy of networked archy. Additional vibe was imbricated by the possibility of a strict delimitation of the boundaries between city and nature (whether the countryside or by the possibility of a strict delimitation of the boundaries between city and archy. Additional vibe was imbricated sites and the homogenizing, egalitarian mood of modernism easily translated this into a line, replete with its presumptions of the abatement of hier- mood of modernism easily translated this into a line, replete with its presumptions sites and the homogenizing, egalitarian of transportation as the armature of architecture. The speed of the railway and the car had the effect of establishing a kind of parity among linked The speed of the railway and the car had the effect of establishing of transportation as the armature of architecture. those of Soria y Mata, Chambless, Miliutin, Le Corbusier, and Rudolph - the generative logics sprang from the incorporation of mechanical means Le Corbusier, and Rudolph - the generative logics sprang from the incorporation those of Soria y Mata, Chambless, Miliutin, proposal also pushes its possibilities by including energy and agricultural production, moving towards a paradigm of local self-sufficiency as a strat a paradigm of local self-sufficiency and agricultural production, moving towards its possibilities by including energy proposal also pushes is not of these schemes - including morphologies according to logics of function. In the most emblematic drawn to the search to rationalize its attenuated contoured to a place. The uses it proposes include not simply food protection but housing, commerce, industry, movement, and recreation. This industry, movement, and recreation. food protection but housing, commerce, The uses it proposes include not simply contoured to a place. This is important: Our scheme with the celebrated scheme of Le Corbusier for another city called Algiers. as a whole, and, of course the resonance architecture and urbanism, is part of a history of linear city form that has had a special grip on modernist In particular, the New Algiers scheme This project investigates the form and function of such an occupied levee. It is meant to suggest both a general strategy and a singularity, an idea both a general strategy and a singularity, occupied levee. It is meant to suggest the form and function of such an This project investigates of issues endemic to New Orleans its location opposite the center of the city, its embodiment of a number neighborhood’s typical, low-density fabric, new apparatus of self development and self reliance? Finally, what if such levees might become a prototype that could spread beyond the city? a prototype that could spread beyond what if such levees might become development and self reliance? Finally, new apparatus of self choice was dictated by the is Algiers, a neighborhood that largely escaped Katrina’s ravages. This The area of the city chosen for this proposal which levees became the central component of their own economic sustainability and an armature for infusing their adjoining neighborhoods with a for infusing their adjoining neighborhoods economic sustainability and an armature the central component of their own which levees became much closer to home. esary infrastructure but a more fully integrated element of a riverine urbanism? And, what if this reconfiguration were to lead to a circumstance in reconfiguration were to lead to a circumstance of a riverine urbanism? And, what if this but a more fully integrated element esary infrastructure of urban respiration by doing the accountancy of taking responsobility for key aspects greater neighborhood autonomy and egy both of securing But what if the levee and its hinterland were conceived of not as antithetical but unified? What if the levee could become not simply a piece of nec if the levee could become not simply not as antithetical but unified? What and its hinterland were conceived of But what if the levee city’s canals had the illusory advantage of preserving vast amounts of real estate. vast amounts advantage of preserving had the illusory city’s canals barriers and their resultingly enormous requirements for urban space. The kinds of thin concrete membranes that failed so spectacularly along the so spectacularly along that failed thin concrete membranes The kinds of for urban space. enormous requirements their resultingly barriers and that sought to overcome one of the primary issues of the urban levee, the very high ratio of width to hight necessary to the construction of earthen construction of earthen necessary to the of width to hight the very high ratio of the urban levee, of the primary issues to overcome one that sought superior to more complexly constructed solutions elsewhere in the city. Indeed, the primary failures in the disaster were of wall-based systems wall-based systems disaster were of failures in the city. Indeed, the primary elsewhere in the solutions more complexly constructed superior to constructions have proved highly durable, have existed as a feature of the world’s riverbanks for millennia. Their performance in Katrina was much was much Katrina in performance Their for millennia. riverbanks world’s of the as a feature existed durable, have highly have proved constructions This project investigates the form and purpose of a crucial element in the protective regime: the Mississippi River Levee. These massive, primitive, primitive, massive, These River Levee. the Mississippi regime: protective in the crucial element of a and purpose the form project investigates This 08 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM other partsof New Orleans,Algierssuffers widespread“jobsprawl”with itsattendantchallengesfor transportationandneighborhood culture. a moregeneral elaborationofthemixuses inaneighborhoodwithsubstabtial deficitsinhousing, jobs,transportation,andpublic facilites.Like dramatically reduced -eveneliminatedby thisstrategyofprogrammatic collaboration.Thishasthe additionalbenefitofproviding anarmaturefor First, theinhabitedleveeismeant topayforitself.Byincludingawidevarietyofrevenue-generating facilites,thecostsofflood-protectioncan be to sustainitselfeconomically andenvironmentallywillnotdisruptbutenhanceitsnative qualitiesofplace.Thisefforthasthreeprincipleaspsects. to preservetheviewshedacross theriver.Wehopetoothataddingdiversityofform andusetoAlgiersaswellgreatlyenlargingitscapacity More sensitiveisthehistoric AlgiersPointdistrictatthebendinriverandwe’vestrived toappropriatelymodulatethescaleofoutadditions and tween alreadyexistingdiscrepanciesinscaleandanew kind ofbridgebetweenthemandtheriver. Forces ReserveHeadquartersFacility.Thereconfiguration oftheleveeproposedhereismeant,amongotherthings,asaformmediationbe Support ActivityBase,currentlyintheprocessoftransformation to“FederalCity,”partofwhichincludestheconstructionenormousMarine notably thefloat-buildingfactoriesofMardiGrasWorldand anumberofotherproductionsites.Finally,AlgiersisthehomeverylargeNavy port city.Moreover,partofAlgiers along theMississippi-anditsownsupportinginfrastructure ofcranesandwarehouses,railtruckingspaces-isbothnativethrillingtothis between whatisprotectedandnecessarytoprotect itregistersatrulyindigenuouscondition.Likewise,thescaleofshippingthatdocks it. Thevariationisnotnecessarilynegativeandis,infact, alreadypartofAlgiers’smorphology.Theexistingleveeismassiveandthediscrepancy One critiquethatmightbeleveledataschemeofthismagnitude isthatitsetsupacontestofscaleswiththetextureneighborhoodbehind transportation infrastruturedepictedmightruntoBaton Rougeorbeyond. particulars itcontainsthelogicoftransformativeextensionbothbyimplication-existingleveesstretchhundreds ofmiles-andsuggestionthe sibilities ofAlgiersviabothitsprogrammaticcontentandbyestablishinganewwayforthecitytoembraceriver. Althoughcontouredtolocal cupies aspacealreadyexceptionalandisintendednotasdisplacementbutenhancement,providingusesconditions meanttoenlargethepos The NewAlgiersproposalisafrankparticipantinallofthesediscourses,seekingtoinhabititsedgeasanactboth efficiencyanddesire.Itoc architectures ofprivilege. terfronts ofChicagoorRioaregeneratedbytheirviewsanditisanimmemorialaspectcitiestoloadtheedges ofparks,plazas,andshoreswith attenuation ofriversandcoasts.And,therearelinearitiesthatmapmorespecificdesires.Forexample,thewalls ofbuildingsthatmarkthewa tion towhichmusthbesurelyaddedtheglobalconstructionofdikesandlevees,wallswithaparticularpurpose,forms generatedbythenatural walls. WhethertheGreatWallofChinaorInterstates,possibilityconstructingenormouslinearartefacts hasbeenanhistoricpreocupa While linearityasamorphologicalimpertivehasmanyconsequentialsources,itsobviousoriginpointsareconnection andprotection-pathways genius lociisitscombinationofhousingtypesvariousscaleswith considerablylargerindustrialfacilities, - - - - - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 09
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dramatically enriched and invigorated. dramatically enriched responsobility, one that embraces the widest range of urban respiration. And, we hope that the living but haggard community of Algiers can be living but haggard community of Algiers respiration. And, we hope that the that embraces the widest range of urban responsobility, one Our hope is that such a scheme can enable a neighborhood and a city secure form floods and provide a model for a dramatic new form of local provide a model for a dramatic new form and a city secure form floods and a scheme can enable a neighborhood Our hope is that such proposition in which this new construction seeks to completely harmonize its facilities and the needs to which they give rise. harmonize its facilities and the this new construction seeks to completely proposition in which that already exist. We’ve also suggested a location for a “nexus” school in line with the excellent policy adopted by the city. In sum, we’ve offered a In sum, we’ve offered by the city. excellent policy adopted in line with the for a “nexus” school suggested a location exist. We’ve also that already re-use, energy, local and regional movement, and commerce, introducing, in effect, a third commercial corridor synergistically aligned with the two aligned with the synergistically third commercial corridor in effect, a commerce, introducing, movement, and local and regional re-use, energy, to supply all the new residents the new levees will bring. We’ve also suggested strategies for self-sufficiency in water supply, waste remediation and waste remediation in water supply, for self-sufficiency suggested strategies bring. We’ve also the new levees will all the new residents to supply to a very high level of local autonomy. We have, for example, included a series of structures for vertical agriculture, capable of growing enough food of growing enough agriculture, capable for vertical a series of structures for example, included We have, level of local autonomy. to a very high ational possibilities and enlarging the space of civic culture. Finally, we have made our scheme the center of a more radical initiative, moving Algiers initiative, moving Algiers of a more radical scheme the center we have made our culture. Finally, the space of civic and enlarging ational possibilities
simply manage potential local flooding, it will improve air quality and the persistence of urban heat island effects as well as enhancing local recre local as enhancing as well effects heat island of urban persistence and the air quality improve it will local flooding, potential manage simply Second, we have proposed a neighborhood-wide scheme to elaborate and connect green spaces and to deal naturally with run-off. This will not This will with run-off. naturally to deal spaces and green connect and to elaborate scheme a neighborhood-wide proposed we have Second, 10 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 11 LEVEE HISTORY ALGIERS OVERVIEW 12 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ORLEANS MAJOR STORMS unknown Cost ofdamages 200 peoplekilled Last Island Hurricane 1856 Mississippi River. the of bend a on land high of ridge leans on a natural Or- New settlers founded Fench 1 West Bank the on upstream built are miles 165 Rouge Baton to bank east the on upstream levees built of are miles 130 2 (1893USD) $5 millionindamages 2000 peoplekilled Chenier CaminadaHurricane 1893 (1909USD) $11 millionindamages 371 peoplekilled Grand IsleHurricane 1909 iy rie sronig wet surrounding drained City encourage development and disease prevent to lands 3 Plaquemines Parish’seastbank. but the of all damage, and Parish Bernard St. of much serious flooded Or New experiencing prevent from to leans Intended levee the on Caernarvon. off at set were dynamite of tons 30 The greatMississippiFloodof27. 4 (1915USD) $13 millionindamages 275 peoplekilled New OrleansHurricane 1915 - (1947USD) $110 millionindamages 51 peoplekilled Fort LauderdaleHurricane 1947 - oges autho Congress improvements levee major rizes 5 hurricane protectionforJeffersonandOrleansparishes. Huge sandbagsarekeptnearbytoplugthisholeinthe is being replaced with a new, hurricane-resistant structure. The Hammond Highway bridge over the 17th Street Canal flood populatedareastowardtheriverthroughgaps. models indicate storm surge from smaller hurricanes would line, fivemilesinlandfromLakePontchartrain.Computer 10-mile levee from the Bonnet Carre Spillway to the parish Armstrong InternationalAirportispartofanincomplete Construction ofanewdrainagestructurewestLouis LEVEE HOT SPOTS AROUNDNEWORLEANS: Research: EmmettMayerIIIandMarkSchleifstein District;LakeBorgneBasinLeveePlaqueminesParishDistrict Sources: ArmyCorpsofEngineers,NewOrleansDistrict;LeveeEastJeffersonWest THE LEVEESYSTEM: of propertytaxesandstatefinancing. with constructionmoneyfromeachdistrict’sshare also buildandmaintainnonfederal,lower-elevationlevees construction cost of hurricane levees, while the Mississippi River levees are a federal project. Local levee districts Army CorpsofEngineersandaremaintainedbylocalleveedistricts.Thecorpsthedistrictsshare Levees andfloodwallsthatprotectagainstfloodingfromboththeMississippiRiverhurricanesarebuiltby ANDCONCRETE BARRIERS OFEARTH LAST LINEOFDEFENSE:HOPINGTHELEVEESHOLD 5 n h o J . t S 1 t s i t p a B Army CorpsofEngineersofficialssayhurricaneleveesintheNewOrleansareawillprotectresidentsfromaCategory3 Timbalier levee Meadow to Golden Larose e h t 90 e h c r u o f a L JEFFERSON-ORLEANS PARISHJEFFERSON-ORLEANS LINE ST. CHARLESPARISH Bay s e l r a h C . t S s e l r a h C . t S 55 h s i r a P 310 NEW ORLEANS NEW 10 Pontchartrain moving rapidlyoverthearea.Butcomputermodelsindicateevenweakerstormscouldfindchinksinthatarmor. Luling 1 25.0 Cataouatche Lake n o s r e f f e J Lake 90 Destrehan 24.0 s e n i m e u q a l P 39 s n a e l r O Mexico Gulf of levees to Venice Orleans New LaPlace 10 Segnette Bayou 61 13.0 . A L Borgne 13.5
8.0-14.0
Lake Mississippi River d r a n r e B . t S 51 5.0-8.0 . S S I M 25.0 1 23 n o s r e f f e J t s i t p a B e h t h s i r a P n h o J . t S 12.0 Waggaman h s i r a P 12.5 15.0 3 Breton 15.0 Sound 9.0 14.0 10 2 55 10 miles 3124 pouring intocityneighborhoods. completion, onlysandbagswillstophurricanesurgefrom is being replaced with a new span with floodwalls. Until its The Filmore Avenue bridge over the London Avenue Canal Parish andNewOrleans,accordingtocomputermodels. the riverleveeandpouroverthisbarrierintoJefferson the airport.Surgewaterfromlakecouldpoolalong south ofAirlineDrivetotheMississippiRiverleveenear This 5-foot to 10-foot wall of sandbags and sheet piling runs Chandeleur 6 2 10.0 Spillway Carre Bonnet 13.5 Sound 9.0 Waterway Intracoastal 11.0 N.O. Int.Airport NEW ORLEANS ST. CHARLES-JEFFERSONPARISH LINE 8.0 10.0 Harahan Armstrong 25.0 Westwego Louis 61
14.5 90 LAPALCO BLVD. LAPALCO 45 -
Kenner AIRLINE DR. AIRLINE WILLIAMS BLVD. 8.5 LEVEES ANDFLOODWALLS 25.0 16.0 Interior parish Hurricane protection Mississippi River Air Station U.S. Naval 16.0 subsidence. counteract being raisedto Parts oftheleveeare Bayou Lafourche. developments along and commercial encircles residential This 40-mileringlevee LEVEE MEADOW TO GOLDEN LAROSE FARTHER SOUTH 10 5.5-7.5 5.0-8.0 Canal Harvey Uptown 5.5-9.5 15.0 Metairie 4 Harvey
WEST BANK (1956USD) $24.8 millionindamages 15 peoplekilled Flossy Hurricane 1956 5.0-12.0
EXPWY. 25.0 16.0 Canal Street 17th 14.25 10 23 CBD 14.5 17.0 heights infeetabovesealevel. sections representaverage each other.Numbersonspecific height butareinproportionto extremely exaggeratedvertical elevations aredrawnwithan Notes: Leveeandfloodwall
Chasse
Gretna Belle CANAL 14.0 floodwall) Quarter (behind French e n n o b e r r e T 5 5 miles 13.5 24 14.5 Canal Avenue Orleans that thebenefitsofbuildingleveesaroundtheircommunitiesoutweighcostsconstruction. Residents andbusinessesindevelopedareasalongbayoustheMississippiRiverhavesuccessfullyargued City Park Algiers 428 308 s e n i m e u q a l P 14.25 18.0 e h c r u o f a L 610 Larose h s i r a P
s n a e l r O CAUSEWAY h s i r a P east bankoftheMississippiRiver. the CaernarvonFreshwaterDiversionProjectalong V-shape areawhereleveesmeetattheparishlinenear A computer model indicates storm surge could overtop a and BaratariabaysintoWestBankneighborhoods. completion. Small hurricanes can push water from levee alongBayouSegnetteStatePark–areyearsfrom Timbalier this stretchofcompletedfloodwallandyet-to-be-raised the Harvey Canal to west of Lake Cataouatche – including More than60milesofleveesandfloodwallsfromeast 17.5 3 7 Golden Meadow Bayou Lafourche 6 9.5 10.5 Orleans ST. PARISH BERNARD-PLAQUEMINES LINE WEST BANK 11.0 New 14.0 13.0 12.0 off Cut 8.0 17.5 1 Mar Big Canal Avenue London 3.0-9.0 9.5 Galliano 18.0 13.0 Arabi 15.0 14.0 withstand an11 elevations to levees ofvarying Pontchartrain permit Lake Different factors EVERYTHING HEIGHT ISN’T waves: plus severalfeetof foot stormsurge 10.5 9.0 7 12.5 Chalmette 13.0 13.5 25.0 13.5 14.0 10.0 13.5 16.0 Canal Industrial 13.5 14.0
PARIS ROAD Poydras complete. are 60 percent to 99 percent Different pieces of the levee southern endoftheriver. Bohemia andVeniceatthe Jude tothenorthand between PhoenixandSt. of theMississippiRiver in thisprojectonbothsides There are 37 miles of levees VENICE LEVEES TO NEW ORLEANS 1 / New Orleans 2 14.0 - 8.0-9.0 Meraux Eastern 47 17.5
BAYOU ROAD BAYOU E. JUDGE Pontchartrain PEREZ DR. 39 Pontchartrain River Mississippi 15.0 Lake Breakwaters Lake 14.5 10 Staff graphicbyEmmettMayerIII/[email protected] STAFF PHOTOSBYELLISLUCIA,ALEXBRANDONANDDEVAUNSHIMAHADEVIA d r a n r e B . t S h s i r a P by 5milesofmarshlandneedbeonly12 Levees onhighergroundandseparatedfromthewater tall ortaller need tobeabout17feet Levees withoutanybreakers 510 18.0 Canal Violet 7.5 17.5 of leveeinSt.Bernardduringahurricane. Orleans leveesneartheParisRoadbridgeandasection rise intheMississippiRiver-GulfOutletandovertopNew Computer models indicate surge from Lake Borgne might Charles andJeffersonparishesduringhurricanes. is thelikelyspotforfloodwatertoentercityfromSt. near the city’s water plant. Computer models indicate this Monticello AvenueinJeffersonParishintoNewOrleans Chesterfield Streetpassesthroughalowleveefrom 4 8 Kenilworth Jazzland 8
EASTERN NEW ORLEANS ANDST.EASTERN NEWORLEANS BERNARDPARISH PARISHJEFFERSON-ORLEANS LINE J e f f e r s o n Barataria 10 miles 20.0 18.5 Bay rubble breakers can be about 14 feet high Levees fronted by boulders and concrete Phoenix Marsh Waterway Intracoastal St. Jude 17.5 Port Sulphur 39 6.0 Note: Theheightandshapeofaleveeisbasedonthe 17.0 12.0 Pointe alaHache 17.5 Verret roughness of the area over which waves pass Empire 17.0 17.5 Bohemia 18.0 12.0 s n a e l r O h s i r a P Borgne s e n i m e u q a l P Lake Outlet River-Gulf Mississippi 19.0 90 to reachthestructure,and 15.0 1 / feet high must be22 the water Seawalls on 15.0-17.0 2 feettall 11 23 slope of the structure. d r a n r e B . t S 15.5 Venice 14.5 River Mississippi 17.5 14.0 Breton 16.5 13.5 Sound 13.0 of $85million. cost a at years 13 in completed be to Expected protection. provide hurricane to concrete levees and walls, structures, flood control of series a of Construction Authorized Project Protection Hurricane ana Louisi Vicinity, and Pontchartrain, Lake Engineers of Corps Army U.S. 6 (1965 USD) $1.42 Billionindamages 76 peoplekilled Betsy Hurricane 1965 ein n con and Design with floodgates. Bar- rier - Shield the city n i a r t Hurricane r a h c t n o P Lake a of struction 7 - - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 13 +$150 13 $15 billion project. billion $15 350 A ring of linked miles/560 km of levees, flood walls, being gates and pumps built to protect against the 100 yr. storm. 2005 Katrina Hurricane 1,836 people killed $81 billion in damages (2005 USD) AUTOS Page 1 of 2 TimesPeople
9/1/10 6:20 PM 6:20 9/1/10 and damage of $500 billion (inflation-adjusted). Hurricane Katrina alone has cost the economy billion (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html) Weather disasters where responsible for a total loss
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4WEST CLOSURE COMPLEX A $1 billion system of floodgates, flood walls, levees and the world’s largest pump station will be built a half-mile south of where the Harvey and Algiers Canals meet. The system will prevent a storm surge from the Gulf of Mexico from entering west bank communities in the Orleans, Jefferson and Plaquemines Parishes. TRAVEL - STYLE SearchAll NYTimes.com Subscribeto Times The ARTS OPINION 3LAKEBORGNE SURGE BARRIER A 1.8-mile flood wall has been built to prevent storm surges from Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico from being funneled into the city. It is designed to protect some of the most vulnerable areas, like New Orleans East, St. Bernard Parish, the Lower Ninth Ward and Gentilly, which were devastated during Hurricane Katrina. SPORTS HEALTH U.S. SCIENCE TIMES TOPICS TECHNOLOGY 2SEABROOK FLOODGATE COMPLEX The complex is part of a larger system of levees, breakwaters and flood walls to prevent a storm surge from entering the Industrial Canal, a large shipping canal near the eastern side of the city that connects Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River. It is intended to work in tandem with the Lake Borgne surge barrier. CHICAGO 12 MOST POPULAR 2004 Ivan Hurricane 64 people killed $18 billion in damages (2004 USD) BUSINESS hits. A total of 50 le- 50 of total A hits. vee failures across New Orleans, Loui- siana and its sub Hurricane Katrina urbs. VIDEO BAYAREA N.Y. / REGION EDUCATION TODAY'S PAPER RelatedArticle »
U.S. POLITICS Published: August 23, 2010 Buildinga Ring Orleans NewAround By2011,greater theOrleans Newareais scheduleda tohave 350-mile ring of levees, walls,floodand gates pumps to ofdefend againsteffectsthe a severewillstorm.beasystem The comprehensive marked fromimprovement patchwork theof leveesand duringwerebreachedwalls thatHurricane Katrina. 1GATES AT OUTFALL CANALS Temporary steel gates were built at the entrance to the three outfall canals that drain into Lake Pontchartrain, two of which were breached in Hurricane Katrina. Pumps push rainwater around the gates, which prevent surge from going into the city. The gates will be replaced with more robust permanent structures in 2014. WORLD HOME HOME PAGE Building a Ring Around New Orleans - Map - NYTimes.com - - Map Orleans New Around Ring a Building http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/08/23/us/20100823-levee.html?ref=us - 2002 Isidore Hurricane 5 people killed $360 million in damages (2002 USD) 11 Corps of Engineers study on the costs and feasibility protect to southeast Louisiana from a major CAT 5 Hur ricane. - LEVEE TIME LINE 1718 - 2005 10 forcement of the city’s the of forcement levee system instead Plan is scrapped, rein 1998 Georges Hurricane 604 people killed $6 billion in damages (1998 USD)
- - and the comple 1992 Andrew Hurricane 65 people killed $26.5 billion in damages (1992 USD) - 9 $757 million tion date had slipped to 2008. tion date had slipped U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lake Pontchartrain, and Vicinity, Louisi ana Hurricane Protection Project Authorized Costs had grown to 8 Work brought stopped, by the environ mental suit group “save our wetlands.” Juan Hurricane 50 people killed $1.5 billion in damages (1985 USD) 1985 1971 Flossy Hurricane 15 people killed $24.8 million in damages (1971 USD) 14 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM OVERVIEW NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE (source: district 12 unified new orleans plan for recovery and rebuilding CH.1 introduction to the to introduction CH.1 district. 2006) rebuilding and recovery for plan orleans new unified 12 district (source: 1978 anddesignatedalocal,historic districtin1994. dis the to trict. Algiers Point was crucial placed on the National is Register of Historic Places in that service ferry a via river the Canal from of across foot Street the with connects Point Algiers Quarter. French the from 15th the becoming Ward of Orleans, the city. The oldest part of Algiers is New Algiers Point, across the river of City the to annexed was it 1870 In lage/Walnut Bend,TallTimebers/BrechtelandRiverPark/Cut-Off. Housing Development, Fisher Behrman, Algiers Naval Station, Aurora/Huntlee Vil Algiers/Whitney, Mcdonough, Point, Algiers 12: district up make neighborhoods eight following The east. the to Waterway Intercoastal the to the north and west, the Donner Canal along the Jefferson Parish line and Bank of the Mississippi River. The district is defined by the Mississippi River ALGIERS comprises the majority of Planning District 12 located on the West - - McDonough (Historic District) Algiers Point Fisher Project Behrman Tall Timbers-Brechtel Algiers Whitney Algiers NavalStation Bend-Huntlee Village Aurora Walnut Aurora RiverPark NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 15 - - - NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD / DEMOGRAPHICS PHYSIOGNOMY (source: district 12 unified new orleans plan for recovery and rebuilding CH.1 introduction to the district. 2006) Primarily middle class/middle income, racially mixed, commuter commu nity within Orleans Parish. With the exception of Algiers the residential Point, construction was built after most the Second World War. of After the construction of the first Mississippi River Bridge (1958), and during the expansion of the offshore oil industry, Algiers and parts of oil the in employed those Jefferson for live to places preferred were and grew Parish industry. The predominant character of housing is represented by subur- ban , slab-on-grade, ranch style, single-family homes. As a district, Algiers is not a major economic generator. Retail is sized community. to serve the Algiers Before Katrina, Algiers was comprised of 55,635 residents. The charac ter of the district varies dramatically by neighborhood from small historic scale, urban neighborhoods, including single shotgun houses single-family suburban, ranch-style, and to Mcdonough, and Point dou- Algiers in bles homes in Timber/Brechtel, to mid-rise, multi-story dwellings in the Fisher neighborhood. Residential development includes both rental and home owner occupied properties. 16 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM ECONOMY 5,0 - 0,0 pol t Al giers annually. to people 200,000 - from 150,000 attracted pre-Katrina which pur- World, Gras commercial Mardi including for poses area the to crucial traveling tourist both and a residents for the transportation is of Ferry mode Algiers The mon withinthedistrict. com are eateries local and establish- ments food Fast south. the to adjacent to the Jefferson Parish line located is and district, the in tailer and re largest Opelousas the is Wal-Mart Teche. as such neighborhood smaller streets as well as Highway Behrman and Meyer, eral Gen Degaulle, General the as such of retail services along key corridors variety a provide sites Commercial - - - - 7 5 1 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 2 9 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 17 - - -
site of Mardi Gras World: widely recog
9_Federal City is expected to provide 10,000 civil and 9_Federal City is expected to provide 10,000 civil re- military jobs, create a commercial center for Algiers, river with connect the surrounding neighborhoods to the serve through streets, provide a charter school that will New the military families as well as students from the Orleans area and provide an additional 1400 residences for military personnel and the general public. nized as the center for Mardi Gras parade float de sign and construction. This facility includes a large of production the to devoted warehouses of number for visitors to the city. floats. Important destination 6_The Jazz Walk of Fame, which tops a portion of cultural a considered also is 12, District in levee the theme-related develop to plans are there and asset, area. housing adjoining this 7_The Audubon Center for gered Research Species (ACRE) of is a Endan- facility associated with the Audubon Nature Institute. While not open to the public, it provides a repro in studies cultural include programs whose scientists anchor, housing ductive physiology, endocrinology, genetics, embryo transfer and the expansion of a “frozen zoo” to en- sure the future of endangered species through the banking of genetic materials. 8_Industrial Complexes on the waterfront. CULTURAL ASSESTS CULTURAL Historic District Point 1_Algiers (Schools) 2_Educational west end of Algiers located in 3_Aurora Plantation and Point Algiers within four buildings: histroic 4_Six Old Algiers/Mcdonough two within 5_Former 2 3 18 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 19 ANALYSIS 20 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Regional Scale WATER DRAINAGE URBAN ECOLOGY: 01 ISSUES: BASIN MISSISSIPPI RIVERDRAINAGE Mi-Oc/Mississippi-River-Basin.html source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/ NEW ORLEANS nessee Rivers. Ohio, Arkansas–Red–White,andTen Major tributariesincludetheMissouri, cent ofthecontiguousUnitedStates. River watershedencompasses40per Canadian provinces.TheMississippi ies fromthirty-twoU.S.statesandtwo million squaremiles),includingtributar 4.76 millionsquarekilometers(1.83 is theworld'ssecondlargest,draining The MississippiRiverdrainagebasin LOUISIANA RIVERBASINS 0 SABINE RED CALCASIEU 35 MERMENTAU - - - 70 QUACHITA VERMILION-TECHE ATCHAFALAYA America’s waterfowlandwadingbirds. are usedbyupto40percentofNorth of wetlandsinNorthAmerica,which includes thelargestcontinuoussystem 50 mammalspecies.Thefloodplain 45 amphibiousandreptilespecies while itsbluffsandbottomlandssupport fish speciesand37musselspecies, ness. Theriverprovideshabitatfor241 developed extraordinaryspeciesrich of thewatershed,riversystemhas Owing totheenvironmentaldiversity MISSISSIPPI 140 MILES TERREBONNE PONTCHARTRAIN BARATARIA SUBSEGMENTS. SMALLER WATERSHEDSCALLED WHICH AREDIVIDEDINTO476 WATERSHEDS, CALLEDBASINS LOUISIANA HAS12LARGE PFARI - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 21 10 miles 8 Forested Wetland Deciduous Forest Land Marsh Water Urban or built-up 10 kilometers 6 8 4 6 4 2 2 0 0 View of man-made canals in the marsh. Canals can disrupt disrupt can Canals marsh. the in canals of man-made View marsh systems. circulation in water BARATARIA BASIN: Algiers Subsegment BARATARIA BASIN: Algiers Land Use / Land Cover - ALGIERS Only significant source of fresh water water of fresh source significant Only This lack basin is rainfall. for the the the loss of water, and of fresh nutrients, sediments, accompanying the forms influence, and hydrologic problem of the Baratar most critical ia Basin. The second is the erosion of second is the erosion ia Basin. The chain. As individual the barrier island or breached, islands are reshaped to the forces of the Gulf, or succumb and deepen with the passes widen of water result that a greater volume tide. is exchanged during each - 20 miles 20 kilometers 0 0 BARATARIA BASIN BARATARIA CONDITIONS/PROBLEMS EXISTING nearly averaged loss rates Wetland between acres per year 5,700 to It is attributed and 1990. 1974 of natural erosional the combination sea-level rise, subsid processes of tides, currents, and ence, winds, the human activities herbivory, and levee construction, of channelization, and development. - -
is an irregularly
acres of fresh marsh acres of swamp acres of brackish marsh acres of saline marsh. acres of intermediate marsh
Barataria Basin
source: http://lacoast.gov/new/About/Basin_data/ ba/Default.aspx Regional Scale Regional WATER DRAINAGE WATER URBAN ECOLOGY: URBAN 01 ISSUES: ISSUES: 01
The
133,600 102,720 59,490 173,320 152,120 proximately half-way between the ridges. proximately half-way between The southern half of the basin consists of tidally influenced marshes connected to a large bay system behind the barrier islands. The basin contains: sippi River. A chain of barrier islands sippi River. A chain of barrier the Gulf of separates the basin from half of the Mexico. In the northern by the Gulf basin, which is segregated (GIWW), several Intracoastal Waterway position ap large lakes occupy the sump shaped area bounded on each side by a shaped area bounded on by the present distributary ridge formed the Missis and a former channel of 22 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM age_facts.asp source: http://www.swbno.org/history_drain Waterway ortheIndustrialCanal. pump rainwaterintotheIntracoastal stations inEasternNewOrleansthat Bank pumpingstationsandtwo(2) Exceptions arethetwo(2)West is pumpedintoLakePontchartrain. than thelakelevees,mostrainwater Because theriverleveesarehigher to floods. the city,makingcityvulnerable tain alltherainwaterthatfallswithin Lake Pontchartrainwatersalsore- us fromtheMississippiRiverand levees thathavebeenbuilttoprotect New Orleanshasa“bathtub”effect, ALGIERS EXISTING DRAINAGECANALSIN Neighborhood Scale WATER DRAINAGE URBAN ECOLOGY: 01 ISSUES: - Treatment Plant Algiers Water Gen. deGaulleCanal Donner Canal Algiers OutfallCanal Intracoastal Waterway Gen. deGaulle- Algiers Nolan Canal Gen. deGaulle- Algiers NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 23 - 6 5 4 3 2
1
allows infiltration to occur by implementing a series of techniques that together manages surface water. by implementing a series of techniques that allows infiltration to occur
Permeable Paving
Bioswales Native Landscaping Level Spreader Bioretention Cells Rain Gardens
Neighborhood Scale Neighborhood Regional Scale / Regional SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SUSTAINABLE URBAN ECOLOGY: URBAN 01 SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 01 Subdrains can be used to move water through these systems. Subdrains can be used to move water through Permeable paving surfaces include paver blocks, porous concrete and grassed surfaces. They provide the support of traditional parking surfaces, but they allow water to infiltrate. porous concrete and grassed surfaces. They provide the support of traditional parking surfaces, Permeable paving surfaces include paver blocks, Native plants have root structure that build soil quality and increase organic matter content. Organic matter helps soil hold water and infiltrate rain. It is a key component of infiltration- quality and increase organic matter content. Organic matter helps soil hold water and infiltrate Native plants have root structure that build soil based stormwater management. 6 5 4 of discharge. spreading water flow over a wide area rather than releasing if from a pipe or other point source Dissipate water velocity and prevent erosion by 3 conditions. large volumes of water. They usually have an engineered substratum to offset compacted soil Shallow, landscaped depressions that can handle 2 1 waters and filter initial runoff. convey water to storm sewer inlets or surface Vegetated ditches that Sustainable Drainage System Sustainable Drainage Most surfaces in urban areas are sealed by buildings and pavement, natural infiltration (process by which rain falls on permeable surfaces and soaks into the ground) is limited. Result is permeable surfaces and soaks into the ground) infiltration (process by which rain falls on areas are sealed by buildings and pavement, natural Most surfaces in urban of dirty water into rivers. overwhelmed by surface water leading to a release in river quality caused when fowl sewers are flooding and deteorirating Native, perennial gardens strategically located to capture runoff from impervious surfaces. Rain gardens can increase aesthetic value, absorb water, reduce runoff, protect water qual to capture runoff from impervious surfaces. Rain gardens can increase aesthetic value, absorb Native, perennial gardens strategically located ity and prevent flooding. 24 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM route. this of importance the determining in factor another direction, north-and-south general a and the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico, have coast Arctic the on emptying Mackenzie the of migrating birds. The two rivers that mark it, fords ideal conditions for the support of hosts af region entire the watered, and timbered Well feet. 2000 than less is level sea above elevation greatest the and birds, migrating of movements the with interfere to enough high is that route entire the on hills of ridge a even not is There mountains. by uninterrupted is route this Mississippi, the of delta the to zie Macken the of mouth the from miles, 3000 year cover the larger part of it. For more than each twice must Alaska and Yukon to north breed that species several and artery great this of length full the traverse shorebirds the of some migration spring the During gonia. Pata- in end southern its and Alaska of coast Arctic the on is terminus northern It's this flyway. in lies Hemisphere Western the of in route any migration longest The Flyway. tral Cen- the into incognizable western merges The boundary mouth. its to river the follows closely rather it where Mississippi the to ana Indi and Ohio across southwestwardly then sula of southern Ontario to western Lake Erie, penin the through runs boundary eastern It's Mississippi Flyway: Regional Scale MIRD MIGRATION URBAN ECOLOGY: 02 ISSUES: - - - - an urbansetting. _Opportunities forfishandwildlife-oriented recreationin education withemphasis onwetlands. _Provide forscientifilresearch andenvironmental _Protect archaeological resources. respect tofishandwildlife. _Fulfill internationaltreaty obligationsofthenationwith animals. _Protect endangeredandthreatenedplants _Encourage naturaldiversityoffishandwildlife species. wading birds. _Enhance thepopulationofmigratory,shoreand Purposes: on lands low ridges. forested of acres 200 and marsh, brackish of acres freshwater 11,000 levees, flood-protection of within marsh acres 13,000 aproximately _Includes shorebirds. _Provides habitatforducks,raptors,wadingbirdsand largest urbanrefuge. _Located inNewOrleansEast.Consideredthenation’s Bayou SauvageNWF:24,293acres. Geese Ducks Thrushes Warbler Sparrows Blackbirds Shorebirds National WildlifeRefugesintheLowerMississippi NWF Bogue Chitto NWF Delta NWF Mandalay NWF Breton NWF Bayou Teche NWF Bayou Sauvage NWF Big BranchMarsh NWF Atchafalaya NEW ORLEANS NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 25 New Green Corridor Living Machine Existing Drainage Canal buffer 20’ - 30 ‘ swale 10’ - 15 ‘ buffer 20’ - 30 ‘ Extend new green corridors to corridors to new green Extend the periphary. Wetland _Forested Forest Land _Deciduous _Marsh _Water 3 Utilize existing canals existing canals Utilize Improve on them by making on them Improve 10 miles Outline of Algiers New Green Corridor Forested Wetland Deciduous Forest Land Marsh Water Urban or built-up them Suds (sustainable drainage drainage Suds (sustainable them systems). _Bioswales _Filtered Trenches _Green Buffers wildlife estuaries _Bird and other 2 Strategy: 1 8 10 kilometers 6 8 4 6 4 2 2
0 0
Neighborhood Scale Neighborhood Regional Scale/ Regional Green Corridors Green URBAN ECOLOGY: URBAN 02 SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 02 BARATARIA BASIN: Algiers Subsegment BARATARIA BASIN: Algiers 26 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM source: http://www.wildlifeextra.com our environment. creates millionsof newjobsandprotect that canstrenghten ourenergysecurity, toward cleanerand saferalternatives crease itsdependanceonoilandmove highlights theneedforournationto de threatened wildlifespecies.Thistragedy tory birdsandmanyendangeredor provides habitatformillionsofmigra productive fisheriesintheworld, This areasupportssomeofthemost Mississippi. acre DeltaNWRatthemouthof States wetlands,includingthe48,000 Louisiana contains40%oftheUnited led troutandflounder. speck catfish, bream, bass, tuna, fin blue Atlantic endangered the for ground ing spawn key a is Mexico of Gulf the of part northen The risks. human and mental environ- inherent them with bring drilling and exploration gas and oil that minder re- stark a is spill The wildlife. on effect devastating a has spill oil Louisiana The Regional Scale Oil Disaster 2010 DeepwaterHorizon URBAN ECOLOGY: 03 ISSUES: - - - - IMPACT ONTHEGULFSHORES Mexico Gulf of Fisheries closed April 20-August 3 oil slickareas Combined observed NEW ORLEANS Oil Rig Sunken federal watersclosedtofishing. 6,168 39, 885 5 11 on July15. on theoceanfloorwascapped sank twodayslater.Wellhead ing awellforoilextractionand exploded April20whileprepar Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig dolphins found deadinspillarea. gallons ofcrudeoilspilled. millionbarrels- workerswerekilled. birds, turtles,and
square milesof 210
million - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 27 - - is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from deep into the is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electri the sun through the form of solar radiation. is the energy derived from is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to to turbines wind using such as of energy, form useful into a wind energy of conversion is the refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water envi refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting is power that is derived from the force or energy of moving water, which may be harnessed water, which may be harnessed or energy of moving is derived from the force is power that (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains comes from the sun. energy source because the energy it contains (plant material) is a renewable cal generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. cal generation relies on active solar depending on the way they characterized as either passive solar or Solar technologies are broadly the use of photovoltaic panels solar energy. Active solar techniques include capture, convert and distribute include orienting a building to the to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques and solar thermal collectors properties, and designing spaces that with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing Sun, selecting materials naturally circulate air. ronments, including ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Similar to agriculture, to the Similar aquaculture take place in can rivers, the ocean. ponds, lakes, and including ronments, Using aquaculture techniques and technologies, research- natural environment or in a manmade environment. “producing,” “culturing,” and “farming” all types of freshwater ers and the aquaculture industry are “growing,” and marine species. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy. Through the process of a sort of natural battery for storing they contain. In this way, biomass functions as release the sun's energy solar energy. Geothermal energy Aquaculture Wind Power Wind Hydropower Solar energy Biomass for useful purposes. Prior to the widespread availability of commercial electric power, hydropower was used for hydropower was used electric power, availability of commercial Prior to the widespread for useful purposes. and sawmills, dock cranes, textile machines, such as watermills, operation of various machines, irrigation, and domestic lifts. make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or drainage pumping water pumps for power, wind mechanical mills for electricity, wind make Earth's crust in volcanically active locations of the globe or from shallow depths, as in geothermal heat pumps Earth's crust in volcanically active locations of the build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in in most locations of the planet. It is expensive to low energy costs for suitable sites. 6 4 5 2 3 1 - -
is energy
Regional Scale Regional FISH FARMING PRACTICES / PRACTICES RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY RENEWABLE URBAN ECOLOGY: URBAN 03 SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 03 they can be naturally replen called renewable because geothermal heat. They are cease to exist. (rain and tides), sunlight, and are finite, and one day will which comes from natural re sources such as: wind, water ished, unlike fossil fuels that Renewable Energy 28 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Regional Scale FLOODING /LANDLOSS 04 ISSUES: 4 Sealevelrise systems. eco freshwater into intrusion water salt- allowing and wetlands drowning canals areas, water open new created have These exploration. for nals ca dredging industry gas and Oil 3 up with naturalsubsidence. keep to delta the to silt enough providing from it prohibiting plains, flood the from River Mississippi the off walled have dams and Levees 1 CAUSES FORWETLANDLOSS: 1932 -2020 LINE LOSS OFLOUISIANACOAST disappearing coast”) a save to fight the chance: “last 2007, (source: The Times Picayune, march 04, . - - - - vast andhealthycoast 700 moresquare milescoulddisappear 2,000 squaremilesoflandhavedisappeared NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 29 NO BREACH OLD LEVEES (NEW ORLEANS) (NEW LEVEES OLD km 520 miles/836.86 270 floodgates stations 92 pumping drainage km of 1000 miles/16609.34 canals LEVEE FAILURES its sub- Louisiana, and 50 New Orleans, urbs FLOODING 85% of New Orleans Parish 100% of St. Bernard
breach
breach 6 breach: STRUCTURAL DISTRESSED I-WALL AT CONTAINER WHARF 7 breach: LAKE SIDE AIRPORT LEVEE TRANSITION BREACH 8 breach: INCIPIENT EARTH LEVEE FAILURE 9 breach: ENERGY PLANT I-WALL SCOUR 10 breach: ST. BERNARD PARISH (source:http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2006/01/index.html) breach breach breach breach breach ALGIERS breach breach: breach 1 17TH STREET CANAL 2 breach: LONDON AVE. CANAL 3 breach: LONDON AVE. CANAL 4 breech: IHNC, EAST SIDE, SOUTH BREACH 9TH WARD 5 breach: IHNC, EAST SIDE, SOUTH BREACH 9TH WARD breach on August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina IN NEW ORLEANS MAJOR LEVEE BREACHES 30 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Regional Scale CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS AND IMPLEMENTNEW RE CONCEPTUALIZELEVEES 04 SOLUTION: Expandedports DeeperCanals NewCanals 6 Stopallnewdestructiveprojects: new create to marshlands. sandbars ancient and soils Dredge 5 allow thefullbedofrivertorebuildmarsh. and course natural its take River Mississippi the Let 4 river bytherisingsealevel. up pushed being from marshes intrusion saltwater control freshwater and feed would diversions Water 3 pipe- lines orcanalstoflushintothedelta. via flow river’s the of portions some Re-divert 2 processes. natural imitate to re-engineered be River Mississippi 1 RESTORATION POSSIBILITIES: 2010- 2050 COASTLINE RESTORING OFLOUISIANA - Establish adenseandrichcoastlineto mitigatefuturestorms constructed wetlands Implement 2,000squaremiles/5179.98kilometersof NEW MARSHLANDSRESTORED AREASEXISITINGAREA NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 31
- -
Built to meet the Category 5 storm cri Re-invent public housing by introducing a by introducing public housing Re-invent Urban Farming practices to sustain new New PRT System to connect the neigh Program to financially sustains construc- Reconnect New Orleans to the beauty of RESTORING OF NEW ORLEANS: of 2010_Army Corps Engineers http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/24/ us/24levee.html?_r=1 borhood locally and regionally, and congestion crisis. current economic alleviating teria. its existing natural surrounding. 1 2 3 4 5 6 new model of mix-use: Housing, commercial, commercial, Housing, mix-use: of model new institutional, industrial, and farming site. tices within one prac- habitants. tion of levee. Wall Wall at Lake Borgne: 2 miles/3.2 km A ring of 350 miles/560 km of linked
$14.45 billion project. PROPOSAL FOR ALGIERS: ALGIERS: FOR PROPOSAL LEVEE SELF-FINANCING Terreform 2010 SYSTEM levees, flood walls, surround gates the city and flooding from a category 3 storm. against pumps the kind of long and 26 feet/8 meters high, it spans 12 miles/19.3 km east of New Orleans. On the corner of the lake Hurricane that funneled Katrina’s Orleans, causing surge some of the city’s most into violent flooding. New 1 2 3 ALGIERS New Levees in New Orleans in New New Levees Establish a dense and rich coastline to mitigate future storms Establish a dense and rich coastline to mitigate future 32 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Regional Scale MOBILITY /ECONOMICS 05 ISSUES: Problem: JobSprawl NEW ORLEANSCONTEXT: ing time. increasing road congestion and commut 3 Workers are more dependant on au access themeffectively. difficult to design public transportation to is it corridors, commercial and terstates in- along formed have workplaces New 2 distant parishes. increasingly into and center city Orleans’ New from away moved have Residents 1 International Airport Louis Armstrong I-10 Tulane University tos - 7 Lower housing costs in other parishes other in costs housing Lower 7 ishes. par- other to exports it than jobs those for workers low-wage more imports and Algiers) jobs, low-wage of # of largest 2nd the (location has Parish Orleans 6 and alsoforeconomicdevelopment. policies, transportation housing, for tions implica- has jobs of distribution Spatial 5 and workers. interactions ing diminish- by activity innovation value high and spillover knowledge for opportunities reduces employment Lower-density 4 61 Loyola University mn poiae firms proximate among 90 I-610 CBD www.gnocdorg Campanella R.,PlyerA.July2010. source: “JobSprawlinMetroNewOrleans.” mod and low working residents draws we seethreemajorclusters. jobs, of dispersion equal an of Instead 9 area. throughout the core of the Metropolitan dispersed are residences Employees’ 8 erate wagejobs. Algiers French Quarter
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Page 1 of 2 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 33 - Algiers Baton Rouge 05 SOLUTIONS: SOLUTIONS: 05 Rail Light 1 Provide housing for low proximate wage workers that affordable are reliant on jobs for their liveli hood. 2 Frequent and wide public transportation reliable service metro- to effectively connect workers with jobs wage moderate and low many densely situated in Business District, French Quarter, the Central and Medical District. 5 Continue extension of line to other cities Parishes within and LA. Connection to Baton Rouge (capital of LA) would be crucial for transit system. 2 Extension of line will attract jobs along 2 Extension of line will attract that will public transportation route of New continue to extend to the rest Orleans and Louisiana. 4 New growth of jobs along transporta- tion line will attract new attachements of mix-use: housing, commerce, institution, open spaces, etc. 1 Create a frequent, reliable, and afford- able means of public and Parishes. job clusters connect transportation to CBD Subdistrict of the French Quarter (“downtown”) professional the of engine and core office -The service economy. -The core of medical research care for the region. and health -Port for cruise ships Veterans/Causeway/I-10 -Primarily commercial corridor. -Bridge crossing Lake Pontchartrain -Connection to Louis Armstrong International Airport. Greater Elmwood -Center for light manufacturing and distribution. -Part of retail hub for metro area. -Proximity to Tulane and Loyola Universities. 2.3 29,586 12,673 23% 38% 39% 0.8 39,293 50,586 15% 41% 45% 4.0 30,233 6,259 7% 40% 41% Central Business District New Orleans Algiers D12
1-10 area of Jefferson Parish of Jefferson area 1-10 Veterans/Causeway/ % High-wage jobs: Jobs/square mile: % Low-wage jobs: % Moderate-wage jobs: Square Miles: Total # of jobs: % High-wage jobs: Veterans/Causeway/1-10 of Jefferson Parish % Low-wage jobs: % Moderate-wage jobs: Square Miles: Total # of jobs: Jobs/square mile: _Greater Elmwood of Jefferson Parish % Low-wage jobs: % Moderate-wage jobs: % High-wage jobs: Total # of jobs: Jobs/square mile: _The Central Business District of New Orleans _The Central Business Square Miles: 3 Major Job Clusters within New Orleans: 3 Major Job Clusters Campanella R., Plyer A. July 2010. www.gnocdc.org Campanella R., Plyer A. July 2010. source: “Job Sprawl in Metro New Orleans.” source: “Job Sprawl in Metro New Greater Elmwood area of Jefferson Parish 34 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Neighborhood Scale POPULATION 06 ISSUES: 0 0 1mile 2 kilometers 02 01 (as ofJune2010): Households activelyreceivingMail DISTRICT 12_ALGIERS CURRENT POPULATIONBYNEIGHBORHOOD 03 2010 pop. McDonough 2010 pop. Algiers Point (Historic District) 2010 pop.788 Fisher Project 04 2010 pop. Behrman 3,453 3,858 05 2010 pop. Tall Timbers-Brechtel 9,909 12,990 09 New Aurora: 08 OldAurora: 07 U.S.NavalStation 1,016 06 Whitney: 05 TallTimbers-Brechtel:4,811 04 Behrman: 03 FischerProject: 02 McDonough: 01 AlgiersPoint:1,429 06 2010 pop. Whitney
2,096 6,131 1,009 3,670 292 1,279 2,724 07 2010 pop. US NavalStation 08 2,743 *Total #ofResidents:57,810 Business Database. Residential Valassis of analysis Center Data Community GNO Source: Hold sizeof2.66) House average on based pop. (Estimated * 2010pop.16,554 Old Aurora Total #ofHouseholds:21,733 09 2010 pop. New Aurora 5,659 and NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 35
15,000 06 SOLUTION: POPULATION PROJECTIONS 2016 more people than the current population projections. DENSITY CALCULATION: DENSITY Considering the amount of area waterfront and costs of construction, we on numbers our base and will design HOUSEHOLDS 28,054 RESIDENTS 76,323 * = PROJECTION WITH HABITABLE LEVEES HOUSEHOLDS 5,000 RESIDENTS 15,000 +
*estimated pop. 61,323 pop. *estimated 23,054 households estimated pop. 59,193 estimated 22,253 households pop. 57,150 estimated 21,455 households 2015
2014
*) sive RESIDENTS 61,323 PROJECTION (aggressive HOUSEHOLDS 23,054 aggres
moderate
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 conservative
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
# OF NEW HOUSEHOLDS NEW OF #
Source: D12 Unified New Orleans Plan for Recovery and Rebuilding: Ch. 3 Recovery Assessment Overview. 2006 Source: D12 Unified New Orleans Plan for Recovery and DISTRICT 12_ALGIERS New Households by Scenario Cumulative # of Projected on average Household size of 2.66) (estimated pop. based between 9.4% (conservative) and 17.4% District 12 could grow next 6 years, based on varying levels of growth. (aggressive) over the
HOUSEHOLDS 57,810 RESIDENTS 21,733 CURRENT* 36 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 0 0 MIX-USE 07 SOLUTION: ZONING 07 ISSUES: family Single/two Residential Multi-family Residential Open Space Recreation Parkland Institutional Industrial Commercial 1mile 2 kilometers zoning map. produce atruemix-use waterfront (levees) to and placedalongthe be bradedtogether and separatedto Uses areidentified NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 37 2 kilometers 1mile 3 Fair _Super Wal-Mart - Shopping
0 0 center area. This commercial node is located at the intersection of Tullis Drive and Behrman Place. Business Inventory Business Zone 4: 9 Total 6 Occupied 3 Vacant Condition: Zone 4 6 Good 08 ISSUES: ECONOMY/MOBILITY Neighborhood Scale Occupied Business Vacant Business zone4 Shopping Center _General De Gaulle Drive Zone 3 - East-West highway running the en- tire length of Algiers. Transportation “spine” of the District, tying neighborhoods together. all the Business Inventory Business Zone 3: 125 Total 102 Occupied 23 Vacant Condition: 109 Good 16 Fair - - - zone2 Ave. General Meyer _Meyer paral AvenueRuns - lel to De Gaulle adjacent to the Missis the to adjacent Gaulle De to lel sippi River. Begins in the Old Algiers area and ends at the Chalmette-Low er Algiers Ferry terminal. Business Inventory Business Zone 2: 59 Total 10 Occupied 19 Vacant Condition: 10 Good 16 Fair Zone 2 - - zone3 General De Gaulle 3 poor
_Old Algiers - Area located in 18 Good 15 Fair Zone 1 4 MAJOR COMMERCIAL NODES: the Northwest corner. Original settle Original corner. Northwest the Business Inventory Business Zone 1: 36 Total 22 Occupied 11 Vacant Condition: ment area of Algiers, with small com mercial pockets within the historic neighborhoods. various zone1 Algiers Point 38 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Pedestrian: 4 TheWestbankNightLoopRoute Route 3 TheGeneralMeyer/Whitney 2 TheAlgiersOwlLoopRoute 1 TheAlgiersLocalRoute Four RTAbustransit MOBILITY: all connectivityoftheDistrict. over the impacting gaps Several 2 walkways throughout the District. 1 LimitedAmountofpedestrian Assessment Overview.2006 Recovery andRebuilding:Ch.3 Source: D12UnifiedNewOrleansPlanfor ployment andcommercialareas. pedestrian em residential, between continuous linkages allow to provided or required neither were walkway areas, commercial residential and newer the of Most 4 rioration. walkways dete of stages various in are that interconnected have areas neighborhood older The 3
- - -
Ferry toFrenchQuarter Existing BusRoutes 0 0 1 kilometer BUS ROUTE 101 BUS ROUTE 102 STREETCAR 1 mile FERRY
canal FERRY
canal BUS ROUTE 108 BUS ROUTE 101
BUS ROUTE 108 Street Routes Ferry Zones Commercial BUS ROUTE 102 Bike Path car street FERRY canal STOP BUS ROUTE STOP BUS ROUTE STOP BUS ROUTE FERRY KEY 108 102 101 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 39 08 DIAGRAMMATIC DIAGRAMMATIC 08 SOLUTION: TO NEW CONNECTIONS MIX-USE WATERFRONT Scale Neighborhood - 1 Implement Direct Paths Thru Nodes. Commercial being: Paths walkways -Pedestrian -Bike paths existing bus routes -Links with 3 PRT Connects the Neighbor hood Locally and Regionally. -Links are made with existing bus routes, cable cars, etc. 2 Based on 804.7 (1/2 Meters Mile) Radius - PRT Stops Establish -
Algiers PRT SYSTEM PRT rapid transit personal
Continue extension of line to other cities and Parishes with Parishes and cities other to line of extension Continue in LA. Connection to Baton Rouge (capital of LA) would be crucial for transit system. Baton Rouge 40 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 0 (section nts) Neighborhood Scale TOPOGRAPHY 09 ISSUES: 0 cess. pro Plan Rebuilding Neighborhood Orleans New of City the in included not was district the status, flooded non- its of because hurricane, the and winds, flyingdebrisfiresduring ence damage and loss from severe Ka- experi did district Hurricane the While trina. of aftermath the during experienced districts other that flooding severe and breaches Algiers did not experience the levee Section Topography Orleans as awhole. New for protection adequate not is 3 Category Katrina by seen As Hurricane. 3 Category withstand Current levee systems are rated to the whole WestBankwouldflood. west the up came storm a if but the Parish, Orleans of on Bank West breaches levee or surge storm cause not did storm the of route the because Katrina ricane flood not did topography. Algiers extreme Algiers the shows right the to illustration The 1mile uig Hur during 2 kilometers - - -
-16.00 -8.00 0.00 8.00 Source: D12 UnifiedNewOrleans PlanforRecovery andRebuilding: Ch.3RecoveryAssessment Overview. 2006 +10 hp Mississippi River Patterson -12.00 Behrman -8.00 Golden Oaks
General Meyer -16.00 Donner Canal -2.00 Westpark +4.00 General Meyer
Wall -10.00 Memorial Park +10.00 Mississippi River -4.00 General Degaulle Westpark +0.00 Wall
General Degaulle +8.00 Patterson
Golden Oaks
Memorial Park
Behrman +2.75 hp
Donner Canal
NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 41
Wall Donner Canal Donner
+2.75 hp
Behrman
General Meyer General
Memorial Park Memorial
Golden Oaks Golden Patterson
STORM SURGE: STORM 4 meters an average had Katrina 1 Hurricane storm surge. devastating was 5-6 meters. New Orleans surge in 2 The storm Christian, Pass in meters 8.5 was recorded Highest 3 Mississippi. R.D., Rhome, J.R., Brown, D.P. National Source: Knabb, December 2005 Hurricane Center
General Degaulle General
Westpark
River Mississippi
09 SOLUTIONS 09 TOPOGRAPHY/ FLOODING MISSISSIPPI Scale Neighborhood Wall Flood wall along Mississippi Flood wall along Average Annual High Water Average Annual High Water Sea Level 2010 Katrina Storm Surge +9.00
8.00 0.00 -8.00 -16.00 Elevation in Meters in Elevation
SCENARIO 1: CATEGORY 5 STORM
General Meyer General
Wall
Patterson
Wall
General Meyer General Patterson
2010
Mississippi River Mississippi Mississippi River Mississippi Flood wall along Mississippi Flood wall along Sea Level 2010 Natural Levee Deposits Natural Levee Average Annual High Water
+11.50m hp
8.00 0.00 -8.00 -16.00
Elevation in Meters in Elevation -16.00m 8.00m 0.00m -8.00m EXISTING CONDITION EXISTING CONDITION 42 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 43 BUILDING PROPOSAL 44 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM regionally toBatonRouge,LA. parishes, aswellextending mobility alongAlgiers,other of thelightrailsystemfacilitates hood scale.Also,theinclusion can beachievedattheneighbor services equityandsustainability Through theclusteringofthese close proximitytoeachother. economic institutionstobeat educational, social,culturaland radius. Ourproposalallowsfor within fiveminutewalking services arebraidedtogether urban-planning. Community adheres totheideaof“Nexus” The NewAlgiersproposal Center Library School SOCIAL -CULTURAL “Nexus” Urban-Planning HABITABLE LEVEE: - Office Housing SOCIAL PRT System 5 minutewalk Retail Commercial ECONOMIC Community Gardens Vertical Farming CULTURAL Retail Housing SOCIAL 5 minutewalk Small School EDUCATIONAL NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 45 HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE Masterplan Scale Neighborhood 0.5 mile 0.5 kilometer Residential Institutional Vertical Farm Intermode PRT System PRT Stops Canal Ferry Green Corridor New Boulvards Intersection with existing commercial corridor Commercial 0 0 N 46 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Neighborhood Scale Masterplan HABITABLE LEVEE: 01 03 02 N FederalCity GreenCorridor Lock 0 0 01 0.5 kilometer 0.5 mile 01 02 02 03 01 02 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 47 Secure Compound 03 Street to Levee Connection Paths to Levee Federal City Federal City Streets to Levee Street Connections Connections Street Federal City Federal HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE 48 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM -Public Waterfront -Keeping ofViewShed -Street Extension HABITABLE LEVEE: Shed Keeping ofView Existing Street Extension of on groundlevel Public Space NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 49 Fruit Trees Fruit Trees Fruit 80 million kcal/year Tranditional Agriculture Aeroponics Traditional Vertical Farming aeroponics chickens Traditional Chicken(meet&eggs) Vertical Farming aeroponics chickens Aquaculture(fish) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0 Vertical Farming aeroponics chickens Calorie Intake Energy Supply FOOD kcal 87.6 million Demand: Total Supply:Total kcal million 101.1 Traditional Aquaculture Fruit Trees Chickens One person average: average: person One 2,500 kcal/day Men kcal/day 2,000 Women - Is a technique for growing plants without soil or a - Is a technique for growing plants held above a system hydroponic media. The plants are with a nutrient-rich that continuously mists the roots water solution.
Aquaculture 13,314.69 kcal/m3/yr. Chicken (eggs) 58,826 kcal/yr. Chicken (meat) 44,518 kcal/yr. Aeroponics 34,909 kcal/sq.m./yr. Traditional 541 kcal/sq.m./yr. Trees: Apple 15,000 kcal/yr. Trees: Plum 8,636 kcal/yr. Trees: Pear 24,578 kcal/yr.
Population: 120 people Population: Building Area: 4400 sq.m Building Area: Lot Area: 5100 sq.m Lot Area: One Building Unit: 60 m. long One Building FOOD ONE BUILDING UNIT: BUILDING ONE CACULATIONS OF CACULATIONS 50 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 1.63 m/yr. Average Rainfall: WATER ONE BUILDINGUNIT: CACULATIONS OF wetlands. cleansing functionsof designed tomimicthe Wastewater treatment 1,433m3 Living Machines Water Purification 3,423 m3/yr. Rainwater Storage 7 LivingMachine 6 RainwaterPurification 5 RainwaterStorage 4 RecycledWater 3 GreyWater 2 PortableWater 1 RainWater 1 4 3 8 2 6 7 Total Supply:4856m3 Total Demand:4843m3 WATER Machine Living Demand Water 0020 0040 00m3/year 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Purification Grey Water eietaCommercial ResidentialC 1 8 Rain Water Harvest Food Production 1 8 1 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 51 kg/year Biomas 800,000 kwh/year Sludge(dry) 40,000 45,000 Chicken ommercial Wind Turbines 4 Food Production Solar Photovoltaic Organic ResidentialC Wind Turbines 4
Windturbine 05 ,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 WASTE 43,894 kg/year ENERGY kwh 886.199 Demand: Total kwh 1,055,575 Supply: Total Energy Demand Energy Supply Waste 4 Wind Turbines 2 1 Methane Digester 3 PV Panels Black Water 1 Black Digester 2 Methane 3 PV Panels 4 Wind Turbines 5 Organic Waste
Turbines: kwh/yr. Small (11) 66,000 kwh/yr. Medium (6) 375,000 Solar PV: 509,940 kwh/yr. Methane Digesters: 1,046,350 kwh/yr. Organic 34,076 kg Chicken Manure 4,018 kg Human 36,000 kg
ENERGY / WASTE ENERGY ONE BUILDING UNIT: BUILDING ONE CACULATIONS OF CACULATIONS 52 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Building Scale Bird’s eyeview HABITABLE LEVEE: 09 Wetlands 08 PRTSystem Arcade 07 (Aquaculture) 06 GreenLevel Promenade 05 Commercial Space 04 03 02 01 Apartment Floating SolarFarm Commercial River Front Vertical Farm
04 09 05 01 08 06 02 07 03 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 53 10 11 HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE Plan Ground Scale Building 06 Chicken Farm Chicken 02 07 Farm 08 Vertical 09 Orchard 10 Logistics Hub 11 Port 07 04 Wetlands Corridor Commercial Floating Commercial Space Commercial Floating Station PRT Promenade River Front 02 03 04 05 06 PRT System 01 09 01 03 08 05 54 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 55 HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE Perspective Sectional 56 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 10 PRTSystem 09 GreenPath Arcade 08 07 (Aquaculture) 06 GreenLevel mercial Spac 05 04 Promenade 01 Neighborhood) (View towards Sectional Perspective HABITABLE LEVEE: 03 02 FloatingCom Wetlands Apartment SolarFarm River Front Vertical Farms Commercial
10 09 04 04 06 02 07 01 03 05 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 57 13 HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE Roof Plan Scale Building 06 PRT System 08 PRT Building 09 Main Farm 10 Chicken 11 Vertical Farm 12 Orchard 13 Logistics Hub 03 05 10 Wetlands Floating Commercial Space Commercial Floating PRT Station Solar Farm Promenade River Front Wind Turbines 01 Wind 02 03 04 05 Arcade 06 Commercial 07 04 02 11 09 12 07 01 08 58 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Building Scale Commercial Corridor Street View- HABITABLE LEVEE: NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 59
Apartment Floating Com PRT Stystem Green Level River Front 02 03 mercial Space 04 05 Promenade 06 Vertical Fram 01 HABITABLE LEVEE: LEVEE: HABITABLE View - Boardwalk Street BuildingScale 06 04 02 05 Vertical Farm Vertical Interior View Interior Scale Building 06 01 03 60 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 61 HABITABLE LEVEE: HABITABLE Activity View - Night Street 62 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM Building Scale Typical Section HABITABLE LEVEE: 12 MechanicalRoom 11 VerticalFarm Arcade 10 Commercial 09 FloodGate 08 PRTSystem Space 07 Promenade 06 SpaceonBarge 01 05 04 03 02 Commercial LivingMachine Apartment SolarFarm Commercial River Front Fish Tank
Sea Level0.00 m Average AnnualLowest Level+1.20m Sea Level2100+2.00 m Riverfront PromenadeLevel+6.00m Katrina StormSurge(Cat.III)+9.00m Highest WaterLevel+5.00 m Storm Surge(Cat.V)+10.50m Level 0+11.50m Level +1+16.50 Residential NaturalVentilationDiagram 05 Commercial
1'-0" Air Circulation Operable Vent Air Circulation Operable Vent Air Circulation Operable Vent 06 03 07 01 02 04 09 10 08 11 12 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 63 Exisiting Neighborhood - - Weekly gathering of crops Both, Both, the section (below) and (right) illustrate how our the building and levee sys- rendering tem has been designed to withstand up to category a 5 Hurrican Storm Surge (+10.50m). Katrina’s (2005) Storm Surge flooded most of New Orleans with +9.00m. Our building pro poses the first floor height at +16.50m, well above a Category 5 Hurricane. If needed, resi dents could remain in their homes and last out the storm along with any flooding that came from it, provided the necessary utilities were available. 11
11 1'-0" Commercial 64 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 65 Calculations and Data 66 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM and Calculations New AlgiersCosts HABITABLE LEVEE Total Costs$1,656,147,258 Vertical Farm Commercial $1,562,403,080 Apartment + BUILDING COSTS per-square-foot-for-hotels-motels-and-apartments/) (http://evstudio.info/2010/08/14/construction-cost- Orleans: foot multiplestoryapartmentinNew Construction costestimatepersquare CONSTRUCTION APARTMENT +COMMERCIAL = $1,562,403,080 $140/sqft = 1,036,800sqm(11,160,022sqft)x = 43,200sqmpersectionx24sections (including green/groundfloor) = 5,400sqmperfloorrx8floors = 900sqmx6spans 60 mspanx15wide $140/square foot
$93,744,168 yr. =year sq m=squaremeter sqft =squarefoot ABBREVIATIONS + = $93,744,168 sqft = 207,360sqm(2,232,004sqft)x$42/ = 8,640sqmx24sections = 1,080sqmx8floors 360 mx3wide sqft 30% of apartment building cost $42/ CONSTRUCTION VERTICAL FARM (x 30yr.=$331,452,540) = $11,048,418 = 3,682,806sqftx$3 Maintenance Feeaverage$3/sqft (commercial spacesperyear) COSTS OFRENTING + state funds Costs tobesubsidizedbyfederaland CONSTRUCTION PRT SYSTEM LAND VALUE LEVEE +LANDSCAPE = $10,922,872 = $1,820,478,600 (30yr.)x.006 Property taxesaverage(.006) (x 30yr.=$143,629,440) = $4,787,648 = $47,876,478/9% annual gross rent the of 9% Fee Management = Maintenance RENTING COSTS Total Costs$2,381,208,208 Taxes Management
$331,452,540 $10,922,872 $143,629,440 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 67 $58,494 $9,159 $2,912 $9,129
Vegetables and Fruits Chicken Meat Chicken Eggs Fish Meat = $79,694/yr. x 30 years Total =$2,390,820 Selling of Produce 3,500 kcals = 1 lb. 39,753,830 kcals Vegetables and Fruits = = 11,358 lbs x $5.15/lb. = $58,494 kcals Chicken meat = 10,684,319 = 3,052 lbs x $3.00/lb. = $9,159 kcals Chicken eggs = 16,177,803 = 4,622 lbs x .63/lb. = $2,912 Fish = 21,303,508 kcals = 6,086 lbs x $1.50/lb. = $9,129 866,199 kwh 169,376 kwh
Sell Energy back to the Grid Energy Supply 1,055,575 kwh Energy Demand Surplus $300 per Mwh =170 Mwh x $300 = $51,000/yr x 30 years = $1,530,000 COMMERCIAL RENT COMMERCIAL Commercial Income Estimated Median ($1.08 sqft/ Base Rent $13.00 sqft/yr month) Commercial Space waterfront 129,600 sq m + 30% of (38,880 sq m) sqft) of 168,480 sq m (1,813,504 commercial space x $15.00 years = $27,202,560/yr. x 30 Income = $816,076,800 Vertical Farm wide 360 meters x 3 meters = 1,080 square meters x 8 floors = 8,640 square meters x 24 sections = 207,360 square meters (2,232,004 sqft) x $15/sqft = $33,480,060/yr. x 30 years Income = $1,004,401,800 72 (3) bedroom units x 24 sections 72 (3) bedroom units x at $800/mo. 30% allotted to Affordable Housing 518 Affordable rental units x 30yrs. 518 x $800/mo. = $414,400 = $12,432,000 1,210 units x $240,000 = $290,400,000 Unit Sells $229,900,000 $259,100,000 $290,400,000 Total = $779,400,000 ABBREVIATIONS foot sqft = square square meter sq m = yr. = year
1,210 units x $210,000 = $254,100,000 518 x $500/mo. = $259,000 x 30yrs. = $7,770,000 30% allotted to Affordable Housing at $500/mo. 518 Affordable rental units 72 (2) bedroom units x 24 sections 1,210 units x $190,000 = $254,100,000 518 x $300/mo. = $155,400 x 30yrs. = $4,662,000 30% allotted to Affordable Housing at $300/mo. 518 Affordable rental units 72 (1) bedroom units x 24 sections = 36 units x 3 persons per unit = 36 units x 3 persons per = 108 residents x 6 spans x 24 sec. = 648 residents per section = 15,552 residents 60 meter section (10 span) 8,640 meters of construction floors = 12 units 1 bedroom = 2 units x 6 floors = 12 units 2 bedroom = 2 units x 6 floors = 12 units 3 bedroom = 2 unit x 6 (source: http://www.city-data.com/sips/70114.html) Estimated median house/ (Algiers) condo value $148,868 APARTMENT UNITS INCOME HABITABLE LEVEE LEVEE HABITABLE WATERFRONT ALGIERS 68 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM CALCULATIONS ALGIERS WATERFRONT HABITABLE LEVEE Gross Profit-$876,747,248 Total Costs$1,656,147,248 Vertical Farm Commercial Apartment + Costs Total Revenue Apartment sells Income (Immediate_1st yearsells) CALCULATION
$93,744,168 $1,562,403,080 $779,400,000 $779,400,000 yr. =year sq m=squaremeter sqft =squarefoot ABBREVIATIONS Agriculture Vertical FarmSpace Commercial Space Affordable RentalUnits$24,864,000 Income (Long term_30yearrentals) CALCULATION Gross Profit+$1,359,337,748 Total Cost Taxes Management Maintenance Costs Total Revenue Energy
$2,390,820 $1,004,401,800 $816,076,800 $486,004,852 $10,922,872 $143,629,440 $331,452,540 $1,845,342,600 $1,530,000 = 0.18(2%) $482,588,500 grossprofit/$2,624,742,600total revenue Calculating GrossProfitMargin Gross Profit Total Costs Long Term Immediate Cost Total Revenue Long Term Immediate Income CALCULATION
+$482,588,500 $2,142,152,100 $486,004,852 $1,656,147,248 $2,624,742,600 $1,845,342,600 $779,400,000 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 69 $483,000,000 $397,000,000 COST COMPARISON INFRASTRUCTURE: LEVEES HIGHWAYS $87,120,000 (Average) million per lane-mile Urban Areas (Average) $4.65 million per lane-mile Rural Areas $2.35 COSTS OF HIGHWAY CURRENT REINFORCEMENT OF NEW ORLEANS LEVEES $14.45 billion for 350 miles of levees and systems $43 million per mile $31,680,000 $29,040,000 $26,400,000 $4,650,000 per lane $2,350,000 per lane 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 +120 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 (millions) , Per Mile Estimated Construction Costs per mile per mile per mile per mile COSTS OF EXISTING LEVEES Clay (earth) Levee $6,000 (Average) per linear foot $31,680,000 T-Wall Levee $16,500 (Average) per linear foot $87,120,000 Double Wall Levee $5,500 (Average) per linear foot $29,040,000 Levee Repairs $5,000 per linear foot $26,400,000 INCOME POTENTIAL HIGHWAY: URBAN RURAL LEVEE REPAIRS HABITABLE LEVEE CLAY LEVEE CLAY DOUBLE-WALL LEVEE LEVEE T-WALL per mile Including: Levee Waterfront Park Commercial Corridors Residential Units Vertical Farming Public Transportation COSTS OF HABITABLE LEVEE Costs $397,000,000 70 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM BUILDING RESPIRATORYFUNCTIONS PROGRAM GENERAL INFO CATEGORY
TOTAL FOOTPRINT AREA RESTAURANT OFFICES/INSTITUTION COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE RESIDENTIAL FOOTPRINT AREA TOTAL FLOORS FLOOR AREA LOT AREA HOUSEHOLD PEOPLE NAME
NUMBER 2100 1740 1188 4800 3600 4560 100 300 300 120 20 42 6 sq.m sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. household people sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. household people UNIT
DESCRIPTION
ABBREVIATIONS L =Liter kcal =kilocalorie1000calories khw =kilowatt-hour hh =household yr. =year kg =kilogram m3 =cubicmeter sq.m/m2 =squaremeters
CALCULATION UNIT
TOTAL FOOD ENERGY WASTE WATER HABITABLE LEVEEFUNCTIONS: 30.08°N 89.93°W ALGIERS, NEWORLEANS,LA UNIT
DESCRIPTION
NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 71
DESCRIPTION residential 80% in total water demand DESCRIPTION culture refer to Food/aqua
except yellow cells shower and cook
kg kg kg kg UNIT UNIT m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 0 22 41 242 404 219 464 476 145 580 348 514 1600 2054 3423 1433 4813 4856 4,018 74,094 36,000 34,076 TOTAL TOTAL UNIT UNIT kg kg kg birds people chicken people hh hh hh hh hh sq.m. 42 42 42 42 42 42 120 120 111 1517 1,517 2100 10,971
CALCULATION CALCULATION
1 person per yr 1 person per head, 1 pers. p. yr low-flow shower low-flow shower head, 20% in total water demand DESCRIPTION local rainfall in 1 year capability of living machines (< 380 m3 p/day) DESCRIPTION crop per yr of average/kilogram crop per yr of average/kilogram of crop per yr average/kilogram 1 bird/yr of fish/yr tilapia 1 kilogram water fixtures using efficient 1 person from organic waste 1 chicken 1 person sludge (organic dry matter)
UNIT UNIT kg/yr kg/yr kg/yr m3/kg/yr m3/kg/yr m3/kg/yr m3/kg/yr m3/kg/yr m3/person/yr m3/person/yr m3/person/yr m3/person/ m3/person/yr m/yr m3 water/m2/day m3 0.2 300 288 1.63 0.09 2.65 3.45 0.97 8.29 0.07 0.02 0.27 0.02 11.33 11.05 13.82 NUMBER NUMBER
NAME ORGANIC[36] CHICKEN MANURE[37] HUMAN[38] RAINWATER HARVESTING[12] GREY WATER PURIFICATION[13] TOTAL NAME AGRICULTURE TRADITIONAL[1] HYDROPONICS[2] AEROPONICS[3] CHICKENS[4] AQUACULTURE[5] HOUSEHOLD DRINK[6] SHOWER[6] CLOTHS WASHERS DISHWASHERS FAUCETS [6] TOILET[7] NON-RESIDENTIAL TOTAL TOTAL
WASTE WATER WATER SUPPLY
WASTE CATEGORY
WATER DEMAND CATEGORY 72 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM CALORIES PRODUCED DIET CATEGORY ENERGY DEMAND CATEGORY FOOD ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY
TOTAL BIOGAS[26] TOTAL TOTAL DIGESTER[25] SOLAR HOTWATER[ SOLAR PV[24] TIDAL ENERGY[23] LARGE SCALE[22] MEDIUM SCALE[21] SMALL SCALE[20] TURBINES PEAR[35] PLUM[34] APPLE[33] TREES CHICKEN(MEAT)[32] CHICKEN(EGGS)[31] TRADITIONAL[30] AQUACULTURE[29 AEROPONICS[28] DIET CALORIEINTAKE NAME WATER PUMPING[19] COMMERCIAL[18] OFFICE/INSTITUTES[17] RESTAURANT[16] AQUACULTURE[15] RESIDENTIAL[14] NAME 13314.69 NUMBER NUMBER 730,000 220,000 24,578 15,000 44,518 58,826 62,500 34909 8,636 283.3 1029 4700 6000 9.09 308 413 541 44 9 kwh/yr kwh/ kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kcal/yr kcal/yr kcal/yr kcal/yr kcal/yr kcal/sq.m/yr kcal/m3/yr kcal/sq.m/yr kcal/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr kwh/yr UNIT UNIT 1pear treecanproduce 1plum treecanproduce 1apple treecanproduce 1sq. mofspacecanproduce 1 sq.mofspacecanproduce 1 sq.moflandgrowinggrain 1 Lofwatercanproducetilapia 1 sq.mofaeroponicsgrowinggrain m3 ofbiogas generates 0.271 1 m357%efficiency,kgwater 1 sq.m.PVcell20%efficiency p.yr. withinp.sq.mthatturbineoccupied kcal/day, woman 2,000 kcal/day 1 person:averagemen2,500 DESCRIPTION per sq.m per sq.m per sq.m LED lightingpersq.myr. NYC 1personperyear DESCRIPTION 15m diameter/turbineperyr 11.5m diameter/turbineperyr 3.6m diameter/turbineperyr
CALCULATION CALCULATION
20080 1100 1600 1800 120 240 300 720 300 300 100 330 120 20 20 20 11 0 6 0 turbines turbines turbines trees trees trees sq.m sq.m sq.m m3 sq.m sq. m sq. m sq. m people UNIT sq. m sq. m sq. m sq. m people UNIT m3 38,399,900 10,684,319 16,147,803 21,303,508 87,889,460 TOTAL TOTAL 1,055,575 104,6350 8760000 886,199 509,940 441,000 375,000 123,900 102,900 491,566 172,727 300,000 964,294 389,636 66,000 92,400 564,00 2,999 0 - m3 kwh kwh kwh kcal kcal kcal kcal kwh kwh kwh kwh kcal UNIT kwh kwh kwh kwh kwh UNIT kcal kcal kcal kcal kcal kcal kwh
DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 73 74 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 75 APPENDIX Linear Imaginary Barrier Systems 76 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM ic/8008108.stm Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacif such ashillsandrivers. barriers defensive natural of mi) (1,387.2 km 2,232.5 and trenches of mi) (223.5 km 359.7 wall, actual of sections mi) (3,889.5 km 6,259.6 of up made is This mi). (5,500 km 8,850 for stretches branches, its of all with Wall, Great entire the that concluded recently has technologies, advanced using survey, archaeological comprehensive most The Mongolia. Inner of edge southern the delineates roughly that arc an along west, the in Nur Lop to east, the in Shanhaiguan from stretches Wall Great The Dynasty. Ming the during built was wall existing the of majority the remains; wall that of Little Huang. Shi Qin China, of Emperor first the by BC 220–206 between built wall the is famous most the of One Empire. Chinese the of Border Northern the protect to Built BC. Century 16th the through BC Centrury of walls and earthen works begun in the 5th The largest man-made structure, is a series The GreatWallofChina - along theaxisofacombinedrailway/tramway/boulevard. was completed in the 1910s -- a linear suburb of fairly dense low-rise housing all necessary capital. Nevertheless, construction began in 1894 and one 5 kilometer section the raising and company the in shares sufficient selling problems major had he but -- connection radial kilometer 7 a with city, the ringing long, bring his first linear city around Madrid to fruition -- intended to be 48 kilometers He established the Compania Madrilena de Urbanizacion in 1892 as a means to an entirelynewlineartownaccrossunurbanizedregion. applicable as a ring around existing cities, as a strip connecting two cities, or as universally be to and countryside,” the urbanize and city the “ruralize to meant was city linear The occupation. ground 20% a on lots, meter square 400 units a in single-family of consist would Housing strip. main the to perpendicular streets secondary by interconnected be would facilities recreation and places work housing, side, either on strips parallel two Along equipment. and services, public gardens, infrastructure, main the boulevard, a contain would spine tral cen wide metre 40 A neccessary. be may that lenght the of and width meters 500 of street ‘single a of composed be would City Linear the of Stucture The Progreso fromMarch1882on. El newspaper Madrid the from articles of series a in concept city linear the as him to a planning theory based of a rapid urban transit by rail, further led developed locomotion of necessities the from derived be should form city that Belief Soria yMata Source: http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/soria-y-mata-arturo-tf/ - Source: http://www.dot.ca.gov/interstate/ Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/interstate.cfm business, usesthenationalroadnetwork. or vacation for whether travel, ground long-distance of majority vast The work. of places their to travel to Interstates urban use commonly volves Interstate Highways at some point. Residents of through American cities passing in Interstates services and goods all virtually many of distribution The areas. downtown with cities, U.S. major serves all system nearly freeway This history. in project works public the largest and world the in system highway largest the both it making km), (75,440 miles 46,876 of length total a has system the 2006, of As (ad- billion $114 justed forinflation,$425billionin2006dollars)andtook35years. costing up ended it years; 12 over billion $25 was system the for estimate cost initial The system. planned originally the of I-70 completion the as cited of often is 1992 in opening Canyon Glenwood through The 29. June on – 1956 of Act Highways Defense Federal-Aid the by authorized Highway Act of 1956 – popularly known as the National Interstate and was System Highway Interstate The miles ofauxiliaryurbanroutes 5,000 additional an plus miles, 33,900 of system High a supported Interregional ways, report, 1944 January committee’s The system. Thomas H. MacDonald, to evaluate the need for a national expressway Roads Public of Commissioner by headed Committee, Highway gional Interre- National a appointed Roosevelt D. Franklin President 1941, In Interstate andDefenseHighways The DwightD.EisenhowerNationalSystemof - - NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 77 - opment, 1942-1955 and 1980. On the 12th of June 1942 the plan was rejected unanimously by the local Corbusier asked council. till November 1942 Le the Petain government to bypass the municipality’s decisions, but left Vichy for Paris already in July 1942. Source: http://www.planum.net/archive//ec.htm Le Corbusier_Algiers Scheme Le Corbusier_Algiers 1931-1942 three of consisted and 23,1942 April presented was plan The plans at the scale of 1:20,000 for different stages of devel - - Source:http://quazen.com/arts/architecture/byker-wall- housing-development-newcastle-upon-tyne/#ixzz18CjJU3Lu Ralph Erskine_Byker Wall Ralph Erskine_Byker Long unbroken block of 620 Byker district of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. maisonettes De in the signed by the architect Ralph Erskine Vernon assisted Gracie. by Its functionalists Romantic wood brick, colourful facades, complex textured, styling with and plastic panels, attention to context and relatively low-rise construction represente a major break with the Brutalist high-rise architectural orthodoxy of the time. It was built to re-house the working class com- munity that had grown up around the shipyards and factories along the banks of the Tyne. They had lived in terraced houses but in the late 60s the City Coun cil decided to redevelop the area. - - Source: http://www.inblick.org/?p=2articles/04/ gentile.html Milyutin Milyutin’s concept of city development out lined in his 1930 book, Sotsgorod (Socialist City). Major concern was to create a rational interface an as acted that city economical and works which and urban, the and rural between as a cost-effecient unified whole, a “functional assembly line system”. Transportation costs, to be minimised. both in time and money, are Generally, the city should run parallel river and should be built so that the dominant to a wind blows from the residential areas to the industrial strip. The sectors are: 1) a purely segregated zone for railroad lines, 2) a zone with enterprises, communal and production of in educational and technical scientific, related stitutions 3) a green belt or buffer zone with including zone, residential a 4) highway, major a band of social institutions, a band of resi- dential buildings and a “children’s band”, 5) a park zone, and 6) an agricultural zone with gardens. - - - - Source:http://query.nytimes.com/ mem/archive-free/pdf?res Visionary conception of a city strung out for miles of con Two-story houses would build in straight be solid rows of poured cement. Roof would be utilized as promenade. a continuous Middle roofed section over and in winter en Roadtown 1909 Roadtown Edgar Chambless necting housing and develop a over fringes rural the to ment noiseless and dustless electric monorail railroad, built below ground, in three tiers: local, ex press, and freight. closed with glass and heated. Land bordering on either side of Roadtown to would householders as far as belong he could afford. 78 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVE BARRIER (source: http://www.deltawerken.com/The-Deltaplan-/92.html) shipping traffic. to vital were rivers these because open, stay to had Rotterdam of Waterway the and inlets. One condition to be met when drawing up the plan was that the Western tidal Schelde some down closing or dikes existing the raising between choice a make to had it commission Delta the told Algera, Mr Works, Public and Waterways of Minister The 2. Protectthelandfromgettingbrackish. the water, from them protect and levels water high during regularly flood that areas the Drain 1. was todrawupaplanensuretwogoals wouldbereached: aim Its Maris. Mr Works, Public and Waterways of Department the of director-general On Februarythe21st,1953,Deltacommissionwasfounded,directedby of theDeltaworks. building the initiate would which Delta-law, the of designs first the accepts Parliament THE DELTAPLAN/THEDELTACOMMISSION (source: flood disasterof1953 the following died people 2000 Almost ago. years fifty over just was scale large a on happened this time last The flooded. become can area coastal Dutch the waves, the up stirs wind the and develops storm a When Countries’. Low ‘The means literally It ‘low’. means ‘Nether’ problem: the to clue a gives ‘Netherlands’ name The disasters. flood For the past 2000 years, the inhabitants of the Netherlands have often had to cope with DUTCH LEVEES
http://www.deltawerken.com/Floods/22.html) NETHERLANDS DELTAWORKS © copyrightSiebeSwart Delta Area Hartel barrier © copyrightSiebeSwart Hollandse IJsselstormbarrier NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 79 - . They are tioning/463.html FUNCTIONING OF OF FUNCTIONING LEVEE A DELTAWORKS Barrier) (Maeslant Source: http://www.deltawerken.com/The-func During water levels of 3 metres above Amsterdam ordnance barrier zero, are activated. the The arms waterway, with of a width the of 360 metres, can then be closed unbelievablebarrier capable of such almost such a is is that completely. sight, it At first an achievement. The Maeslant barrier is almost as long as the Eiffel tower and weighs large such with world the in barrier surge storm only the is It much. as times four about moveable parts. The storm surging doors have a length of 240 metres normal each. Under circumstances, these doors are fully opened, so that to the the port of ships Rotterdam. The doors are have stored in docks access with a length of 210 metres, which lie along both shores. During storm tide the docks are flooded and the hollow doors begin to float driven into the water by means of a small train. This lasts for about half an hour. When the doors are situated in the middle of the river, valves are opened and as a result the doors are flooded. Consequently, the doors sink to the bottom because of their weight. On the bottom, there is a concrete threshold. A lot of silt gathers on this threshold. To threshold. the on exactly positioned be to need arms properly, Waterway New the close The doors do not sit directly on the threshold yet, but are hung a little above them. The current under the doors becomes so strong that the silt is washed away. After about an hour, the doors can sit flat on a silt-free threshold. The water level on the seaside is then higher than the water on the riverside. The force against the surging wall during a storm is about 350 Mega Newton: this is equal to the weight of 350,000 strong men, carrying 100 kilograms each. The pressure difference is so large that a ship of equal measurements would capsize instantly. The unique shape of the barrier prevents this from happening. © copyright Siebe Swart © copyright Siebe Swart Siebe © copyright 80 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM source:http://www.mvn.usace.army. Major Projectsincludethefollowing: floodgates. walls, surgebarriers,pumpstationsand consist ofreinforcedlevees,T-wallflood The 350-milesystem,whencompletedwill Reduction System(HSDRRS) The HurricaneandStormDamageRisk (1 percentchanceofoccurringinanyyear) THE 100YR.STORM TO FORTIFYNEWORLEANSAGAINST $14.45 BILLIONFEDERALPROJECT POST-KATRINA: NEW ORLEANS FUNCTION PROJECT robust more with replaced be will gates The city. the into going from surge prevent water aroundthe gates,which rain push Pumps Katrina. Hurricane in breached were which of two train, Pontchar Lake into drain that canals at the entrancetothreeoutfall built were gates steel Temporary Gates atoutfallcanals permanent permanent structures in 2014. mil/hps2/
COST BILLION $6 - - FUNCTION PROJECT FUNCTION PROJECT Jefferson andPlaquemines Parishes. communities in the Orleans, Mexico fromentering westbank a stormsurgefrom theGulfof prevent will system The meet. Canals where theHarveyandAlgiers of south half-mile a built be will station pump largest world’s the and levees System offloodgates,floodwalls, West closurecomplex harbor navigationcanalsurgebarrier Lake Borgnesurgebarrier/theinner being funneledintothecity. from Mexico of Gulf the Lake and from Borgne surges storm prevent to flood More than two miles long, 25 feet high against Sitssurge. eight mileseast of thecity. protection Primary COST BILLION $1 COST BILLION $1.3 FUNCTION PROJECT FUNCTION PROJECT gallons offloodwater persecond. Pumping station -pulls150,000 metal wide foot 225 gates thatblock surge. x tall foot 32 floodwaters backtothesea. pumping stationthatwillblast massive a and Gulf the from in blown A barrier that can block a 16-foot swell station Gulf intracoastalwaterway/barrier the LakeBorgnesurgebarrier. with tandem in work to intended is It River. Mississippi the to Pontchartrain of thecitythatconnectsLake side eastern the near canal shipping large a Canal, Industrial the entering to preventastormsurgefrom walls flood and breakwaters levees, of The complex is part of a larger system Seabrook floodgatecomplex MILLION $155 COST MILLION $500 COST NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 81 EL. 6.0’ PROTECTED SIDE EL. 8.0’ Z TYPE STEEL SHEET PILING 8’ 2’ COMPACTED MATERIAL EL. 12.0’ EL. -20.0’ EL. 10.0’ COMPACTED MATERIAL FLOOD SIDE I-WALL 10’ EL. 12.0’ COMPACTED MATERIAL PROTECTED SIDE EL. 5.25’ COMPACTED MATERIAL EL. -20.0’ EL. -85.0’ EL. 10.0’ 1’-9” EL. 12.0’ 8’-0” 10’ EL. 3.0’ COMPACTED MATERIAL EL. 8.0’ 2 TYPE STEEL SHEET PILING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILE (TYP.) LEVEE FLOOD SIDE T-WALL EL. 0.0’ -
Source: The USACE Engineering Manual “Engineering and Design: Floodwalls” Retaining and Source: http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/ hsps2/ surrounded by levees. vent inundation of a larger area An earth embankment, floodwall or structure along course the whose purpose water is flood or water damage reduction mainly be can Levees conveyance. dunes where sea, the along found are not strong rivers enough, along for high-floods, along protection lakes or along against polders. Furthermore, have been built for levees the purpose of empoldering, or as a boundary for an inundation area. The latter can be a controlled inundation by the military or a measure to pre
LEVEES 82 NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM NEW ALGIERS TERREFORM 83 Inc SUGGESTED DONATION OF $15 ISBN © 2010 terreform