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Cyphomandra Betacea) Alvarado, Andrey; Arroyo, Ana Gabriela; Fournier, Ana Teresa; Sánchez, Carolina; Villalta, Mauren y Garro, Giovanni. Aspectos biológicos, usos agrícolas y medicinales del “tomate de palo” (Cyphomandra betacea). Tecnología en Marcha. Vol. 16 N˚ 4. Aspectos biológicos, usos agrícolas y medicinales del “tomate de palo” (Cyphomandra betacea) Andrey Alvarado 1 Ana Gabriela Arroyo 1 Ana Teresa Fournier 1 Carolina Sánchez 1 Mauren Villalta 1 Giovanni Garro 2 Posee diversas Palabras clave surgido gran aceptación en términos de propiedades comercialización de la fruta y existen Cyphomandra betacea, distribución, medicinales y se han países que han iniciado su exportación a usos medicinales, descripción. reportado alcaloides mercados como los de Europa y Estados esteroidales como Unidos. Estudios futuros deben enfocarse fuentes alternativas Resumen en la investigación fitoquímica de interés de esteroides de farmacéutico, en su demanda como cultivo Cyphomandra betacea o tomate de árbol interés farmacéutico. comercial, así como el fitomejoramiento de pertenece a la familia Solanaceae y es sus variantes de acuerdo con criterios de nativa de los Andes, donde se encuentra entre los 1.000 y 3.000 m.s.n.m. Sus frutos consumo como sabor, color y tamaño. se preparan para consumirse en gran variedad de formas; estudios químicos han Descripción taxonómica revelado que son una gran fuente alimenticia por la presencia de distintas Cyphomandra betacea es la especie útil vitaminas, aminoácidos y minerales. más importante del género, compuesto por Posee diversas propiedades medicinales y cerca de 50 especies. Se ubica en el filo se han reportado alcaloides esteroidales Magnoliophyta, la clase Magnoliopsida, como fuentes alternativas de esteroides de orden Solanales y en la familia Solanaceae interés farmacéutico. Recientemente ha (INbio, 1997). 1 Estudiantes de Ing en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Profesor-Investigador. Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. [email protected] 68 Vol. 16 Nº 4 Descripción botánica responsables de la coloración del fruto son antocianinas, leucoantocianinas, Según Reyes y Sanabria (1993), la flavonas y flavonoles. Se han reportado en especie Cyphomandra betacea es C. betacea dos alcaloides esteroidales del arbusto arbóreo o arbolito de 3-4 m de tipo de los espirosolanos, solasodina y altura con tronco corto, frágil, algo tomatidenol siendo los que mayor torcido a veces; corteza grisácea; follaje atención han recibido como fuentes perenne, aunque en zonas con frío alternativas de esteroides de interés invernal, lo pierde bastante y se hielan farmacéutico (Reyes y Sanabria, 1993). las hojas. Las hojas son alternas, enteras acorazonadas, en los extremos de las En las semillas de C. betacea se han ramas, con pecíolo robusto. Limbo con separado esteroles con ácidos grasos, forma ovalada, acuminado, de color verde oscuro, un poco áspero al tacto. Los estudios químicos Las hojas jóvenes tienen pubescencia en del fruto fresco de ambas caras. La nerviación es marcada C. betacea indican y sobresaliente (ver figura 1). que es una fuente importante Las flores son pequeñas, de color de beta-caroteno blanco-rosáceo, dispuestas en pequeños (provitamina A), racimos terminales. Tienen cinco vitamina B6, vitamina pétalos e igual número de estambres C (ácido ascórbico), amarillos. Florecen entre mayo y junio. vitamina E y hierro. El ovario es de dos septos con muchos óvulos. En la figura 2 se observa el fruto en baya ovoide con largo pedúnculo en el que persiste el cáliz de la flor. El mesocarpio es de color amarillo crema a naranja; tiene un sabor ligeramente amargo, el mucílago que rodea las semillas es subácido y dulce, de color naranja a violeta (Reyes y Sanabria, Figura 1 1993). Se propaga por semilla, tallos y Hojas y frutos de Cyphomandra betacea raíces y da frutos a los 8-10 años. (Tomado de: Morton, 1987). Composición bioquímica y propiedades farmacológicas Los estudios químicos del fruto fresco de C. betacea indican que es una fuente importante de beta-caroteno (provitamina A), vitamina B6, vitamina C (ácido ascórbico), vitamina E y hierro. Su contenido de nitrógeno y aminoácidos libres es muy alto. Posee contenidos altos de potasio, magnesio, fósforo, así como de pectinas y carotenoides. Contiene pocos carbohidratos. El fruto maduro posee menos del 1% de almidón y 5% de Figura 2 Fruto de Cyphomandra betacea. azúcares como sacarosa, glucosa y Tomado de: http://www.cdfa.ca. fructosa. Otros componentes químicos gov/phpps/pe/page63.htm. Vol. 16 Nº 4 69 varios alcaloides en las raíces y preparó material para conservar en el derivados de flavonoides; también están herbario de la Escuela de Biología del presentes taninos y tetraperpenos Instituto Tecnológico en Cartago. Las (Estrella, 1994). flores y frutos fueron colocados en soluciones fijadoras. El material vegetal Especies silvestres de Cyphomandra de deshidrató y se preparó debidamente Se consumen frutos de otras especies etiquetado para agregarlo a la colección silvestres de Cyphomandra entre los que de dicho herbario. destaca C. hartweggi (Miers) Sendtn ex Walp. También se consideran comestibles: C. sibunduyensis Bohs, C. uniloba Rusby, Usos y utilidades potenciales C. diversifolia (Dun.) Bitt., C. casana El “tomate de palo” se consume en Child, C. fragans (Hook.) Sendtn., C. jugos, pulpa fresca, horneado o en splendens Dun (Reyes y Sanabria, 1993). almíbar, como fruta deshidratada o Otras de las especies silvestres con para preparar salsas y jaleas (CIRAD- propiedades medicinales, que en la FLHOR/IPGRI, 2000). La preparación Amazonia y Colombia, son C. crassifolia de jaleas y conservas es posible, por y C. dolichiorachis respectivamente ser este tipo de tomate alto en pectina, (Estrella, 1994). pero se oxida y decoloran a menos que sean tratadas. Este fruto también se Ubicación geográfica utiliza cocido en los guisos, sopas, y colecta de material entremeses y en salsas dulces. Es Cyphomandra betacea es nativa de los especialmente apetecido como postre Andes donde crece entre los 1.000 y con queque y helados, en ensalada de 3.000 msnm, y ha sido cultivada en frutas, o (como el tomate) en regiones montañosas. Hoy se cultiva en sandwichs y ensaladas verdes (The jardines desde Chile hasta Venezuela. Se National Academy Press, 1989). encuentra en Colombia y Ecuador (National Academy Press, 1989) y ha En la zona indígena de Tierradentro sido introducida en algunas regiones (Cauca, Colombia), se incorpora a la tropicales altas (Caribe, América “mazamorra” de maíz y al cocinar los Central, el sur de la India y Asia) y áreas frutos con agua de panela o azúcar, subtropicales como Nueva Zelanda e se obtiene un dulce (Reyes y Italia (CIRAD-FLHOR/IPGRI, 2000). Sanabria, 1993). Crece en las tierras altas de Costa Rica, En Colombia y Nueva Zelanda se Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico y han desarrollado varios cultivos, Haití. Ha estado creciendo en la Isla principalmente para incrementar su Reina, Australia, invernaderos y en contenido de azúcares y fijar el color rojo tierras altas de Australia y parte de al fruto. Por ejemplo, en los mercados de Nueva Guinea (Morton, 1987). Popayán, Colombia, se observan dos En Costa Rica, las muestras preservadas variantes de “tomate de árbol”: “injerto” y para herbario se encuentran en los “común”. Los frutos del “injerto” son herbarios del Museo Nacional y de la mayores, más dulces y de color rojo más Universidad de Costa Rica. intenso, especialmente la pulpa, pero se Durante la realización de este trabajo se prefiere consumir el “común”, de fruto colectó material vegetal, plantas más pequeño y color amarillo, cuyo sabor completas, flores y frutos. Este material es considerado ligeramente ácido (Reyes fue debidamente identificado y se y Sanabria, 1993). 70 Vol. 16 Nº 4 La selección, en Nueva Zelanda, de substancialmente a la disminución de la cultivares atractivos y el desarrollo de incidencia de cáncer como se ha técnicas de embarcado y almacenamiento demostrado. Además de representar una han tenido como resultado un fruto fuente de provitamina A, no son tóxicos y relativamente oscuro de marca presentan en la célula actividad internacional en las últimas décadas. Esta antioxidante, participan en la desactivación experiencia demuestra que existe un de radicales libres producidos en el verdadero futuro para el tomate de palo. metabolismo celular, imparten los colores Ese país actualmente está exportando amarillos y rojos de las plantas y animales tomate de palo a Norteamérica, Japón y (Durán y Moreno, 2000). Europa, y el mercado parece extenderse El tomate de árbol es un importante (The National Academy Press, 1989). recurso alimenticio, medicinal y Con respecto a la comercialización de la comercial. especie, en Ecuador se ha desarrollado Se utilizan Estudios futuros deberán atender su la explotación de frutales andinos, de comúnmente las hojas, demanda como cultivo potencial ellos sobresale el tomate de árbol. En los con menor frecuencia comercial de gran aceptación, la últimos 15 años el cultivo de esta los frutos y tallos. Los investigación quimiotaxonómica y especie ha crecido. La expectativa en padecimientos a los fitoquímica de interés farmacéutico, así mercados de Europa ha abierto algunas cuales están dirigidas como el fitomejoramiento de sus perspectivas de crecimiento, desarrollo estas especies son: variantes de acuerdo con criterios de y exportación de frutos andinos, heridas y llagas, consumo como sabor, color y tamaño principalmente de tomate de árbol, parásitos intestinales, (Reyes y Sanabria, 1993). afecciones de la mismo que por su alta rentabilidad en garganta, dolores pequeñas áreas, ha dado oportunidad de musculares, afecciones sustento a muchas familias ecuatorianas Literatura citada del hígado, gripe, (Soria, 2002). Agricultural ID Aid Manual. Cyphomandra afecciones cutáneas, En la medicina tradicional de Suramérica betacea (Cav.) Sendtner. <http://www.cdfa. diabetes, reumatismo, y Centroamérica se emplean por lo menos ca.gov/phpps/pe/page63.htm>.(04-09-2002). “fiebre intestinal”, siete especies de Cyphomandra, tres de CIRAD-FLHOR/IPGRI.
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