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Wasf2: a Novel Target of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Administration

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Wasf2: a Novel Target of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Administration INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE 31: 1243-1247, 2013 Wasf2: A novel target of intermittent parathyroid hormone administration MAKI UYAMA1,2, MASAMITSU KAWANAMI2 and MASATO TAMURA1 Departments of 1Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan Received December 20, 2012; Accepted February 21, 2013 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1315 Abstract. Systemic intermittent administration of parathyroid continuously secrete an excess of hormone. Such continuous hormone (PTH) stimulates bone formation in animals and secretion of PTH induces bone resorption by stimulation of humans, and recombinant human PTH1-34 (teriparatide) receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) is used clinically for the treatment of osteoporosis. In this and inhibition of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblasts (2). study, we investigated the regulation of gene expression by The effects of PTH on osteoblasts are known to be mediated intermittent PTH administration in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic via binding of PTH to the seven membrane-spanning G cells. We found that intermittent PTH1-34 administration protein-coupled receptor, PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1), and downregulated Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family activation of both the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein member (Wasf) 2 mRNA expression. Wnt inhibitor, IWP-2, kinase A (PKA) pathway and the phosphoinositide-dependent and protein kinase C inhibitor, Go6976, inhibited this down- protein kinase C (PKC) pathway (3). Intermittent PTH regulation. However, continuous PTH did not affect Wasf2 administration in mice has been shown to increase osteoblast expression. Transfection of Wasf2 siRNA reduced bone numbers by stimulating survival signaling, preventing their sialoprotein (BSP) mRNA expression in a similar manner apoptosis, and thus increasing bone formation (4). Intermittent following intermittent PTH administration in MC3T3-E1 PTH also affects the synthesis of many osteogenic growth cells. These results identify Wasf2 as a novel target of factors and cytokines, as well as that of their antagonists (1). intermittent PTH administration via the Wnt and phos- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and fibroblast growth phoinositide-dependent protein kinase signaling pathways, factor (FGF)-2 may contribute to the anabolic effect of inter- and the resulting regulation of BSP expression may contribute mittent PTH in increasing osteoblast numbers (1). Intermittent to the anabolic effects of PTH. PTH also promotes osteoblast differentiation, activating Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, and inhibiting the Wnt antagonist, Introduction sclerostin, in osteocytes (5). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the anabolic action of PTH Human parathyroid hormone (PTH), an 84-amino acid are not completely understood and remain controversial. peptide (PTH 1-84), is a principal hormone that regulates bone The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is a remodeling via its actions on both bone formation and resorp- cytoplasmic protein implicated in regulating the actin cyto- tion. Osteoblast lineage cells are the target cells for the effects skeleton and cytoskeletal reorganization involved in cellular of PTH on bone tissue. When administered intermittently by functions such as migration, phagocytosis and immune daily subcutaneous injection, recombinant human PTH1-34 synapse formation (6). WASP family protein member 2 (teriparatide) increases bone mineral density and reduces (Wasf2; also known as WASP family verprolin-homologous the incidence of skeletal fractures in osteoporosis (‘anabolic’ protein 2; WAVE2) is one of the WASP family proteins effects of PTH) (1). In contrast, the ‘catabolic’ effects result which is ubiquitously expressed in mammals (7). Yamazaki from pathological conditions in which the parathyroid glands et al (8) demonstrated that Wasf2 is crucial for Rac-induced membrane ruffling, which is important in cell motility. Wasf2-deficient mice survived only until embryonic day 12.5 and displayed growth retardation and certain morphological defects (9). Since remodeling of the cytoskeleton is involved Correspondence to: Professor Masato Tamura, Department of in mechanotransduction, Wasf2 is implicated in this process. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 7, Sapporo 060-8586, To date, however, little is known concerning the regulation Japan and molecular basis of action of Wasf2 in osteoblasts. E-mail: [email protected] In this study, we investigated the regulation of gene expres- sion following intermittent PTH administration in osteoblastic Key words: parathyroid hormone, osteoblasts, Wasf2 MC3T3-E1 cells. Here, we showed that intermittent PTH regulated Wasf2 expression and that the Wnt inhibitor, IWP-2, or the protein kinase C inhibitor, Go6976, inhibited 1244 UYAMA et al: PTH REGULATES Wasf2 EXPRESSION this downregulation, indicating that Wasf2 is a novel target Quantification of gene expression by quantitative reverse of intermittent PTH administration via the Wnt and PKC transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). signaling pathways. qRT-PCR was performed using Assay-on-Demand™ TaqMan probes (Applied Biosystems) and the StepOne® real-time PCR Materials and methods system. The relative level of gene expression was quantified using the comparative CT method with GAPDH as the endog- Cell cultures. Cells of the mouse cell line MC3T3-E1 were enous control. cultured in α-MEM containing 100 µg/ml kanamycin (Meiji, Tokyo, Japan) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The Wasf2 (FBS; SAFC Bioscience, Inc., Lenexa, KS, USA) at 37˚C in siRNA sequences for each gene were as follows: 5'-CGUA 100-mm cell culture dishes (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) AAAUCAAGACACGCAtt-3' (sense) and 5'-UGCGUGUCU in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. UGAUUUUACGtg-3' (antisense). MC3T3-E1 cells were plated at 1x105 cells/cm2. After 24 h, the cells were transfected Compounds and reagents. PTH1-34, PTH3-34, Go6976, with 10 nM Wasf2 siRNA or scramble siRNA (no. 4611; IWR-1 and dorsomorphin were purchased from Sigma- Ambion) complexed with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). IWP-2 was obtained from (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After the cells were cultured Stemgent (San Diego, CA, USA). The Wasf2 siRNA and for a further 5 days, total RNA was extracted from the cells. silencer negative control scramble siRNA (no. 4611; Ambion) were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, Statistical analysis. All experiments were repeated three to USA). Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein four times and representative results are shown. The data (BMP) 2 was kindly supplied by Astellas Pharma Inc. (Tokyo, are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and were Japan). analyzed by the Student's t-test. Values of P<0.05 were consid- ered to indicate statistically significant results. PTH administration. MC3T3-E1 cells were plated at 1x105 cells/cm2. After 24 h, the cells were cultured in the Results and Discussion presence of 10-8 M PTH or in control medium for 1, 6 (inter- mittent) or 48 h (continuous) within each 48-h incubation Regulation of gene expression by intermittent PTH admin- cycle. These cycles were repeated three times. The cells were istration. PTH has both anabolic and catabolic effects on harvested after 6 days. bone depending on the mode of administration (11). Several molecules have previously been identified as mediators of the Microarray analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the effects of intermittent PTH. In this study, we used the mouse cells using the ReliaPrep™ RNA Cell Miniprep System osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 to evaluate the anabolic (Promega), and quality was evaluated by Bioanalyzer (Agilent effect of intermittent PTH administration using an in vitro Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Total RNA was labeled model. The cells were cultured in the presence of PTH or in with Cy3. Samples were hybridized using a SurePrint G3 control medium for 1, 6 (intermittent PTH administration) or Mouse GE microarray kit (Agilent Technologies) according 48 h (continuous PTH administration) within each 48-h incu- to the manufacturer's protocol. Arrays were scanned with a bation cycle, and these cycles were carried out three times. G2539A Microarray Scanner System. Data were analyzed To identify candidate intermittent PTH-responsive genes, using GeneSpringer GX software (both from Agilent we performed DNA microarray analyses to study the effect Technologies). of intermittent PTH on gene expression. We used Agilent mouse DNA arrays that contain oligonucleotide probe sets Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). representing 55,684 genetic elements, all the characterized Total RNA was extracted from the cells at the indicated time mouse genes. Comparison of the intermittent (6 h) PTH1-34 points using Isogen (Nippongene, Toyama, Japan), and RT-PCR treatment to the continuous PTH1-34 treatment revealed that was performed as previously described (10). The primer 1% or less of the genes changed >2-fold (data not shown). sequences for each gene were as follows: Wasf2, 5-TTGCCA Among these genes, the Wasf2 gene was identified as a AAGCCCTCATAAAC-3 (forward) and 5-AGCCAGGGTA candidate intermittent PTH-responsive gene. To confirm this CCATCAACAG-3 (reverse); OPG, 5-TCCTGGCACCTACC observation, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses were
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