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Processes and Agents Affecting the Forests of the United States – an Overview

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Processes and Agents Affecting the Forests of the United States – an Overview United States Department of DISTURBANCE EVENTS IN Agriculture Forest Service AMERICA’S FORESTS: Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team An Analysis of Criterion 3, Indicator 15 of the Fort Collins, Colorado Montreal Process—Criteria and Indicators of FHTET-05-02 Sustainable Forestry—2003 January 2005 William M. Ciesla and Andrew C. Mason Examples of disturbance events in America’s forests: Upper left: Windthrow caused by a hurricane in southern Mississippi. Upper right: Stand replacement fire in lodgepole pine forest near Pinegree Park, Colorado. Lower left: Bark beetle outbreak along the Colorado Front Range. Lower right: Invasion of Russian olive (trees at center with blueish foliage) in Canyon de Chelley National Monument, Arizona. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Disturbance Events in America’s Forests: An Analysis of Criterion 3, Indicator 15, Montreal Process—Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forestry—2003 William M. Ciesla and Andrew C. Mason USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Fort Collins, Colorado Authors William M. Ciesla is a forest protection specialist and owner, Forest Health Management International, Fort Collins, Colorado. He was employed by Intecs International, Fort Collins, Colorado, when this work was done. Andrew C. Mason is presently Director, State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Anchorage, Alaska, and formerly Director, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins, Colorado, when this work was done. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people, both from within USDA Forest Service and other organizations, provided a wealth of data, constructive review comments, and support to the preparation of this analysis and, therefore, contributed significantly its successful conclusion. John Coulston, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Kerry Britton, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Washington D.C., and Connie Carpenter, Northeastern Area, Durham, New Hampshire, wrote sections of this analysis. Mark Riffe, Intecs International Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, provided editorial assistance and layout. Sheryl A. Romero and Erin Varao, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins, Colorado, prepared many of the graphics contained in this document. Review comments and additional supporting data were received from the following individuals within USDA Forest Service: Rita Beard, Rangeland Ecologist, Forest and Rangeland Management, Fort Collins, Colorado James D. Brown, Entomologist, Southern Region, Atlanta, Georgia Dave Darr, Resource Evaluation and Use Research, Washington, D.C. Ken Gibson, Entomologist, North Region, Missoula, Montana Ed Holsten, Entomologist, Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska William Mattson, Entomologist, Forestry Science Laboratory, North Central Research Station, Rhinelander, Wisconsin James P. Menakis, Research Forester, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana Tim McConnell, Aviation Safety Manager, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins, Colorado Ross Pywell, Program Manager, GIS and Spatial Analysis (retired), Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins, Colorado Charles G. (Terry) Shaw III, Vegetation Management and Protection Research, Washington, D.C. Ken Stolte, Forest Health Monitoring, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Borys Tkacz, Program Manager, Forest Health Monitoring, Forest Health Protection, Washington, D.C. Dave Thomas, Vegetation Management Specialist, Forest Health Protection, Washington D.C. Dwane Van Hooser (retired), Forest Inventory and Assessment (FIA), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah iii James G (Denny) Ward, Entomologist, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA Richard Werner, Entomologist, (retired) Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fairbanks, Alaska Additional information and review comments were provided by: Ron Billings, Entomologist, Texas Forest Service, Lufkin, Texas William R. Jacobi, Professor, Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Lester DeCoster, DeCoster Group, Reston, Virginia Bodie K. Shaw, Mark O. Hatfield Fellow to Congressman Earl Blumenauer iv CONTENTS AUTHORS ........................................................................................................ II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................III CONTENTS....................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................. X LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................XII SUMMARY ....................................................................................................XIII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS.................................................................. 1 Rationale for the Use of the Indicator......................................................................... 1 Definition of a Healthy, Sustainable Forest................................................................ 1 Definition of “Range of Historic Variation”............................................................... 1 Data Available to Quantify the Indicator................................................................... 2 Climate.........................................................................................................................2 Fire ...............................................................................................................................2 Insects and Diseases.....................................................................................................3 Wildlife ........................................................................................................................3 Invasive Plants .............................................................................................................3 Forest Area...................................................................................................................3 Analytical Approach..................................................................................................... 4 PROCESSES AND AGENTS AFFECTING THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES – AN OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 6 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................... 9 El Niño – La Niña.......................................................................................................... 9 CO2 and Temperature................................................................................................ 10 Drought........................................................................................................................ 11 Storms ..........................................................................................................................13 v FIRE............................................................................................................... 18 Historical Perspective................................................................................................. 18 Wildfire Occurrence................................................................................................... 19 INSECTS......................................................................................................... 23 Native Species.............................................................................................................. 23 Southern Pine Beetle..................................................................................................23 Mountain Pine Beetle.................................................................................................24 Douglas-Fir Beetle.....................................................................................................28 Spruce Beetle .............................................................................................................29 Spruce Budworm .......................................................................................................30 Western Spruce Budworm .........................................................................................32
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