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University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2000 Effects of parasitism of two Cotesia spp. parasitoids released for biological control of an invasive pest butterfly (Pieris apae)r on two native pierid butterflies (Pieris napi oleracea and Pieris virginiensis) in Massachusetts. Jessica L. Benson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Benson, Jessica L., "Effects of parasitism of two Cotesia spp. parasitoids released for biological control of an invasive pest butterfly (Pieris apae)r on two native pierid butterflies (Pieris napi oleracea and Pieris virginiensis) in Massachusetts." (2000). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 3079. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3079 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF PARASITISM OF TWO COTESIA SPP. PARASITOIDS RELEASED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AN INVASIVE PEST BUTTERFLY (PIERIS RAPAE) ON TWO NATIVE PIERID BUTTERFLIES (PIERIS NAPIOLERACEA AND PIERIS VIRGINIENSIS) IN MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by JESSICA L. BENSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE September 2000 Entomology EFFECTS OF PARASITISM OF TWO COTESIA SPP. PARASITOIDS RELEASED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AN INVASIVE PEST BUTTERFLY (PIERIS RAPAE) ON TWO NATIVE PIE RID BUTTERFLIES (PIERISNAPIOLERACEA AND PIERIS VIRGINIENSIS) IN MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by JESSICA L. BENSON Approved as to style and content by: Dr. Johfo'Stoffolano, (Acting Department Head Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks go to Dr. Roy Van Driesche for conceiving of this project and advising me in my research. He is a true mentor who has been challenging and fun to work with, and who has provided and supported many opportunities for my professional development. My technicians, Andrew Pasquale, Casey Delphia, and Karoline Piedra, have been invaluable for their participation and assistance in this project, and for keeping the work fun. Suzanne Lyon was indispensable during those early days before help arrived and I value both her professional insights and her friendship. I would also like to thank Jeff Boettner for his expertise in the ecology of native Pieris spp. butterflies and his insights into the issues of non-target impacts of biological control. Thanks are also due to the Hadley Food Bank Farm, Brookfield Farm, the Atwood family, the Herron family, and Camille Cosby for graciously allowing us to work on their farms and property. Also, thank you to Dr. David Wahl of the American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, FL for identifying our Hyposoter specimen. This research has been funded by Grant # DEB-9806599 from the National Science Foundation. m ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF PARASITISM OF TWO COTESIA SPP. PARASITOIDS RELEASED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AN INVASIVE PEST BUTTERFLY (.PIERIS RAPAE) ON TWO NATIVE PIERID BUTTERFLIES (PIERISNAPIOLERACEA AND PIERIS VIRGINIENSIS) IN MASSACHUSETTS SEPTEMBER 2000 JESSICA L. BENSON, B.A., FRAMINGHAM STATE COLLEGE M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Roy G. Van Driesche The native veined white butterfly (Pieris napi oleracea Harris), has been declining in numbers and range in Massachusetts since the invasion of imported cabbageworm (Pieris rapae L.) in the 1860s. I believe that populations of this native butterfly have suffered from non-target impacts of a generalist braconid parasitoid (Cotesia glomerata L.) that invaded on its own, and which was released as a biological control agent against P. rapae. I have also considered the potential impacts of a more recently introduced specialist parasitoid of P. rapae, Cotesia rubecula Marshall. Habitat preferences of these Cotesia spp. parasitoids may be restricting remaining populations of P. napi to isolated, wooded pockets in the western Berkshire region of Massachusetts. I also examined impacts of these parasitoids on another native pierid, the West Virginia white (Pieris virginiensis Edwards), which is a univoltine, spring butterfly that is restricted to wooded wetland habitats with its host plant, toothwort (Dentaria diphylla L.). I examined habitat use of these parasitoids by deploying “trap host” larvae from laboratory colonies of P. rapae and P. napi in agricultural fields, meadow and wooded habitat in western Massachusetts where P. napi is now rare, and in northern Vermont where this butterfly is still common. In support of my hypothesis, results showed that C. glomerata has a preference for P. napi over the invasive P. rapae, but that neither parasitoid foraged outside of agricultural fields with large populations of P. rapae, or into wooded habitats. Trap host larvae were not parasitized at sites with P. virginiensis populations. However, in conflict with my hypothesis, rates of parasitism were higher in northern Vermont where P. napi is still common, than in western Massachusetts where P. napi has all but disappeared. To test an alternative hypothesis for native pierid declines implicating the distribution of D. diphylla in range reductions of the native pierids, I also conducted a survey of this principle spring host plant in three regions. I found that toothwort was absent in central Massachusetts where both native pierids were absent, but that it was present in higher densities in western Massachusetts than in northern Vermont. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.iv ABSTRACT.v LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES.x CHAPTER 1. EFFECTS OF HABITAT: HABITAT PREFERENCES OF TWO BRACONID PARASITOIDS, Cotesia glomerata AND Cotesia rubecula MAY STRUCTURE REMAINING POPULATIONS OF THE NATIVE PIERID BUTTERFLY, Pieris napi oleracea (Harris), IN MASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT.1 Introduction. 1 Methods and Materials.5 N Overall Experimental Design. 5 Colony Maintenance.6 Trap Host Deployment for Measurement of Field Parasitism.7 Toothwort Survey.8 Exp #1: Preliminary Parasitism-by-Habitat Survey, 1997.10 Exp #2: Effects of Distance from Agriculture and Habitat Type on Parasitism.11 Exp #3: Habitat and Region Comparison of Parasitism between Massachusetts and Vermont.... 13 Results. 16 Toothwort Survey.16 Exp #1: Preliminary Parasitism-by-Habitat Survey in 1997.17 Exp #2: Effects of Distance from Agriculture and Habitat Type on Parasitism.17 Exp #3: Habitat and Region Comparison between Massachusetts and Vermont.18 Discussion.19 2. EFFECTS OF SPECIES: HOST RANGE PREFERENCE OF Cotesia glomerata AND Cotesia rubecula BETWEEN THE INVASIVE BUTTERFLY, Pieris rapae, AND ITS NATIVE CONGENER, Pieris napi oleracea.27 vi Introduction.27 Methods and Materials.29 Overall Design of Tests.29 Colony Maintenance. 30 Trap Host Deployment for Measurement of Field Parasitism.30 1998 Field Experiments.32 Massachusetts.32 Vermont.33 1999 Field Experiments.34 Laboratory Host Preference Test.36 Results.38 1998 Field Experiments in Massachusetts.38 1999 Field Experiments in Massachusetts and Vermont.39 Laboratory Experiment on Host Preference of C. glomerata.40 Discussion...41 3. Pieris virginiensis: POPULATIONS OF Pieris virginiensis EDWARDS MAY OBTAIN PROTECTION FROM PARASITOID ATTACK BY THEIR SPRING UNIVOLTINE LIFECYCLE AND HABITAT UTILIZATION.49 Introduction.49 Methods and Materials. 54 Exp #1: Occupancy Rate of D. diphylla sites by P. virginiensis.54 Exp #2: Rates of Parasitism of Pieris spp. at Toothwort Sites.55 Experimental Design.55 Site Characteristics.58 Results.60 Occupancy of D. diphylla by P. virginiensis.60 Parasitism of Pieris spp. at Toothwort Sites.61 Discussion.62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1: Densities of toothwort (Dentaria diphylla) in northern Vermont where Pieris napi is common, compared to western Massachusetts where P. napi persists as a rare butterfly, and central Massachusetts where P. napi is now absent, but formerly occurred.23 1.2: Comparison of toothwort (Dentaria diphylla) distribution between western Massachusetts and northern Vermont.23 1.3: Comparison of relative rates of parasitism of Pieris rapae by Cotesia glomerata and Cotesia rubecula in agricultural fields, meadow, and forest habitats at two organic farms in the Connecticut River Valley in Massachusetts in 1998.24 1.4: Percent Parasitism of Pieris napi and Pieris rapae in meadow and wooded habitats at a dairy farm in Craftsbury, Vermont in 1998.25 1.5: Parasitism of larvae of the veined white butterfly (Pieris napi) and cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) in meadow and forest habitat at dairy farms in northern Vermont and western Massachusetts.25 2.1: Parasitism of Pieris napi vs Pieris rapae larvae (1st and 2nd instars) by Cotesia glomerata and Cotesia rubecula following 3-day exposures on potted collards at two organic vegetable farms in 1998 (Food Bank Farm, Hadley, MA - June, July, August, and Brookfield Farm, Amherst, MA - July, August).44 2.2: Cotesia spp. parasitism of Pieris napi and Pieris rapae in meadow habitat at dairy farms in northern Vermont (1998, 1999) (Atwood Farm, Craftsbury, VT) and western Massachusetts (1999) (Herron Farm, Deerfield, MA).45 3.1: Percentage parasitism by a Hyposoter spp. parasitoid on Pieris napi on naturally occurring Dentaria diphylla and potted collards, and on Pieris rapae on naturally occurring
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