A Dinâmica Econômica Da Indústria Química E Farmacêutica Durante O Século Xx Nos Eua E Europa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Dinâmica Econômica Da Indústria Química E Farmacêutica Durante O Século Xx Nos Eua E Europa UNIVERSIDDE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS – UFMG JOÃO PAULO BORGES LISBOA A DINÂMICA ECONÔMICA DA INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA E FARMACÊUTICA DURANTE O SÉCULO XX NOS EUA E EUROPA BELO HORIZONTE 2012 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS – UFMG JOÃO PAULO BORGES LISBOA A DINÂMICA ECONÔMICA DA INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA E FARMACÊUTICA DURANTE O SÉCULO XX NOS EUA E EUROPA Dissertação apresentada ao Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Biofarmacêutica – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), para obtenção do titulo de mestre. Área de Concentração: Propriedade Intelectual. Linha de Pesquisa: Economia da Ciência e Tecnologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo da Motta e Albuquerque. Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Ruben Dario Sinisterra Millán BELO HORIZONTE 2012 AGRADECIMENTOS É sem dúvida valiosa e positiva a influência que o Mestrado tem na nossa formação pessoal, acadêmica e profissional. Apesar de não ser uma tarefa fácil conciliar as exigências profissionais com a realização do Mestrado, é realmente precioso o apoio daquelas pessoas que nos ajudam a alcançar o nosso objetivo. Os reconhecimentos e agradecimentos desta dissertação são dirigidos: Primeiramente à Deus, por iluminar meus caminhos. Ao meu Orientador, Prof.Eduardo da Motta e Albuquerque, pela fundamental objetividade na orientação, compreensão e colaboração ao longo da elaboração da dissertação do mestrado. A Indústria Farmacêutica Catedral Ltda. pela aceitação e reconhecimento que o mestrado é importante para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e das capacidades técnicas. A meus pais (Fernando e Inês), grandes incentivadores! Obrigada por terem entendido a minha ausência em muitos momentos e por contribuírem para o meu “crescimento”. Sem vocês eu não chegaria até aqui. Aos meus irmãos Fernanda e Artur que moram em meu coração. Aos meus familiares Paulo Barros, Vânia Londe, Rafael Londe e Marcela londe pelo carinho. E de forma muito especial, à minha esposa Fernanda Londe Leite Lisboa, pelo grande interesse e entusiasmo transmitido desde o início do mestrado e pelo apoio e compreensão em todos os momentos. A todos que de alguma maneira foram importantes na execução deste trabalho, Muito Obrigado! SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................... 10 CAPÍTULO 1 UMA ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DAS FIRMAS INDUSTRIAIS RELACIONADAS À INOVAÇÃO 1. O Fenômeno Fundamental do Desenvolvimento Econômico.............................. 13 2. Os Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação..................................................................... 18 3. Capacidades Organizacionais e a História Econômica das Organizações Industriais................................................................................................................. 31 3.1 A importância das capacidades organizacionais................................................ 33 3.2. Capacidades organizacinais e a economia das firmas....................................... 35 3.3. Criando a base para o aprendizado organizacional........................................... 36 3.4. A experiência histórica...................................................................................... 37 3.5. O crescimento contínuou através da utilização e expansão da aprendizagem organizacional.......................................................................................................... 39 3.6. Aprendizagem organizacional e a criação de novas indústrias......................... 41 4. Diferentes Conceitos, Temas e Aprendizados..................................................... 43 4.1. Quatro diferenças básicas entre dois diferentes segmentos.............................. 45 4.1.1. Criação da infra-estrutura............................................................................... 45 4.1.2. Número de novas tecnologias........................................................................ 45 4.1.3. Produtos e mercados diferentes...................................................................... 46 4.1.4. Sucesso e fracasso das indústrias................................................................... 46 4.2. Capacidades Organizacionais........................................................................... 47 4.2.1. Capacidades Técnicas.................................................................................... 47 4.2.2. Capacidades Funcionais................................................................................. 47 4.2.3. Capacidades de Gestão................................................................................... 48 CAPÍTULO 2 O INÍCIO DA INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA NOS EUA E NA EUROPA 1. Desenvolvendo os caminhos do aprendizado...................................................... 49 2. A criação e evolução da indústria química.......................................................... 49 3. A indústria química norte-americana durante o período entre guerras................ 50 4. A indústria química européia durante o período entre guerras............................ 51 5. A revolução polímero/petroquímica e a segunda guerra mundial....................... 52 6. A entrada das companhias de petróleo................................................................. 52 7. As grandes indústrias americanas........................................................................ 53 7.1. Du Pont: líder americano em desenvolvimento de produtos............................ 53 7.1.1. A mudança do D para o P.............................................................................. 55 7.1.2. Redefinindo os limites estratégicos da firma: a mudança do P para o D....... 56 7.1.3. A entrada em produtos farmacêuticos............................................................ 57 7.2. Dow: a líder dos Estados Unidos em processo de desenvolvimento................ 58 7.2.1. A entrada em petroquímicos.......................................................................... 59 7.2.2. O pioneirismo em brometo e cloro................................................................ 60 7.2.3. Entrada em grande escala e falha súbita em farmacêuticos........................... 61 7.3. Monsanto: sucesso na definição de fronteiras estratégicas............................... 62 7.4. American Cyanamid Company: de produtos químicos para farmacêuticos e sendo comprada........................................................................................................ 66 7.4.1. A introdução de produtos químicos produzidos à base de processos eletrolíticos............................................................................................................... 67 7.4.2. A mudança de produtos químicos para farmacêuticos................................... 68 7.4.3. Redefinindo as fronteiras da firma................................................................. 68 7.5. Union Carbide: o início da corporação do carbono.......................................... 69 7.5.1. Uma nova estratégia: A diversificação não relacionada................................ 71 7.5.2. Voltando à arena competitiva da indústria química....................................... 72 7.5.3. O desastre....................................................................................................... 73 7.6. Allied Chemical: estratégia e estrutura Fracassada........................................... 74 7.7. Conclusão Parcial.............................................................................................. 75 8. Os competidores Europeus................................................................................... 77 8.1. Bayer, Hoechst, and BASF: Os primeiros europeus a definir os caminhos da aprendizagem........................................................................................................... 78 8.2. O período entre guerras: O papel dos três grandes como IG Farben................ 80 8.3. Recuperação do pós-guerra dos “Big Three” da Alemanha.............................. 83 8.4. Entrando na revolução polímero/petroquímico na década de 1950.................. 83 8.5. A evolução dos três grandes antes do segundo choque do petróleo................. 84 8.6. Expansão na década de 1980............................................................................ 86 8.7. Conclusão parcial.............................................................................................. 88 CAPÍTULO 3 O INÍCIO DA INDÚSTRIA FARMACÊUTICA NOS EUA E EUROPA 1. O Caminho para as drogas de prescrição............................................................. 90 2. A indústria farmacêutica começa nos Estados Unidos e na Europa.................... 90 3. A revolução terapêutica....................................................................................... 92 4. Merck e Pfizer: emergindo do nexo entre indústrias........................................... 95 4.1. Merck: Criando uma Base Integrada de aprendizagem.................................... 96 4.1.1. Definição dos limites estratégicos.................................................................. 97 4.1.2. Produtos de novas tecnologias....................................................................... 99 4.2. Pfizer: Criando e recriando o fronteiras estratégicas........................................ 101 4.2.1. Redefinindo limites estratégicos.................................................................... 103 5. As velhas companhias farmacêuticas: Eli Lilly, Abbott, SmithKline Squibb, e Upjohn.....................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Eugene Du Pont Jr. Papers 2656
    Eugene du Pont Jr. papers 2656 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Manuscripts and Archives PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Eugene du Pont Jr. papers 2656 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 4 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 5 Collection Inventory ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Give My Regards to Market Street Theaters As A
    GIVE MY REGARDS TO MARKET STREET THEATERS AS A REPRESENTATION OF URBAN GROWTH IN WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, 1870-1930 by Courtney Lynahan A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Urban Affairs and Public Policy Summer 2010 2010 Courtney Lynahan All Rights Reserved GIVE MY REGARDS TO MARKET STREET THEATERS AS A REPRESENTATION OF URBAN GROWTH IN WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, 1870-1930 by Courtney Lynahan Approved: __________________________________________________________ Rebecca Sheppard, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Maria P. Aristigueta, D.P.A. Director of the School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Interim Dean of the College Education and Public Policy Approved: __________________________________________________________ Debra Hess Norris, M.S. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This list has grown exponentially over the years, so here goes. First and foremost to Becky for her guidance and patience. Thank you. My committee members David Ames and Debbie Martin. The students and staff at CHAD and at SUAPP, especially Linda for helping me with every crisis that came along and Laura for keeping me going at the end. My sister and brother in law for agreeing to read the drafts of this thesis. My Aunt Carol for being my copy editor. The amazing people at Hagley, the state archives, and my three theaters, The Grand Opera House, The DuPont Theater and The Queen for helping me, often time with no notice. To my amazing friends, particularly Alexandra, Shanna, Megan, Felicity, Steve, Colin, Annie, Anna and Sydney for listening patiently while I bounced ideas off them and especially Nicole for driving me around Wilmington and for calling me to make sure I really was writing.
    [Show full text]
  • From Rice Fields to Duck Marshes: Sport Hunters and Environmental Change on the South Carolina Coast, 1890–1950 Matthew Allen Lockhart University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 From Rice Fields to Duck Marshes: Sport Hunters and Environmental Change on the South Carolina Coast, 1890–1950 Matthew Allen Lockhart University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Lockhart, M. A.(2017). From Rice Fields to Duck Marshes: Sport Hunters and Environmental Change on the South Carolina Coast, 1890–1950. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4161 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM RICE FIELDS TO DUCK MARSHES: SPORT HUNTERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE SOUTH CAROLINA COAST, 1890–1950 by Matthew Allen Lockhart Bachelor of Arts Wofford College, 1998 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2001 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Robert R. Weyeneth, Major Professor Janet G. Hudson, Committee Member Kendrick A. Clements, Committee Member Daniel J. Vivian, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Matthew Allen Lockhart, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION In memory of my brother Marc D. Lockhart, who began this journey with me iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I want acknowledge with gratitude my splendid dissertation committee. Getting to this point would not have been possible without my director, Robert R.
    [Show full text]
  • Du Pont Family
    GENEALOGY of the DU PONT FAMILY 1739-1949 Copyright 1943 by PIERRE S. DU PONT Designed and Printed by HAMBLETON COMPANY, INC. Wilmington, Delaware 1949 GENEALOGY of the DUPONT FAMILY HIS WORK is one of compilation only. Members of the du Pont family have furnished Tthe information necessary for complete and accurate results and have earned thereby the gratitude of their fellow members. To Henry A. du Pont we are indebted for the greater part of our information con­ cerning the generations of the family prior to the year 1739. His voluminous work UThe Early Generations of the Du Pont and Allied Families" is of inestimable value. The collection of the genealogical data in chart form was started by Coleman du Pont in cooperation with Ferdinand La Motte, Sr., more than twenty-five years ago. Much in­ formation was supplied from the photograph album of the du Pont £e,mily compiled by Louisa du Pont Copeland about 1900. This album was republished and brought up to date by William Winder Laird, Jr., in 1935. These workers deserve our thanks for their part in this undertaking. Bessie Gardner du Pont's interest and years of work in examining and translating letters and documents continues to hold fust place in its inspiration for continued study of family history. Much of the _present work is due to her example and to the accuracy of her pen. Much of the credit for securing the information necessary to make this revised edition of the genealogy as complete and up-to-date as possible is due to Miss Aileen du Pont, who has spent much time and effort in obtaining data from various branches of the family.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: HISTORY LIMITED: the HIDDEN
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: HISTORY LIMITED: THE HIDDEN POLITICS OF POSTWAR POPULAR HISTORIES. Erik Barton Christiansen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Directed By: Professor James B. Gilbert, Department of History This dissertation examines popular history and collective memory in the mid-20 th century. Each chapter studies a different source of politicized history, exploring who created the history to be disseminated, what their goals and motivations were, why the historical trope particularly suited their needs and objectives, how they managed to convey ideologies through representations of the past, and how this popular history related to contemporary social and political issues. All of these “historians” – DuPont’s radio and television show, Cavalcade of America ; the History Book Club; CBS’s historical news program, You Are There ; the American Heritage Foundation’s “Freedom Train”; and the Smithsonian Institution – attempted to mold collective memory into an ideological foundation for their agendas. During a tumultuous period, at home and abroad, the past became a safer forum for political discourse, and reexamining these sources of historical information and interpretation sheds new light on postwar politics. Surprisingly, deep ideological divisions persisted well into the age of apparent consensus. However, despite significant differences, the key people in all of these cases shared the same basic assumption about the relevance of history to contemporary society. The widespread acceptance of a strong relationship between past and present in postwar American society contrasts with later attitudes toward the past. The new technologies that enabled the communication of particular historical representations and interpretations changed too, and rapidly matured into forms less suited to the dissemination of historical lessons.
    [Show full text]
  • John J. Raskob Papers 0473
    John J. Raskob papers 0473 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Manuscripts and Archives PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library John J. Raskob papers 0473 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical Note .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Administrative Information .......................................................................................................................... 15 Controlled Access Headings ........................................................................................................................ 16 Collection Inventory ..................................................................................................................................... 16 - Page 2 - John J. Raskob papers 0473 Summary Information Repository: Manuscripts and Archives Creator: Raskob, John J. (John
    [Show full text]
  • Organizacional Y El Impacto Emocional Que Genera En Los Colaboradores De Dupont Chile
    ORGANIZACIONAL Y EL IMPACTO EMOCIONAL QUE GENERA EN LOS COLABORADORES DE DUPONT CHILE TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN GESTIÓN DE PERSONAS Y DINÁMICA ORGANIZACIONAL Alumno: María Eugenia Madariaga L. Profesor Guía: Waldo Pavez H. Santiago, Noviembre 2016 Tabla de Contenidos INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................ 3 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN BAJO ESTUDIO ................................................ 6 Evolución de DuPont ................................................................................................................................ 9 Propósito de DuPont: ............................................................................................................................. 10 Valores Corporativos .............................................................................................................................. 10 Negocios e Industrias en las que opera DuPont ................................................................................ 10 Algunas cifras de DuPont ...................................................................................................................... 12 DuPont Chile ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Organigrama DuPont Chile (Oficina Santiago) .................................................................................. 14 MARCO TEÓRICO ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Du Pont Dupont Tower
    Dear Colleagues, We hope all of you have been reading and drawing inspiration from "Larger than Life" - a celebration of Greatness. Since the time of its launch, this platform has celebrated the lives and times of some of the world's truly Great people - statesmen, scientists, explorers, entrepreneurs, artists - and all those who, through their Achievements, have taken their own unique place in World History. The celebration continues, but this time with a difference. Beginning today, Larger than Life is all set to celebrate the Achievements of some of the World's Greatest Companies. These are companies who have stood for a great idea, built an enduring success story, and established a legacy that the admires and aspires to live up to. Read all about these stories of Success and Achievement. And let's pledge that some day, we too will take our rightful place under the sun. With best wishes, Team One2One 1 Driven by Innovation an American chemical company Eleuthère Irénée Founder - Du Pont DuPont Tower 2 Driven by Innovation DuPont Du Pont is an American chemical company counted among the world's topnotch companies in terms of growth and innovation. Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founded it in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill. The company is best known for its pioneering innovations. One of the company's innovation techniques include producing of Du Pont chemicals from living plants rather than processing them from petroleum thereby laying the foundation of green initiatives for other companies to adopt and follow. Other crucial innovations introduced by the company comprise the launching of the chemical phenothiazine as an insecticide and the development of new materials like Mylar, Dacron, Orlon Lycra, Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian.
    [Show full text]
  • Dupont Company Museum Collection 1968.001
    DuPont Company Museum collection 1968.001 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Audiovisual Collections PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library DuPont Company Museum collection 1968.001 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Historical Note ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 7 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Collection Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Advertisements and promotional materials ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • P.S. Du Pont Photographs (Longwood) 1969.002
    P.S. du Pont photographs (Longwood) 1969.002 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Audiovisual Collections PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library P.S. du Pont photographs (Longwood) 1969.002 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical Note .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 7 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Collection Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Longwood Gardens ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How to Defeat Antibusing Drive/8 U.S. Sends War Threats to Hanoi/13 Texas Blacks Protest Killer-Cops/18 in Brief
    JANUARY 24, 1975 25 CENTS VOLUME 39/NUMBER 2 A SOCIALIST NEWSWEEKLY/PUBLISHED IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE No hope forj ,in Fof ' econom1c• program -:~~~~-~:t:: ...... Chicago, Jan. 13. Thousands iam city hall in search of public service iobs, as unemployed lines multiply throughout the country. How to defeat antibusing drive/8 U.S. sends war threats to Hanoi/13 Texas Blacks protest killer-cops/18 In Brief AN UNFAIR TRIAL? Last month, prosecutors in a 1972 lected by its predecessor, the House Un-American Ac­ trial ·of three North Carolina Black activists disclosed tivities Committee, on the alleged subversive work of more in court: than 750,000 Americans." - That two state witnesses- the only ones linking the Any questions? THIS defendants to a fire that they were accused of setting- were each paid $4,000 by the federal government for their ABORTION RIGHTS I: Three important court decisions WEEK'S testimony. The money deal was approved by convicted reinforcing the legal right to abortion have been handed Watergate criminal Robert Mardian, who was then the down. On Jan. 13 the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously assistant attorney general of the United States. affirmed a decision pr~enting Louisiana from suspending MILITANT - That one of the prosecution witnesses, Walter Wash­ 3 Ford economic program a doctor's license on charges that he performed an abor­ ington, was promised that he would not be prosecuted tion in 1969. The decision indicated that the court would 4 Must steelworkers choose on a parole violation. Washington, a convicted armed not permit states to punish doctors for abortions per­ between layoffs and pol­ robber diagnosed by Army doctors as schizophrenic, was formed before the January 1973 decision legalizing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugene Du Pont Jr. Papers 1599
    Eugene du Pont Jr. papers 1599 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Manuscripts and Archives PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Eugene du Pont Jr. papers 1599 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical Note .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 5 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 5 Collection Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Alfred I. du Pont - Frank L. Connable ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]