Historia Garaikidea Saila Memoria Akademikoa 2017
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The Basque Experience with the Irish Model
WORKING PAPERS IN CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSN 2053-0129 (Online) From Belfast to Bilbao: The Basque Experience with the Irish Model Eileen Paquette Jack, PhD Candidate School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University, Belfast [email protected] Institute for the Study of Conflict Transformation and Social Justice CTSJ WP 06-15 April 2015 Page | 1 Abstract This paper examines the izquierda Abertzale (Basque Nationalist Left) experience of the Irish model. Drawing upon conflict transformation scholars, the paper works to determine if the Irish model serves as a tool of conflict transformation. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the paper argues that it is a tool, and focuses on the specific finding that it is one of many learning tools in the international sphere. It suggests that this theme can be generalized and could be found in other case studies. The paper is located within the discipline of peace and conflict studies, but uses a method from psychology. Keywords: Conflict transformation, Basque Country, Irish model, Peace Studies Introduction1 The conflict in the Basque Country remains one of the most intractable conflicts, and until recently was the only conflict within European borders. Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) has waged an open, violent conflict against the Spanish state, with periodic ceasefires and attempts for peace. Despite key differences in contexts, the izquierda Abertzale (‘nationalist left’) has viewed the Irish model – defined in this paper as a process of transformation which encompasses both the Good Friday Agreement (from here on referred to as GFA) and wider peace process in Northern Ireland – with potential. -
1 Centro Vasco New York
12 THE BASQUES OF NEW YORK: A Cosmopolitan Experience Gloria Totoricagüena With the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre TOTORICAGÜENA, Gloria The Basques of New York : a cosmopolitan experience / Gloria Totoricagüena ; with the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre. – 1ª ed. – Vitoria-Gasteiz : Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia = Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 2003 p. ; cm. – (Urazandi ; 12) ISBN 84-457-2012-0 1. Vascos-Nueva York. I. Sarriugarte Doyaga, Emilia. II. Renteria Aguirre, Anna M. III. Euskadi. Presidencia. IV. Título. V. Serie 9(1.460.15:747 Nueva York) Edición: 1.a junio 2003 Tirada: 750 ejemplares © Administración de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco Presidencia del Gobierno Director de la colección: Josu Legarreta Bilbao Internet: www.euskadi.net Edita: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia - Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Diseño: Canaldirecto Fotocomposición: Elkar, S.COOP. Larrondo Beheko Etorbidea, Edif. 4 – 48180 LOIU (Bizkaia) Impresión: Elkar, S.COOP. ISBN: 84-457-2012-0 84-457-1914-9 D.L.: BI-1626/03 Nota: El Departamento editor de esta publicación no se responsabiliza de las opiniones vertidas a lo largo de las páginas de esta colección Index Aurkezpena / Presentation............................................................................... 10 Hitzaurrea / Preface......................................................................................... -
Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension
religions Article Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension Xabier Itçaina 1,2 1 CNRS—Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, 11 allée Ausone, 33607 Pessac, France; [email protected] 2 GEZKI, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved. Keywords: Basque conflict; nationalism; Catholic Church; Holy See; transnational mediation; conflict resolution 1. Introduction The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the definitive ceasefire (2011), decommissioning (2017), and self-dissolution (2018) of the armed organization ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). -
Aldizkaria-2011-Negua.Pub
Basque Club Aldizkaria Negua < 2011 < Winter Odolki Jatea & Mus Tournament Lehendakari Patxi López Visits The Basque Cultural Center The Basque Club’s Members’ free lunch and mus tournament will take place on Saturday, February 5th at the San Francisco Basque On July 27th, 2010, the San Francisco Basque Cultural Center. The entire mus tournament will be played in one Cultural Center received the Lehendakari, day, with finals being contested immediately following lunch. Patxi López, who attended a warm meeting Teams that qualify for the finals, will be seated together at a spe- with the Board of Directors of the local cial reserved table for lunch. This table will be served first to en- Basque Clubs in the Bay Area. The Lehenda- sure that the qualifying teams can begin the finals promptly. kari then went on to participate in a recep- Mus tournament registration will start at 7:00am, and teams will be tion, which was attended by Basque business- seated at 7:45am. The registration fee is $40 per team. The Members’ men and businesswomen from California. free lunch will be at 12:30pm. Addressing this audience, López insisted that, If you have already qualified for the NABO mus tournament, you in addition to keeping their pride in being are still strongly encouraged to participate in this mus tourna- Basques alive, they join forces "on either side ment. of the Atlantic" to enable Basque companies to establish themselves in the U.S. and ensure Saturday, February 5th, 7:00am / 12:30pm that the Basque Country "continues to grow." To this end, López announced that the Basque Government will "resolutely support" the possibility of integrating CAF within the North American Fiftieth Anniversary Gala Culminates trade-show model. -
ETA and the Public, 1959-1987
ETA and the Public McCreanor ETA and the Public, 1959-1987 KYLE McCREANOR1 After an ephemeral moment of autonomy during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque Country was conquered by Spanish Nationalist forces. Under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, the Basque people were subject to heavy oppression. The Francoist state sought to eliminate the Basque language and culture as part of a grand vision to create a ‘unified Spain.’ In 1959, a Basque guerrilla resistance movement, Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA: Basque Country and Freedom) was born with a mission to preserve their unique language and culture, and ultimately, to secure an independent Basque state. Their initial strategy was to incite a revolution by symbolic acts of violence against the Franco regime and gain popular support in the Basque Country. This paper explores ETA’s relationship with the public, analyzing the ways in which they cultivated support and disseminated their ideas to the masses. However, what the research finds is that as ETA’s strategy changed, so did their relationship with the public. After Spain’s democratization, ETA abandoned the idea of bringing about a revolution of the masses, and sought only to wage a violent war of attrition against the Spanish state in order to establish a sovereign Basque nation. The Basque Country, or Euskadi, is a region straddling the Northern Pyrenees, falling under the jurisdiction of Spain and France. It is the homeland of the Basque people, an ancient 1 This research paper was made possible by a Directed Reading course in the Department of History, supervised by Professor Matthew Koch. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Intractability of the Basque Conflict
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTRACTABILITY OF THE BASQUE CONFLICT A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Graham M. Stubbs, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 2012 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTRACTABILITY OF THE BASQUE CONFLICT Graham M. Stubbs B.A. Joseph P. Smaldone Phd. ABSTRACT Since the regime of dictator General Franco (1939-1975), the Spanish government has repressed or banned virtually all expressions of the Basque national identity and political expression. This failure to recognize the Basque culture within Spanish society has created a void in which the Basques have felt self-confined for generations. The conflict between the Basques and Spain has never found clear resolution, has often been punctuated by armed resistance, and has become virtually intractable. Spanish nationalism has prevailed over the indigenous group in the region, leaving resentment and frustration for those seeking to practice their traditions and cultural distinctions. The Spanish blend of fascist, traditionalist, and militarist responses has reinforced the deep- felt resentment of the Basque people in their pursuit of the civil liberties granted to all other citizens of the Spanish state. The existence of the Basques has been problematic to the Spanish because cultural differences challenged Franco’s ideal of a unified Catholic state. Catholicism was the essence of the ‘nation’ and Castile was its ‘ethnic core,’ thus leaving little room for any opposing ideology and principles. -
Basques in the San Francisco Bay Area
1FESP+0JBS[BCBMXBTCPSOBOESBJTFE 6SB[BOEJCJMEVNBLNVOEVBO[FIBS JO#JMCBPBOEIBTTQFOUNVDIPGIJTMJGF EBVEFOFVTLBMFUYFOBHVTJFOFO CFUXFFO UIF #BTRVF $PVOUSZ *SFMBOE IJTUPSJBKBTPU[FBEVIFMCVSV BOEUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT)FIPMETB1I% BU[FSSJSBUVUBLPFVTLBMEVOPO JO#BTRVF4UVEJFT1PMJUJDBM4DJFODFGSPN CJ[JQFOFUBOPJOBSSJUVUB UIF6OJWFSTJUZPG/FWBEB 3FOP BOEJTB 63";"/%* 7JTJUJOH 3FTFBSDI 4DIPMBS BU UIF 0SBM )JTUPSZ 1SPHSBN 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /FWBEB 3FOP "NPOH IJT QVCMJDBUJPOT BSF -B -BDPMFDDJwO6SB[BOEJ ²BMMFOEF *EFOUJEBE 7BTDB FO FM .VOEP #BTRVF MPTNBSFT³ SFDPHFMBIJTUPSJBEFMPT *EFOUJUZ JO UIF8PSME BOE " $BOEMF JO QSJODJQBMFTDFOUSPTWBTDPTEFMNVOEP UIF /JHIU #BTRVF 4UVEJFT BU UIF CBTBEBFOMPTUFTUJNPOJPTEFQSJNFSB 6OJWFSTJUZPG/FWBEB )F JT NBOPEFBRVnMMPTRVFFNJHSBSPO DVSSFOUMZBXBJUJOHUIFQVCMJDBUJPOPGIJT WPMVNF FOUJUMFE 5IF #BTRVF %JBTQPSB 4"/'3"/$*4$0 8FCTDBQF 5IF6SB[BOEJ ²GSPNPWFSTFBT³ $PMMFDUJPODPNQJMFTUIFIJTUPSZPGUIF NPTUJNQPSUBOU#BTRVF$MVCTBMMPWFS UIF8PSME CBTFEPOGJSTUIBOE NFNPSJFTPGUIPTFXIPFNJHSBUFE -BDPMMFDUJPO6SB[BOEJ ²PVUSFNFS³ SFDFVJMMFMFTIJTUPJSFTEFTQSJODJQBVY DFOUSFTCBTRVFTEVNPOEFCBTnTTVS 4"/'3"/$*4$0 MFTUnNPJHOBHFTEJSFDUTEFDFVYRVJ nNJHSoSFOU *4#/ Chaleco Urazandi 23.indd 1 24/4/09 09:47:42 UUrazandirazandi 2233 SSanan Francisco.inddFrancisco.indd 2 33/4/09/4/09 112:25:402:25:40 23 GARDENERS OF IDENTITY: BASQUES IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA by Pedro J. Oiarzabal LEHENDAKARITZA PRESIDENCIA Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2009 UUrazandirazandi 2233 SSanan Francisco.inddFrancisco.indd -
A Three-Sided Mirror. the Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict and Memory in the ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: a Tridimensional Mirror
Oñati Socio-legal Series, v. 7, n. 6 (2017) – Investigations – Investigaciones – Ikerlanak ISSN: 2079-5971 Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror LORENA ORTUOSTE IBARZABAL∗ Ortuoste Ibarzabal, L., 2015. Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The Spanish Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror. Oñati Socio-legal Series [online], 7 (6), 1308-1342. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3041222 Abstract The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the post- war and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s. Key words Basque Country-Spain; collective identity; collective memory; conflict; living law; positive law; Basque; Euskara; literature; ETA; Twist; tradition; transition Resumen El objetivo de esta tesis es mostrar cómo los conflictos identitarios de la cultura vasca se reflejan en la literatura, y cómo sus acciones, comportamiento, tradiciones, cultura, memoria, lengua, etc., lo definen como comunidad o minoría. -
ETA and State Action: the Development of Spanish Antiterrorism
ETA and state action: The development of Spanish antiterrorism *** Cite this article: Ubasart-González, G. ETA and state action: the development of Spanish antiterrorism. Crime Law Soc Change 72, 569–586 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611- 019-09845-6. *** ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT VERSION. The final publication is available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-019-09845-6 Abstract On 20 October 2011 ETA announced the ‘definitive cessation of its armed activity’, which had been increasing since shortly after its inception in 1959. On 8 April 2017 it disarmed by handing over its weapons to intermediaries from civil society. On 2 May 2018 ETA announced its dissolution. This was the end of the last ongoing armed conflict in Europe from the wave of political violence – linked to national and class disputes – that swept over the continent starting in the 1960s. This article analyses the development of Spanish antiterrorism in relation to the Basque conflict, observing how a free and democratic Spanish state has responded to the challenge of an armed insurgency that has continued to the present. While the history of the organisation is well known, less so is the development of the reaction to deal with it. ETA’s progression cannot be understood in isolation, but rather needs to be placed into the context of the measures taken by the state, which influenced, shaped, and was shaped by it throughout the course of the conflict. Keywords: ETA, terrorism, antiterrorism, the culture of emergency, the Basque Country, peace process Introduction On 20 October 2011 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) announced the ‘definitive cessation of its armed activity’, which had been increasing since shortly after its inception. -
Fiscal Sovereignty and Nationalist Politics in Spain: the Influence of Regional Financing on the Territorial Agendas of Basque and Catalan Nationalist Parties
Fiscal Sovereignty and Nationalist Politics in Spain: The Influence of Regional Financing on the Territorial Agendas of Basque and Catalan Nationalist Parties Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Caroline Gray May 2016 Fiscal Sovereignty and Nationalist Politics in Spain: The Influence of Regional Financing on the Territorial Agendas of Basque and Catalan Nationalist Parties Caroline Gray Abstract This PhD thesis investigates the influence of the regional financing systems in Spain on the evolution of the territorial agendas of the mainstream Basque and Catalan nationalist parties, the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, PNV) and Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya, CDC). Spain offers the opportunity to compare two different models of fiscal decentralisation and their significance for the political evolution of two contrasting nationalist movements. While Catalonia forms part of the common financing system, which gives the regions relatively limited tax-raising competences and involves substantial revenue transfers from central government, the Basque region raises almost all of its own taxes under a separate system of extensive fiscal autonomy (the Concierto Económico or Economic Agreement). At different times since the late 1990s, both the PNV and CDC have sought a fundamental reconfiguration of their respective territories’ relationship with Spain. The question posed is why the form of accommodationist politics practised by the PNV and CDC in the 1980s and 1990s has been transformed since then, leading to shifts towards pro-sovereignty agendas, which embrace a spectrum of potential projects ranging from some degree of statehood and political sovereignty within Spain through to full independence. -
Basque Political Systems
11m_..... ·· _~ ~ - -= ,_.... ff) • ' I I -' - i ~ t I V Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno BASQUE POLITICS SERIES Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Basque Political Systems Edited by Pedro Ibarra Güell and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Translated by Cameron J. Watson Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque government. Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and Series design © 2011 Jose Luis Agote. Cover Illustration: Juan Azpeitia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basque political systems / edited by Pedro Ibarra G?ell, and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga ; translated by Cameron J. Watson. p. cm. -- (Basque politics series ; No. 2) Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on the Basque political system within its own context and larger national and global contexts”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-03-9 (pbk.) 1. País Vasco (Spain)--Politics and government. I. Ibarra Güell, Pedro. II. Irujo Ame- tzaga, Xabier. JN8399.P342B37 2011 320.446’6--dc22 2011001811 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 7 PEDRO IBARRA GÜELL and XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 1. Hegoalde and the Post-Franco Spanish State ................................... 13 XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 2. Political Institutions in Hegoalde................................................ 33 MIKEL IRUJO AMETZAGA 3. Political Institutions and Mobilization in Iparralde ............................. 53 IGOR AHEDO GURRUTXAGA 4. Fiscal Pacts in Hegoalde ........................................................ -
11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo
168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner. The Burgos 16, court-martialed I and found guilty, had little or no access to attorneys. Six of the accused were sentenced to death by firing squad. The case drew global notori - ety, calling attention to the larger issues of independence for the Basque Country and the disregard for civil liberties and human rights under the rule of General Francisco Franco. In Idaho, many Basques protested, urging the commutation of Franco’s sentences. For many Boise Basques, this was the latest chapter in a centuries-old cycle of repression and cultural subjugation. The Basque Country ( Euskal Herria ) today is a region with three lan - guages, two sovereign states and seven provinces. Approximately three mil - lion people make the region their home, most of whom live in Spain, with the remainder in France. Since the Middle Ages, French and Spanish kings agreed to a set of laws ( foruak ) that gave the Basques local control over tax - Ward Hooper’s Basque tribute recalls the Deco prints of the 1920s. 168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner.