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Stanley Bansah.Pdf KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Borassus aethiopum KERNEL OIL BY STANLEY BANSAH SEPTEMBER, 2018 Page i Extraction and Characterization of Borassus aethiopum Fruit Kernel Oil By Stanley Bansah BTech Science Laboratory Technology (Hons.) A thesis submitted to the Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Food Quality Management Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science SEPTEMBER, 2018 Page ii CERTIFICATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the Master of Science in Food Quality Management and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Stanley Bansah ......................... ......................... Student name Signature Date Certified by Supervisor: Dr. Jacob K. Agbenorhevi ......................... ......................... Signature Date Certified by Head of Department: Dr. (Mrs.) Faustina Dufie Wireko Manu ........................ ......................... Signature Date Page iii ABSTRACT Borassus aethiopum (African Palmyra palm) fruits are underutilized but have currently received a great attention in the search for alternative food sources to supplement the current food demands of the increasing world population. Borassus aethiopum fruits flour and other products have been produced successfully in previous works. However, the oil yield and characterization of oil from B. aethiopum kernel had not been evaluated. The main objective of this study therefore, was to extract and characterize the oil from B. aethiopum kernel. The fruit nuts were manually cracked with a machete to obtain the kernels. The kernels were chopped into smaller pieces, dried and milled using the hammer mill. Oil extraction was carried out using the Soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether as the organic solvent. The physicochemical properties, oil yield and four fatty acids were determined by standard procedures. The results indicated an oil yield of 1.56%, a peroxide value of 49.85 ± 0.17 meqO2/Kg, iodine value of 167.00 ± 2.70 mg I2/g, saponification value of 196.69 ± 0.51 mgKOH/g and FFA of 9.56 ± 0.17%. Also, 6-methyl laurate was the highest among the four detected fatty acids in B. aethiopum kernel oil. Based on the yield obtained, commercial production of B. aethiopum fruit oil may not be economical. Page iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would first of all extend my greatest appreciation to God for the sustenance of life throughout the pursuance of this Master‟s degree. Secondly, I thank my thesis supervisor, Dr. Jacob Agbenorhevi for his support in providing technical advice to aid the progress of this study. To all laboratory technicians who supported me immensely with the laboratory analysis, I say God richly bless you. Finally, I also express my deepest appreciation to my parents – Mr. Fabian Bansah and Mrs Edna Bansah, my wife - Mrs Eunice Bansah and all my siblings. Without their unfailing support and encouragement, I would not have come this far. Page v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my children Stanley Kweku Bansah and Edna Kukua Bansah. Page vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................v DEDICATION.............................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem statement………………………………………………………………2 1.2 Justification .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aim ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Specific objectives ........................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 4 2.0 Literature Review................................................................................................. 4 2.1 African Palmyra Palm (Borassus aethiopum)...................................................... 4 2.1.1 Origin ............................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Characteristics and Benefits of Borassus aethiopum.................................... 4 2.1 Genus Borassus………………………………………………………………….7 2.2 Borassus aethiopum in Ghana ........................................................................... 13 2.3 Palm Kernel Oil ................................................................................................. 14 2.3.1 Benefits of Palm Kernel Oil........................................................................ 15 2.4 Methods of oil extraction ................................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Traditional method of oil extraction ........................................................... 18 2.4.2 Mechanical method of oil extraction .......................................................... 19 2.4.3 Solvent extraction of oil .............................................................................. 24 2.4.3.1 Method of solvent extraction of oil…………………………………...25 2.5 Characterization of Borassus aethiopum Oil ..................................................... 28 2.5.1 Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties............................................... 28 Page vii 2.5.2 Nutritive Value of Borassus aethiopum Fruits ........................................... 29 2.5.3 Antioxidant properties ................................................................................ 30 2.6 Preservation of extracted oil .............................................................................. 31 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................. ..32 3.0 Methodology ....................................................................................................... ..32 3.1 Source of Sample and Sample Preparation ...................................................... ..32 3.2 Oil Extraction and Oil Yield Determination .................................................... ..32 3.3 Determination of Some Physicochemical Properties......................................... 33 3.3.1 Determination of Acid Value and Free Fatty Acid ..................................... 33 3.3.2 Determination of Peroxide Value ............................................................... 33 3.3.3 Determination of Saponification Value ...................................................... 34 3.3.4 Determination of Iodine Value ................................................................... 34 3.3.5 Determination Ester Value and Glycerin .................................................... 35 3.3.6 Determination of Fatty Acid Composition Using GC-MS ......................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................... 36 4.0 Results and Discussion......................................................................................... 36 4.1 Oil yield………………………………………………………………………..36 4.2 Physicochemical Properties of Borassus aethiopum Kernel Oil ....................... 36 4.3 Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition of Crude B. aethiopum fruit kernel oil...39 CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................... 40 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation ...................................................................... 40 5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................... 40 REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 41 Page viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Differences between the traditional and solvent method of oil extraction …28 Table 2.2: Nutritional composition of Palmyra sap…………………………………..29 Table 4.1: Physicochemical properties and yield of crude Borassus aethiopum kernel oil……………………………………………………………………………………..37 Table 4.2: Fatty acid methyl esters in crude B. aethiopum fruit kernel oil……………39 Page ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.0: African
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