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University of Copenhagen Borassus akeassii Bayton, Ouédraogo & Guinko sp. nov. Sacande, Moctar Published in: Seed Leaflet Publication date: 2007 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Sacande, M. (2007). Borassus akeassii Bayton, Ouédraogo & Guinko sp. nov. Seed Leaflet, (121). Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 SEED LEAFLET No. 121 September 2007 Borassus akeassii Bayton, Ouédraogo & Guinko sp. nov. Borassus akeassii sp. nov. (Arecaceae) is described as a new species from western Burkina Faso, West Africa. It has been confused with the widely distrib- uted African species Borassus aethiopum and more recently with the Asian Borassus fl abellifer. Taxonomy and nomenclature Family: Arecaceae Vernacular/common names: African fan palm, ron palm, elephant palm, deleb palm, black rhun palm. Local names: sebe (Bambara) and koanga (Mooré, Burkina). Related species of interest: Borassus aethiopum, Borassus akeassii crown with hanging mature green fruits. whose petioles are yellow and the fruits are yellow-or- Photo: M Sacande. ange when ripe. Distribution and habitat apical bud is hollowed out and the resulting sap is Borassus akeassii is indigenous and restricted to West collected and fermented. The wine is made for sale Africa; being found in semi-arid and sub-humid zones (enhancing local earnings), to drink at traditional cer- in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and emonies, as well as forming a part of the balanced diet Nigeria. It is also recorded in Senegal and the Central in many rural areas, and used for aphrodisiac prepara- African Republic. The range of B. akeassii may be tions. Excessive wine tapping kills the plant. Both the much wider than suggested, owing to its misidenti- fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Endosperm from the fi cation as B. aethiopum. It is found in Sudanian and seeds of immature fruits is harvested and consumed. Sudano-Guinean savannahs with 800–1100 mm an- Almost all parts of B. akeassii are used, producing nual precipitation, often in close proximity to human food, oils, timber, dyes, fi bre, wine, and raw materials settlements. In Burkina Faso, it is the common palm in (leaves) for mats and baskets. The dark brown, strong, the western provinces. Vast areas of land are populat- coarsely fi brous wood is a highly prized timber. The ed with B. akeassii, with food and cash crops growing wood is very resistant to termites and fungi, and is beneath the palms. Borassus akeassii shows a prefer- used in carpentry, construction, bridges and gutters, ence for well-drained soils and is fi re-resistant. and also for household articles. The roots serve for The species has developed a root foraging strategy, the treatment of stomach parasites, sore throats and which enables it to exploit sparse nutrient-rich asthma, as well as being used for a mouthwash patches. The palm is slow growing and very long lived, to over 100 years old. Little is known about Botanical description its ecology outside the sphere of human infl uence Borassus akeassii is distinguished by its glaucous, and there is a lack of accurate information regarding green leaves with weakly armed petioles and a char- the population size and geographical range of the acteristic pattern of lamina venation. The fl owers of species. There is a risk of over-exploitation, although the pistillate infl orescence are arranged in three spi- in Burkina Faso the species is abundant, but where rals. It is a dioecious, pleonanthic (does not die after it is also a fully protected species. Populations of fl owering) palm, whose straight dark grey trunk at- B. akeassii are threatened by over-exploitation in tains 40-50 cm in diameter and 15 m tall, with promi- Senegal and Guinea. nent leaf scars. Mature trees have between 10 and 30 living leaves in crown, though leaf harvesting is Uses common. The petioles are rounded abaxially and fl at- Borassus akeassii provides a large number of use- tened; 90–160 cm long, 3–7.4 cm wide at the junc- ful products and is exploited in several ways, though tion with the lamina, vivid green in colour, with sharp wine production is the most signifi cant of these. The edges or minute spines 0.2–0.6 cm long. Forest & Landscape Denmark • Hørsholm Kongevej 11 • DK-2970 Hørsholm Email: [email protected] • Website: www.SL.ku.dk The male infl orescence is 0.8 to 1.2 m long, with 3-6 partial infl orescences that are ca. 50 cm long. The fe- male infl orescence is usually unbranched, with larger fl owers of 3 cm in diameter. Females typically bear 50-100 fruits in a fruiting season. Fruit and seed description Fruit: The ovoid to ellipsoid fruits are about 15 cm long and 12 cm wide, though variation owing to the number of pyrenes in the fruit; mesocarp yellow and fragrant, with longitudinal fi bres in the pulp. They have a pointed apex and are greenish when ripe. The fi brous fruit pulp is yellow to white and slightly oily. Germinating B. akeassii seed. Photo: M. Sacande. There are 1-3 pyrenes of 7–9 x 5–8 cm per fruit, and there is one seed in each pyrene, with hard white en- Sowing and germination dosperm, seed almost fi lling endocarp. Seeds do not require a pre-treatment. Seeds germinate Seed: The seed handling unit is the pyrene which can after about 4 weeks. Germination is remote-tubular. attain up to 10 cm in diameter and weigh about 100 The seedlings produce a very long taproot, which can g each. The morphological seeds are bilobed, pointed be 1 m deep, while the leaf is only 1 cm high, there- and basally attached, with an apical embryo of about fore if possible they should be sown directly at the lo- 4 x 3 mm, and a homogeneous and centrally hollow cation where they are required. Growth is very slow. endosperm Selected readings Flowering and fruiting habit Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West Af- The reproductive period of the plant, before death, is rican dry zones. CIRAD, Montpellier; Museum national short, an average of 22 years. Flowering usually oc- d’histoire naturelle, Paris. curs in the second part of the rainy season. Seeds are Barot, S. & Gignoux, J. 1999. Population Structure and dispersed by mammals, such as chimpanzees. Life Cycle of Borassus aethiopum Mart. Evidence of Early Senescence in a Palm Tree. Biotropica, 31 (3), pp. 439- 448. Processing and handling Bayton, P.R., Ouedraogo, A. & Guinko, S. 2006. The ge- Fruits are usually harvested in November till May. nus Borassus (Arecaceae) in West Africa, with a descrip- The pericarp is then removed by hand-slashing to re- tion of a new species from Burkina Faso. Botanical Journal lease the pyrenes. of the Linnean Society, (150), pp. 419–427. Storage and viability THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORA- Seeds have a short viability and should be sown as TION WITH CENTRE NATIONAL DE SEMENCES soon as they are removed from the fruit pulp. FORESTIÈRES BURKINA FASO Author: Moctar Sacande Millennium Seed Bank project Phone: +44-1444 894100 Wakehurst Place, Ardingly Fax: +44-1444 894110 West Sussex Email: [email protected] RH17 6TN, UK Website: www.kew.org/msbp Seedleafl ets are a series of species wise extension leafl ets for tropical forest species with special emphasis on seed technology. Leafl ets are compiled from existing literature and research available at the time of writing. In order to currently improve recommendations, FLD encourage feedback from users and researchers who have experience with the species. Comments, corrections, improvements and amendments will be incorporated into future edited leafl ets. Please write your comments to: [email protected].
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