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Gwen Howell Levey ERTH 365.01 Lecture #8 Notes April 2, 2020 OVERVIEW

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Gwen Howell Levey ERTH 365.01 Lecture #8 Notes April 2, 2020 OVERVIEW Gwen Howell Levey ERTH 365.01 Lecture #8 Notes April 2, 2020 OVERVIEW ● Further processes for warming and cooling the atmosphere ● Cold and warm core low pressure systems ● Hurricanes in depth ● Hurricane Harvey review for Homework (supplemental notes) WARMING & COOLING THE ATMOSPHERE Another way of warming air: ● 1. Physicists tell us that when water vapor condenses, a certain amount of thermal energy is “given” to the atmosphere. In short, condensation is a warming process. ● 2. The amount of heating is proportional to the amount of water that condenses. At sea- level temperature and pressures, the warming is about 590 calories for each gram of water that condenses. The 590 calories is known as “latent heat" ○ The more that water condenses, the more heat goes into the atmosphere ● 3. Since air with 100% relative humidity at lower dew point temperatures holds less water vapor than air with 100% relative humidity at higher dew point temperatures, much more heat is liberated in cases which cloud development is occurring in high dew point environments. ○ The warmer the air, the more moisture that it can hold. ○ Much more heat will be released in a latent environment because of water vapor in the environment. ● EXAMPLE: ○ Air that has 100% relative humidity at 10˚C has about 8g of water vapor per kg of air, while air that has 100% relative humidity at 30˚C has about 32 g/kg. If the kilogram air parcel initially at 10˚C is lifted and cooled so that all of the water vapor condenses out of the parcel, approximately 4720 calories would be liberated. Similarly, if the 30˚C parcel were also lifted, 18880 calories would be liberated as it rose. ■ A lot more energy is released into the atmosphere in warmer environments when we have clouds forming. ○ The tremendous heating due to latent heat release makes the core of hurricane and monsoonal thermal lows that have access to humid air much warmer, say, at 500 mb level, than can be accounted for by the actual surface temperatures alone. ■ Condensation is heating up the middle levels of the atmosphere. ○ The same sort of heating also occurs when very humid air (with high surface dew points) is lofted in the warm sector of mid-latitude wave cyclones. This excess heating is so marked that the air parcels become like hot air balloons that accelerate their upward progress if they are warmer than the surrounding air at the same elevation. This accounts for the blossoming of cumulonimbus clouds (and therefore thunderstorms) in areas with high dew points. Another way of cooling air: ● 1. Conditional Cooling ○ Air flows over a cold surface and is cooled by conduction (this process is termed “advection cooling”). If the cooling is sufficient to take the air parcel’s temperature to the dew point, the resulting condensation will produce a layered cloud on the ground. ■ APPLICATION: California’s coastal summer advection fog ● Warm air comes over the cold ocean. The ocean cools the air which causes the parcel of air to hit the dew point temperature. From here, fog will form. ● If the dew point temperature is not reached, then fog will not form. ○ Air “sits” on a surface that gets cold overnight. (This process is termed “radiation cooling” ). If the cooling is sufficient to take the air parcel’s temperature to the dew point, the resulting condensation will produce a layered cloud on the group. ■ APPLICATION: California’s Central Valley winter “tule”/radiation fog ● 2. Expansion Cooling ○ Air expands, molecules get “further apart”, do not strike each other as often, do not “vibrate” as much. Air expands the pressure around moving air parcels decreases markedly. ■ ○ APPLICATION: ■ Rising air experiences cooling at a “dry adiabatic rate” of 5.5˚F/1000 ft. This is one of the ways in which the air is cooled to the dew point. Air moving in vertical motion is a good example of this. ● Review: ● Two types of vertical motion: ○ 1. Buoyant/Thermal/Warm Core ■ Air rises because it is less dense than its surroundings ■ Typically occurs in warm cores with low pressures ○ 2. Forced/Dynamic/Cold Core ■ Up over a hill ■ Warmer air over colder air ■ Horizontal convergence ● Cold Core Low Pressure ○ Rising air in all levels of atmosphere ○ Cover a relatively small synoptic scale area compared to high pressure systems. Their path can heavily influence precipitation totals ○ Developed cold core lows tilt to the northwest with height ■ ● The lines in this diagram represent constant surface level pressures going up into the atmosphere ● The main thing to gather from this is that air does not rise vertically. ○ Coldest temperatures are at center of low pressure system ○ Air is called by adiabatic expansion and evaporations cooling of rain and/or snow ○ Most mid-latitude cyclones are cold-core lows ■ 99% of mid-latitude cyclones are not hurricanes (they are cold cores) ○ They cause widespread precipitation ○ They are deep cored. Developed cold core lows will show at each mandatory level. They will have closed height contours in the low levels and show as a synoptic scale trough in the upper levels. ■ We see air rising and we know that it is rising in a slanted way in each of the levels of the atmosphere ● Warm Core Low Pressure ○ Type 1: Thermal Low ■ Thermal lows are shallow and most intense at the surface ■ Develop due to strong surface heating. Hot air due to intense thermal build-up results in positive buoyancy at the surface ● Air is less dense. ■ Mid and upper levels of the atmosphere are stable ■ ONLY FORM OVER LAND ■ Most common in SW US during Summer ■ Develop over land (especially dry land with little vegetation) ■ ● This diagram demonstrates the dip at the surface that occurs where the low pressure system resides. ● This dip is most intense at the surface. By the middle layers, there are no more kinks in the pressure layers. ● Air becomes stable above 850 mb. ○ Type 2: Tropical Low ■ Deeper than thermal low, although they do weaken with height in upper levels ■ Subsidence (sinking air) in center causes compressional warming ■ Air rises rapidly around edges of eye (eye-wall) ● Rises directly up into the upper levels of the atmosphere ■ ONLY FORM OVER WATER ■ Warm core low is strongest when vertically stacked. Significant wind shear will weaken warm core low. This is the opposite situation of a cold core low; strong cold core lows tilt with height. ■ ● This diagram shows that air is rising all the way to the middle and upper layers of the atmosphere. ● Air is sinking in the center of the low pressure. ■ Why is air sinking in the center (eye) of the low pressure system (hurricane)? ● Centrifugal force operate outwards and cancels the effect of friction once speeds reach 74 mph, so air can not cross the isobars right near the center ○ ● A partial vacuum is caused, so air must be replaced and sinks from above, causing clear, calm conditions. ● The last closed isobar is the eyewall. ● The air in the center is rising and leaving at the same time. This is why the vacuum effect is created. ● HURRICANES IN DEPTH (TROPICAL CYCLONE) ● What is a tropical cyclone? ○ Warm core ○ Cyclonic system over tropical waters ○ ~5˚ to 25˚ N/S latitude ■ But not at Equator because there is no Coriolis Effect here (CF)=0 ○ Counter clockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere ○ Classification: ■ Tropical Disturbance ● No circulation ■ Tropical Depression ● Max sustained winds less than or equal to 38 mph ■ Tropical Storm ● 39 to 73 mph ● Occurs either post or pre hurricane ■ Tropical Cyclone (aka Hurricane) ● More than or equal to 74 mph ■ ● Tropical Cyclone Naming ○ Hurricane ■ Carib god ‘Hurican’, Mayan god ‘Hurukan' ■ Location: N Atlantic, Northeast Pacific Ocean ○ Worldwide called ■ Typhoon (the NW Pacific Ocean) ■ Severe tropical cyclone (the SW Pacific or SE Indian Ocean) ■ Severe cyclonic storm (N Indian Ocean) ■ Tropical cyclone (SW Indian Ocean) ● Hurricane Season- based on sea-surface temperature ○ Atlantic Ocean (June 1-November 30) ○ Eastern Pacific (May 15-November 30) ○ Western Pacific (Year Round) ■ Sea surface temperatures here tend to remain above 82˚F ○ Indian Ocean (April-December) ● Tropical vs. Midlatitude Storms ○ Warm cores dependent on warm water ○ Cold cores dependent on differences in air-masses ○ Warm vs. cold core ○ Fronts vs. no fronts ○ ~ 1/3 size ● Tropical Cyclone Ingredients ○ Warm tropical waters (5˚ to 25˚ N/S latitude) ■ More than or equal to 82˚F or 28˚C ■ Gigantic heat engine ■ Release of latent heat ○ Weak upper winds ■ Little wind shear because we need a warm core low ■ More wind shear during typical El Niño, therefore, we don't have very many hurricanes ■ Air has to rise vertically ● Typical Atlantic Cyclone Regions ○ ● Tropical Cyclone Formation ○ Begin as Tropical Disturbances (Easterly Wave) ○ 90% die out before becoming a Tropical Depression ○ Small clusters of thunderstorms ○ Cape Verde is a favored region (especially in July and August) ○ Example of an Easterly Wind: ■ ● Hurricane Structure (Satellite Image) ○ ● Wind Field ○ VERY IMPORTANT HURRICANE DIAGRAM ● FIRST: ○ ■ Inflow at the surface ■ Air is spiraling in towards the center of the hurricane ■ Regions of rain and no rain ■ In the upper levels, we see some outflow because air is rising in certain regions ● SECOND: ○ ■ Most important part of the hurricane is the eye ■ The strongest winds occur around the eye ● THIRD: ○ ■ Arrows going up are rising air in the spiraling cloud bands that come in towards the center of the hurricane. ● FOURTH: ○ ■ Air that goes up in the eye wall must be replaced ■ Air sinks in between regions where air is rising
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