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FORALL12-13 Proof Read See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331998586 FOR ALL: The Sustainable Development Goals and LGBTI People Research · February 2019 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23989.73447 CITATIONS READS 0 139 2 authors: Andrew Park Lucas Ramón Mendos University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles 17 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS 4 PUBLICATIONS 69 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Gender Identity and Expression View project LGBTI and international development View project All content following this page was uploaded by Andrew Park on 26 March 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. FOR ALL The Sustainable Development Goals and LGBTI People “We pledge that no one will be left behind…. [T]he Goals and targets must be met for all nations and peoples and for all segments of society.” United Nations General Assembly. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. PREFACE This report was produced pursuant to a consultation contract (2018-05 RAP/SDGs) issued by RFSL Forbundeẗ (Org nr: 802011-9353). This report was authored by Andrew Park and Lucas Ramon Mendos. The views and interpretations expressed in this report are the authors’ and may not necessarily reflect those of RFSL. Micah Grzywnowicz, RFSL International Advocacy Advisor, contributed to the shaping, editing, and final review of this report. Winston Luhur, Research Assistant, Williams Institute at UCLA’s School of Law, contributed to research which has been integrated into this publication. Ilan Meyer, Ph.D., Williams Distinguished Senior Scholar for Public Policy, Williams Institute at UCLA’s School of Law, Elizabeth Saewyc, Director and Professor at the University of British Columbia School of Nursing, and Carmen Logie, Assistant Professor at Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, provided expert guidance to the authors. Copyright: RFSL and the authors 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 2 Table of Contents 3 Terms and Abbreviations 6 Executive Summary 9 I. The Development Framework 13 1. Introduction to the development framework 13 A. Evolving meanings of development 13 B. Development and human rights 15 2. LGBTI populations 16 A. Gender 16 B. Sexual orientation 18 C. Sex characteristics 19 3. The impact of exclusion on the economy 20 A. Exclusion and LGBTI workers 20 1) Exclusion limits human capital 20 2) Exclusion decreases productivity 20 B. Exclusion and business profits 21 C. Exclusion and the national economy 22 4. Data, indices and definitions 23 A. The need for data 23 2. UNDP LGBTI inclusion index 24 3. Global standards versus local identities 25 4. Privacy, confidentiality, and security 25 II. Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals 27 1. Goals, targets, and indicators 27 2. Governments 28 3. Major Groups and other Stakeholders (MGoS) 30 4. The private sector 32 5. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 32 6. United Nations 33 A. United Nations Development Group (UNDG) 34 B. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 34 C. Division of Sustainable Development (DSD-UNDESA) 34 D. The High-Level Political Forum and Opportunities for CSO involvement 34 1) Voluntary National Reviews (VNR) 35 2) CSO participation 36 3 III. LGBTI Development Priorities 38 1. Health 38 A. Goals 38 B. Challenges to LGBTI health 39 1) Exclusion from access 39 2) Impact of stigma and prejudice 40 3) Lack of knowledge and data 41 4) Specific populations 42 a) Lesbians, bisexual, and intersex women 42 b. Transgender people 44 c. People with diverse sex characteristics (Intersex) 45 5) Need for appropriate services 45 C. Advocacy opportunities 45 2. Education 46 A. Goals 46 B. Challenges to education 47 1) Institutional exclusion 47 2) Hostile school climate 48 a. Particularly vulnerable groups 50 i) Gender non-conforming children 50 ii) Transgender youth and adults 51 3) Deficiencies in comprehensive sexuality education 51 C. Advocacy Opportunities 53 1) Data collection and research 53 2) Inclusive schools 53 3) Legal gender recognition in schools and education institutions 54 4) Comprehensive sexuality education 54 5) School bullying against LGBTI children, youth and adults 55 6) Affirmative action 55 3. Work and poverty 55 A. Goals 55 B. Development challenges 56 1) Human capital 56 2) Workplace bias 56 3) Housing 58 4) Food Insecurity 58 5) Intersectionality and poverty 58 6) Multi-dimensional aspects of poverty. 59 C. Advocacy opportunities 59 4. Safety 61 A. Goals 61 1) SDG 11: inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities 61 2) SDG 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions 61 B. challenges to safety 62 1) Violence against LGBTI people 62 2) Violence perpetrated by law enforcement officers 63 3) Underreporting and lack of reliable data on crime prevalence 64 4) Impunity and lack of access to justice 65 5) Legal definitions of domestic or intimate partner violence that exclude same-sex couples 65 6) Abuse and violence against LGBTI children 66 C. Advocacy opportunities 66 1) Tackling violence and discrimination against LGBTI people 67 2) Violence perpetrated by law enforcement agents 68 3) Impunity and lack of access to justice 68 4) Underreporting and lack of data on crimes committed against LGBTI people 69 4 5) Intimate Partner Violence 69 6) Violence against children 70 5. Family formation 70 A. Goals 70 B. Challenges to family formation 71 1) Criminalization of same-sex intimacy 71 2) No recognition of same-sex unions 71 3) Social pressure to conform 72 4) Restriction on family formation by transgender people 72 C. Advocacy opportunities 72 6. Legal Gender recognition 72 A. Goals 72 B. Challenges related to gender recognition 73 1) No procedures to amend name or gender marker 73 a. Education (SDG 4) 74 b. Poverty, employment and economic well-being (SDG 1, SDG 8). 74 c. Personal safety (SDG 11, SDG 16) 75 d. Health (SDG 3) 75 2) Abusive requirements 75 3) Age restrictions 76 C. Advocacy Opportunities 76 Conclusion: A vision of LGBTI people in 2030 78 Appendix A. Goal by Goal Listing of selected LGBTI development challenges and potential advocacy responses 79 5 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Terms Asexual A person who identifies as asexual or has a low capacity for sexual attraction or desire for other people. Assigned at birth The gender or sex of a child at birth according to the child’s family or caregivers, often indicated on a birth or baptism certificate, or indicated by the gender associated with a child’s name or pronouns used to refer to the child. Bisexual A person who identifies themselves as bisexual, or is attracted to, or has engaged in sexual activity with, individuals of more than one sex or gender identity. Cisgender A person whose current gender identity and expression aligns with those typically associated with the gender assigned to them at birth. Gay A person who identifies themselves as gay, or is attracted to, or has engaged in sexual activity with, individuals of the same gender. Gender The cultural, and legal attributes and opportunities associated with being a man, woman, or other gender. Gender expression External appearance of one's gender through behavior, appearance (including through body modification and surgical/medical means), dress and mannerisms. Gender identity One’s internal awareness of one’s own gender. Gender identity can be the same or different from the gender assigned at birth. Intersex Intersex people are born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. Being intersex does not imply any specific sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression. Lesbian A woman who identifies herself as a lesbian, or is attracted to, or has engaged in sexual activity, with other women. Non-binary Binary refers to the traditional notion of gender which consists of a single set of binary options, male or female. Non-binary is an umbrella term for a person who does not identify their gender as either male or female. Sex characteristics Physical features relating to sex, including genitalia and other sexual and reproductive anatomy, chromosomes, hormones, and secondary physical features emerging from puberty. Sexual orientation A characteristic of a person based on the gender of those to whom one is attracted, the gender of sexual activity partners, and self-determined identity. 6 Stigma A shared social belief about a particular characteristic that negatively reflects on the person or group possessing that characteristic. Stigmas are often expressed as stereotypes and false assumptions. Prejudice refers to the attitude or opinion of an individual when they believe the stigma to be true. Discrimination occurs when stigma is acted upon. Transgender An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth. Transgender identity does not depend on medical procedures. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation. Therefore, transgender people may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc. Transition The process by which some people strive to more closely align their expressed gender, possibly through dress, behavior, body modifications, name and pronouns, with their internal sense of their gender. Abbreviations CSE Comprehensive Sexuality Education CSO Civil Society Organizations DOCO Development Operations Coordinating Office DSD
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