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I a HISTORICAL-LEGAL ANALYSIS of WOMAN-TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE in KENYA by MONICAH WANJIRU KAREITHI Submitted in Fulfilment of The

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I a HISTORICAL-LEGAL ANALYSIS of WOMAN-TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE in KENYA by MONICAH WANJIRU KAREITHI Submitted in Fulfilment of The A HISTORICAL-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF WOMAN-TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE IN KENYA by MONICAH WANJIRU KAREITHI Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR LEGUM (LLD) In the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria 6 February 2018 Supervisor : PROFESSOR FRANS VILJOEN i University of Pretoria DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY This document must be signed and submitted with every essay, report, project, assignment, mini-dissertation, dissertation and/or thesis. Full names of student: MONICAH WANJIRU KAREITHI Student number: 13376838 Declaration 1. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the University’s policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this thesis is my own original work. Where other people’s work has been used (either from a printed source, Internet or any other source), this has been properly acknowledged and referenced in accordance with departmental requirements. 3. I have not used work previously produced by another student or any other person to hand in as my own. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Signature of student: ……………………………………………………………………………...... Signature of supervisor: ……………......…………………………………………………………......... ii SUMMARY A HISTORICAL-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF WOMAN-TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE IN KENYA This thesis sets out, against a historical background, to establish the legal status of woman-to- woman marriages in contemporary Kenya. The phenomenon of woman-to-woman marriage is a form of African customary marriage between two women. Woman-to-woman marriages are distinctly African and clearly distinguishable from the modern-day phenomenon of same-sex marriages, as understood and practiced especially in the global West. They are customary marriages that are conducted by Kenyan communities, such as the Kamba, Kisii, Nandi, Kikuyu and Kuria, for a variety of reasons. The thesis sets out the rationales for woman-to- woman marriage and expounds on the nature of the African family and marriage customs in pre-colonial Kenya. Due to the erroneous conflation of the phenomenon of African woman-to- woman marriages and same-sex marriages of the West, the provisions in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and the Marriage Act of 2014 stipulated that adults have the right to marry only persons of the opposite sex. This led to uncertainty about the legal status of woman-to-woman marriage under Kenyan law. This thesis argues that a purposive reading of the Constitution, taking into consideration the Constitution’s recognition of culture as an important value of the Kenyan society and the historical context within which the provisions proscribing same-sex marriages were included in the Constitution and the Marriage Act, leads to the conclusion that these provisions were not intended to proscribe the cultural practice of woman-to-woman marriage in Kenya. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights AHRLR African Human Rights Law Reports AU African Union BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCLR Butterworth Constitutional Law Reports (South Africa) CAL Coalition of African Lesbians CC Constitutional Court (South Africa) CEDAW CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CKRC Constitution of Kenya Review Commission COE Council of Europe CRC Committee on rights of the child EALR East Africa Law Reports ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms iv ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EU European Union HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRC Human Rights Council IAC Inter-American Convention IACHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IDAHO International Day Against Homophobia IPPG Inter-Parties Parliamentary Group KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KECKRC Constitution of Kenya Review Commission KHRC Kenya Human Rights Commission KNCHR Kenya National Commission on Human Rights LGBT lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender v LPELR Law Pavilion Electronic Law Reports (Nigeria) NCC National Constitutional Conference NCCK National Council of Churches Kenya NGO non-governmental organization NWLR Nigerian Weekly Law Reports OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PCEA Pentecostal Church of East Africa PM Prime Minister PSC Parliamentary Select Committee SAPS South African Police Service SCR Supreme Court Reports (Canada) UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations US United States vi DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...................................................................................... ii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Purpose of study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1.2 Problem statement ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Significance of study ............................................................................................... 11 1.1.4 Research questions .................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 13 1.2.1 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................ 13 1.2.2 Literature overview of the structure of family and marriage in Africa ................... 21 1.3 Research methodology ................................................................................................... 26 1.3.1 Approaches ............................................................................................................. 26 1.3.2 Research design ...................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Overview of Chapters .................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 2: INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE IN AFRICA AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF WOMAN -TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE .................................................................................. 30 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 30 vii 2.2 Evolution of the concept of family in the West and Africa ........................................... 32 2.3 Development of the institution of marriage in the West and Africa .............................. 37 2.4 Overview of comparative analysis between marriages in the West and woman-to-woman marriage in Africa ................................................................................................................ 44 2.4.1 Rationales for the traditional marriages of the West and woman-to-woman marriage .......................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.2 Rationales for same-sex marriages of the West and woman-to-woman marriage .. 62 2.5. Impact of colonization on the recognition of woman-to-woman marriages in pre-colonial Africa ................................................................................................................................... 75 2.6 Woman-to-woman marriage as a legitimate African family institution ........................ 80 2.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 3: WOMAN-TO-WOMAN MARRIAGE IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA ......... 83 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 83 3.2 Requirements of African customary marriages ............................................................. 88 3.3 Rationale of woman-to-woman marriage in pre-colonial Africa ................................... 99 3.3.1 Enhancement of kinship ties within the clan ........................................................ 103 3.3.2 Legitimacy of children and their kinship .............................................................. 107 3.3.3 Retention of wealth and economic empowerment ................................................ 108 3.3.4 Fostering freedom and independence ................................................................... 110 3.3.5 Securing of companionship ................................................................................... 111 3.3.6 Fulfilment of sexual desire .................................................................................... 113 3.4 Incidence of woman-to-woman marriage in West, East and Southern Africa ............ 120 viii 3.4.1 Woman-to-woman marriage
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