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ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY a NEW MODEL of PASTORAL CARE: RESOURCES from LUO WIDOWS in KISUMU ARCHDIOCESE ALOYS OTIENO OJORE a Thes

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ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY a NEW MODEL of PASTORAL CARE: RESOURCES from LUO WIDOWS in KISUMU ARCHDIOCESE ALOYS OTIENO OJORE a Thes ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY A NEW MODEL OF PASTORAL CARE: RESOURCES FROM LUO WIDOWS IN KISUMU ARCHDIOCESE ALOYS OTIENO OJORE A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Anglia Ruskin University for the degree of Professional Doctorate (D.Prof) in Pratical Theology The research project was carried out while registered as a student with the Cambridge Theological Federation Submitted: January 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely thank the anonymous international donors who support the doctorate programmes in East Africa, through the Margaret Beaufort Institute of Theology (MBIT) in Cambridge, UK. The kind acceptance, warmth and constant support I received from MBIT administration was great. I am grateful to Tangaza University College for granting me study leave for five years. My supervisors in the persons of Dr. Zoe Bennett, Dr. Emma Wild-Wood and Prof. Laurenti Magesa were absolutely stunning. I acknowledge Anglia Ruskin University staff for all the assistance they gave me. The following widows who coordinated the focus groups deserve to be mentioned: Jane Nyambare, Josephine Adongo, Irene Okemba and Rose Odero. I thank Judith Pete, Louisa Manwari, Valery Adwar and Vivian Oyugi for helping with data collection. Many thanks to Tangaza IT staff and Radek Malinowsky for data processing, and Toby Nyumba for helping with maps and formatting. My wife Hellen remained in Kenya caring for the family while I was away for such a long time. I thank her and all our lovely children Albert, Steve, Irene and Mary, for their support and encouragement. My final appreciation goes to Ann Taylor for her keen editing of this thesis. Thank you all. i ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ARTS, LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PROFESSIONAL DOCTORATE IN PRACTICAL THEOLOGY A NEW MODEL OF PASTORAL CARE: RESOURCES FROM LUO WIDOWS IN KISUMU ARCHDIOCESE ALOYS OTIENO OJORE JANUARY 2017 This thesis discusses the levirate custom also known as widow inheritance among the Luo of Western Kenya. Persistent observance of the practice by the Luo and its condemnation by the Catholic Church has led to a pastoral dilemma for the Catholic widows in the Archdiocese of Kisumu. Those who reject it are ostracized by the community while those who embrace it are excluded by the Church. This dilemma has remained unresolved for over 115 years since the arrival of Catholicism among the Luo. I have addressed the dilemma in this study. I used a multi-mixed research methods (quantitative and qualitative) to examine the perceptions of the Luo widows regarding the custom. However, the research relied heavily on qualitative methods through the use of focus group discussions, mixed discussion group, narrative techniques and Delphi. The study made use of the pastoral cycle paradigm to facilitate dialogue among the stakeholders in the levirate debate. The findings from the survey showed that a majority of the participants wanted the levirate custom abolished, and widows involved in Church ministries. However, a significant minority wanted it retained and asked the Catholic Church to recognise certain levirate unions. The responses from the focus groups, mixed discussion group and Delphi method, was that the levirate custom as currently practiced, is retrogressive and grossly violates the rights of widows and needs to be stopped. They called upon the government to intervene and protect widows against the abuses. However, the Catholic widows in levirate unions want the Catholic Church to re-think her stand on marriage in the face of diverse human cultures in a rapidly changing world. The desire by widows to be included in Church ministries, pointed to the need for a new model of pastoral care. I have developed a model of widowhood ministry in which Luo widows see Jesus Christ as their ideal husband. The model emerged from the narratives and resources of widows, and from the traditional models of widow care in the Judeo- Christian traditions. Key Words: Levirate custom, widow/wife inheritance, pastoral cycle, ideal husband, a new model of pastoral care and contextual feminist liberation theology. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... ii Copyright Statement ....................................................................................................... v Figures .............................................................................................................................. v Tables ................................................................................................................................ v Appendices........................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .................................................................... 2 1.3 My Contexts ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................ 6 1.5 The Research Questions ...................................................................................... 6 1.6 Study Assumptions ............................................................................................. 7 1.7 Rationale and Justification of the Study ............................................................. 7 1.8 Location of the Study .......................................................................................... 8 1.9 The Luo of Kenya ............................................................................................... 9 1.9.1 Luo Socio-Cultural Identity and System ........................................................... 10 1.9.2 Luo Traditional Education and Leadership ....................................................... 11 1.9.3 Marriage Institution among the Luo ................................................................. 12 1.9.4 Luo Concept of Death ....................................................................................... 14 1.9.5 The Luo and the Spirits of the Dead ................................................................. 16 1.9.6 The Luo and Taboos ......................................................................................... 17 1.10 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER TWO: SELECTED LITERATURE ON LEVIRATE CUSTOM ........ 20 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 20 2.2 The Pastoral Cycle Paradigm ............................................................................ 21 2.3 Human Rights and Levirate Custom ................................................................. 24 2.4 HIV/AIDS and Levirate Custom ....................................................................... 27 2.5 Anthropological, Sociological and Philosophical Literature ............................ 28 2.6 Scripture Scholars and Church Teaching on Levirate Custom ......................... 30 2.7 Post-Vatican II Literature on Levirate Custom ................................................. 32 2.8 Africanists and Levirate Custom ....................................................................... 36 2.9 Feminist Theologians and Luo Levirate Custom .............................................. 37 2.10 The Pastoral Gap ............................................................................................... 38 2.11 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................... 39 2.12 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLGY .............................................. 42 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 42 3.2 Research Philosophy ......................................................................................... 42 3.3 Research Approaches ........................................................................................ 44 3.4 Population and Sampling Techniques ............................................................... 45 3.5 Data Collection Techniques .............................................................................. 46 3.6 Data Processing and Analysis ........................................................................... 50 3.7 Research Process ............................................................................................... 51 3.8 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................... 53 3.9 Limitations of the study .................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA DISPLAY, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .... 56 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Demographic Profile of the Respondents ........................................................
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