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" Centaurium Erythraea (Gentianacaea)"

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اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ و اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻛـﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻗـﺴﻢ اﻟﻜـﯿﻤﯿـﺎء رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ......... رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ......... ﻣﺬﻛﺮة ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ و ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﺼﻞ و ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﯾﺾ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي ﻟﻨﺒﺎت " Centaurium Erythraea (Gentianacaea)" !! ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ : ﺑﻮدرﻣﯿﻦ ﺳﮭﺎم ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ : د . اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﮭﻠﻮل ﻟـﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤـﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ: د. ﻓﻀﯿﻠﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﯿﺎش أﺳﺘﺎذة ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﺔ !! ƒ!! !Œ !!! !!!¾ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎ د. ﺳﻤﯿﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﯿﺎش أﺳﺘﺎذ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻮھﺮوم أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ د. ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﻣﻦ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻗﺴﻨﻄﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ دﯾﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2010 ♦أھﺪي ﺛﻤﺮة ﺟﮭﺪي إﻟﻰ أﻏﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ أﻣﻠﻚ واﻟﺪي اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻤﯿﻦ. ♦ إﻟﻰ إﺧﻮﺗﻲ اﻷﻋﺰاء. ♦ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ. اﻟﺘﺸﻜﺮات أﺗﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺨﺎص إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذة اﻟﻐﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻀﯿﻠﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﯿﺎش ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ و اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ، و اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ و ﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب وﻗﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺜﻤﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ أﺷﻜﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﮭﺎ رﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺶ . أﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﻞ وﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎن ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ ﺳﻤﯿﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﯿﺎش ﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟـﮫ ﻟﻨـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺒﺮه " ﺗﺜﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﺜﺮوات اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ذات اﻷﺻﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ و اﺻﻄﻨﺎع اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ VAREN و ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮه ﻟـﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ و اﻟﺘﺠﮭﯿﺰات ﻹﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ و ﻛﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ اھﺘﻤﺎﻣﮫ ﺑﺈﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ أﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺠﺰﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎن ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻤﺸﺮف اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﮭﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺤﮫ و ﺗﺪﻋﯿﻤﮫ ﻟﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ . ﻛﻤﺎ أﺷﻜﺮ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﺑﻮھﺮوم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن داﺋﻤﺎ اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮي ﻟﻲ و ﺑﻦ ﺛﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻟﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ أﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد ﻣﺨﺒﺮ VAREN ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺗﺬة : ﺑﻠﻮم زھﯿﺔ، ﺑﻐﯿﺠﺔ ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ، و ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد دﻓﻌﺘﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن،ﻋﻤﺮ، رﺿﻮان، ﺣﻨﺎن، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ، ﺳﻤﯿﺮة، ﻟﺒﯿﺐ، ﻣﺠﺪة، ﻓﺮﯾﺪ، ﻓﯿﺮوز، ﺳﯿﻒ، ﻟﻮﯾﺰة.اﺳﻤﺎء, ﻛﻤﺎ اﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﺪ ﯾﺤﯿﺎوي أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ وﻧﻮال و اﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ أو ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ . و أﺟﺪد ﺷﻜﺮي إﻟﻰ اﷲ رﺑﻲ و اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ رﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ. اﻟﻔﮭﺮس اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ................................................................................................................1 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول : ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﯾﺾ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ Gentianacea І-1-اﻹرﯾﺪوﯾﺪات les iridoïdes..................................................................................4 І-1- 1 ﺷﻜﻞ اﻹرﯾﺪوﯾﺪات....................................................................................4 І-1-2. ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻔﮭﺎ ...............................................................................................6 І-1-2-1 اﻹﯾﺮﯾﺪوﯾﺪات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ.............................................................................6 І-1-2-2اﻹﯾﺮﯾﺪوﯾﺪات اﻟﺴﻜﺮﯾﺔ.............................................................................8 8................................................................................ Séco-iridoïdes 2-3 -1-І 9....................................................................................Bis-iridoïde 2-4 -1-І І-1-3 ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ....................................................................................9 І-1- 4 اﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎع اﻟﺤﯿﻮي ﻟﻺرﯾﺪوﯾﺪات................................................................10 І-2-اﻟﻜﺴﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎت.......................................................................................................12 І-2-1 ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ...............................................................................................12 І- 2-2 اﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎع اﻟﺤﯿﻮي.................................................................................12 І- 3-2ﺑ ﻌﺾ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻜﺴﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎت..........................................................................17 І- 4-2 اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ..................................................................................18 І-3 اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات.....................................................................................................20 І-3-1 ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ...............................................................................................20 І- 2-3 اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎع اﻟﺤﯿﻮي ﻟﻠﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات.................................................................21 І- 3-3 أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات...............................................................................24 І- 4-3 ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ.......................................................................28 І- 5-3 اﻟﺨﻮاص واﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات..............................................30 І- 6-3 اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات.....................................................................31 -6-1- اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص........................................................................................31 -6 -2- اﻟﻔﺼﻞ واﻟﺘﻨﻘﯿﺔ...................................................................................31 -6 -3- اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮي ﻟﻠﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات.....................................................................32 -6 -3-1 - ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻻﻧﺤﺒﺎس.........................................................................32 -6 2-3- -اﻟﻠﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ.....................................................................32 -6 -3-2 -ﻣﻄﯿﺎﻓﯿﺔاﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﯿﺔ (UV)..............................................33 -6 2-3- -1- ﻃﯿﻒ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ……………...………… 33 -6 2-3- -2- ﻃﯿﻒ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ..………..…….………… 34 -6 -3-2 -3- اﻹﻣﺎھﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ…………………………..………………38 -6 2-3- -4- ﻣﻄﯿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ.………...…………………38 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ Gentianacea وﻧﺒﺘﺔ .Centaurium.erythreae ІI- ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ Gentianaceae………………..………………………….…………… 43 ІI-1- ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ……………………….………………………….…………… 43 IІ-2- اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ........................................................................44 IІ-3- اﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ.......................................................................................44 ІI-4 -ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ Gentianaceae ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ و اﻟﻔﯿﺘﻮ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ.............. .........45 IІ-4-1 اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻟﺠﯿﺔ...................................................................45 І-4-2 I اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺘﻮ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ........................................................ ...........46 2-1 - اﻻرﯾﺪوﯾﺪات................................................... .........................46 2-2-اﻟﻜﺴﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎت............................................................................ ..47 2-3 اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻮﻓﯿﺮﯾﻦ................................................ .............................48 2-4 اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات.…………………………………………… .......49 ІІ-5 ﻧﺒﺎت Centaurium erythreae................................................................ 49 ІІ-5-1 اﻟﺠﻨﺲ Centaurium................................................................ 49 ІІ-5-2 اﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﺔ........................................................................ ...........49 ІІ-5-3 اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ...................................................................... 50 ІІ-5-4 اﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺔ.......................................... ................50 ІІ-5 -5اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت ﻧﺒﺘﺔ Centaurium erythreae ......................................51 5 -1- ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي………………………..………………51 5 2- -ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ…………………………………………51 ІІ- 6-5 اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ Centaurium erythreae...........................52 Centaurium erythreae 7-5-ІІ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺘﻮ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ.……...………52 -7-1- اﻻﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺪات.………………………………………………52 -2-7- اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ.……………………….…………………53 -3-7- اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻔﯿﻨﻮﻟﯿﺔ…………………………………………54 -7-4- اﻻرﯾﺪوﯾﺪات………………………………………………55 -7-5 - اﻟﻜﺴﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎت ……………….…………………….……..…56 -7 -7- اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات.......................................................................58 ІІ-8- ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ .…………………………..………58 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ Centaurium erythrea وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ІII -1- اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺘﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ''Centaurium Erythreae'........................................61 ІII -1-1 اﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص..............………………………………… ...................61 І-1-2 II ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ واﻟﺘﻨﻘﯿﺔ…….…………………………………………64 II-1-2- І ﻓﺼﻞ و ﺗﻨﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر……… .………………………………………67 ІІ-2- I اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ…….............................. ………………………….............72 ІІ-2-1 I اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ MP04 .............................................................72 ІІI-2- 2 اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ MP06.............................................................79 ІІI-3- اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ MP13...............................................................86 اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ………………………………………………………………………..…97 اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﺒﺬة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻛﺎن اﻷﻗﺪﻣﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺮة ﯾﺠﻤﻌﻮن اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺔ، وﯾﺼﻨﻔﻮﻧﮭﺎ، وﯾﺪرﺳﻮن ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ، أﻣﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ، وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ أھﻢ اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت. وﻓﻲ ﺑﻼد اﻹﻏﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﺗﺄﻟﻔﺖ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ أﻃﺒﺎء وزراﻋﯿﯿﻦ، وﻛﺎن ﻏﺮﺿﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أوراق وﺟﺬور وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺮاض . وﻟﻢ ﯾﺒﺪأ اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻛﻌﻠﻢ إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭﺪ أرﺳﻄﻮ (ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 380 ق. م.)، ﺛﻢ ﺟﺎء اﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪر اﻷﻛﺒﺮ (ﻋﺎم 356 ق. م.) ﻓﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ، وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ أﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ. أﻣﺎ أول ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﺪون ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت وﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻓﮭﻮ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي وﺿﻌﮫ ﺛﯿﻮﻓﺮاﺳﺘﻮس (اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻏﺮﯾﻘﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ 370 – 285 ق. م. وھﻮ أﺣﺪ ﺗﻼﻣﯿﺬ أرﺳﻄﻮ) ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت". ﺟﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي دﯾﻮﺳﻜﻮرﯾﺪس (ﺳﻨﺔ 37 ﻣﯿﻼدﯾﺔ) ﻓﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺘﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ "اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ" وﺿﻤﻨﮭﺎ وﺻﻔﺎً دﻗﯿﻘﺎً ﻟﺒﻀﻊ ﻣﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ. وﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ دب اﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، وأﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ. وﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻇﮭﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻮﯾﺪي (ﻟﯿﻨﯿﺲ –Linnaeus )اﻟﺬي ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ 1707 – 1778 ﻣﯿﻼدﯾﺎً، واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ، ﺣﯿﺚ أھﺘﻢ ﻟﯿﻨﯿﺲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﺑﻮﺻﻒ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﺒﺎت (ﺳﺎﻗﮫ، وﺟﺬره، وأوراﻗﮫ، وأزھﺎره، وﺛﻤﺎره، وﺑﺬوره) وﻣﯿﺰ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ھﺬه اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ، ﺛﻢ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ورﺗﺒﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ھﺬا اﻷﺳﺎس وأﻋﻄﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﺎت أﺳﻤﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮاً ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺎً ]1[ . وﯾﺠﺐ اﻹﺷﺎرة ھﻨﺎ إﻟﻲ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺿﺎﻓﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﻘﺪاﻣﻰ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ. وﻣﻦ أﺷﮭﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺮب ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺣﯿﺎن
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